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  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Part of
    The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Sociology of Religion, 2020
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Part of
    A Dictionary of Organizational Behaviour, 2019
  • Article

    The McDonaldization of Medicine

    Authors
    Dorsey, E. Ray; Ritzer, George
    Part of
    JAMA neurology, 2016-01, Vol.73 (1), p.1-2
    Subjects
    Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; Efficiency, Organizational - standards; Efficiency, Organizational - trends; Humans; Medicine - standards; Medicine - trends; Nervous System Diseases - diagnosis; Nervous System Diseases - therapy
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Authors
    Ritzer, George; Chen, Chih-Chin
    Part of
    Encyclopedia of Quality and the Service Economy, 2015, p.410-413
    Subjects
    Consumption (Economics); McDonaldization; Product quality; Quality control
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Author
    Tatliyer, Mevlut
    Part of
    The SAGE Encyclopedia of Economics and Society, 2015, p.1080-1083
    Subjects
    Bureaucracy; Consumerism; Convenience foods; Dehumanization; Economic efficiency; Fast food restaurants; Fordism; Industrial management; McDonaldization; Rationalization (Psychology)
  • Article

    Umwelt, enchantment, and McDonaldization

    Author
    Creighton, Andrew Mark
    Part of
    Chinese semiotic studies = Zhongguo fu hao xue yan jiu, 2022-11, Vol.18 (4), p.653-679
    Abstract
    • The enchantment and re-enchantment of formal rationalized systems has been an important study in sociology and the social sciences since its first discussion by Max Weber. However, it has received relatively little attention in animal studies, ecology, or environmental studies. This article attempts to fill this gap in the research by focusing on a multiscale perspective that considers the relationship between nonhuman animal umwelt and human perception within the confines of enchantment, re-enchantment, and McDonaldized systems. This is done through a theoretical synthesis of George Ritzer’s work on rationalization, spectacles, extravaganzas, and simulations with Jakob von Uexküll’s concept of umwelt, and zoosemiotic and ecosemiotic perspectives on multispecies environments. It is concluded that enchantment and re-enchantment make use of nonhuman animals and environments to enchant formal rationalized systems, which consequently presents and uses nonhuman animals in situations injurious to their umwelt, while also making use of affect, intersubjectivity, and simulations to influence human perspectives.
    Subjects
    formal rationalization; nonhuman animal; re-enchantment; simulation; spectacle
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Part of
    A Dictionary of Media and Communication, 2016
  • Article

    The McDonaldization of Radiology

    Authors
    Gray, Benjamin R.; Gunderman, Richard B.
    Part of
    Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2018-04, Vol.15 (4), p.689-691
    Subjects
    Decision Making, Organizational; Economic Competition; Efficiency, Organizational; Humans; Models, Economic; Models, Organizational; Organizational Culture; Practice Management, Medical - economics; Practice Management, Medical - organization & administration; Radiology - economics; Radiology - organization & administration; Risk Assessment
  • Article

    "Pale Lager and Double Carp Fries, Please". The McDonaldization of the Culinary Culture in the Czech Republic

    Authors
    Zelený, Jirí; Plzáková, Lucie; Hán, Jan; Kašpar, Jan
    Part of
    Economia agro-alimentare (Online), 2020, Vol.22 (1), p.1-26
    Abstract
    • This article explores attitudes of hospitality stakeholders (HSs) and consumers towards fish gastronomy in the Czech Republic with an emphasis on traditional recipes and the impact of globalization. For the exploration of HSs' attitudes, qualitative investigation via in-depth semi-standardized interviews was employed with 19 fish restaurant HSs. The abstraction, appearance of ideal types of HSs, and integration with four aspects of Ritzer's McDonaldization theory were done. For the exploration of consumers' attitudes, sensory evaluation of seven fish dishes with 1698 participants was used. Lastly, a focus group was conducted with regular fish food consumers.Three ideal types of HS named progressive innovators, taste defenders, and occasional traditionalists appeared. For all of them, aspects of McDonaldization were obvious, meaning shift towards rationalization in Czech fish culinary culture and possible dilution of the original identity. As the main reasons for deauthentication of Czech fish gastronomy, a high laboriousness of traditional fish dishes causing high time consumption for restaurant staff, and the inclusion of bones in most of the traditional Czech fish dishes as the main barrier for consumers were identified. Paradoxically, consumers preferred traditional dishes more, showing a discrepancy between the attitudes of consumers and HSs. This result drew attention to the need for marketing research on the part of HSs. When already prepared dishes were presented, consumers preferred to choose more time-consuming fish dishes with more input ingredients. In the restaurant, consumers more often choose bone-free dishes. On the other hand, in households, consumers prefer the cheaper purchase of whole fish with bones. Ways of defense against food globalization were outlined: promotion of traditional fish dishes not contradicting the McDonaldization aspects, supporting food with strong national traditions, and the usage of glocalization when the skills, specificity, or original ingredients are sustained despite globalization.
    Subjects
    christmas traditions; fish restaurants; globalized food; glocalization in gastronomy; national identity
  • Article

    MCDONALDIZATION AND ARCHIVES

    Authors
    Ciechanowski, Hadrian; Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
    Part of
    PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Sciences, 2020-11, Vol.6 (3), p.1-8
  • Article

    The McDonaldization of CAEP accreditation and teacher education programs abroad

    Authors
    Romanowski, Michael H.; Alkhateeb, Hadeel
    Part of
    Teaching and teacher education, 2020-04, Vol.90, p.103028, Article 103028
    Abstract
    • McDonaldization is the processes of the fast-food industry that dominate segments of societies worldwide. Few studies address how McDonaldization applies to the accreditation of teacher education programs. This article demonstrates how the Council for the Accreditation of Education Programs (CAEP) could be perceived as a McDonaldized organization that propagates American understandings of teacher education in non-US universities. The article applies the five principles of McDonaldization to CAEP Accreditation and addresses possible influences on non-US universities seeking CAEP accreditation outside the US borders. Specifically, the article discusses the cultural challenges, language concerns, and issues regarding indigenous knowledge that non-US universities face.
      • CAEP Accreditation could be perceived as a McDonaldized organization.
      • McDonaldization’s five principles are evident CAEP Accreditation.
      • CAEP Accreditation propagates American understandings of teacher education in non-US universities.
      • Accreditation presents non-US universities with challenges in cultural, language and indigenous knowledge.
    Subjects
    Education & Educational Research; Social Sciences
  • Article

    Applying the Principles of McDonaldization to Medicine—Reply

    Authors
    Dorsey, E. Ray; Ritzer, George
    Part of
    JAMA neurology, 2016-04, Vol.73 (4), p.479-479
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Authors
    Ritzer, George; Smirnova, Michelle
    Part of
    Encyclopedia of Global Religion, 2011, Vol.2, p.764-765
    Subjects
    Bureaucracy; Consumer culture; Consumerism; Fast food restaurants; Globalization; Material culture; McDonaldization; Product image
  • Article

    McDonaldization of archives (an introduction to discussion)

    Author
    Ciechanowski, Hadrian
    Part of
    Archeion (Warszawa), 2023-09, Vol.124, p.87-127
    Abstract
    • The article analyzes the development of archives through the lens of the McDonaldization created by Georg Ritzer. Since archives, like libraries, are deeply rooted in society, they can be analyzed from the perspective of ongoing social change. Referring to the various dimensions of McDonaldization – predictability, efficiency, calculability, and control – the author points to selected aspects of archival reality that exhibit the characteristics identified by Ritzer. Ritzer also pointed out that rationalized systems generate irrationalities and mention contrary tendencies that go (often intentionally) against the tide of the changes taking place. These two phenomena can also be found in the archival field. The article concludes that archives have undergone at least a partial McDonaldization. Nevertheless, the degree of change that has taken place in archives varies between the analyzed aspects. The article is based on an analysis of Polish and foreign literature, as well as the author’s observation of archives (mainly Polish). For this reason, the study uses a comparative, bibliographic, and observational method.
  • Article

    Where's the E in OE? The McDonaldization of Irish outdoor education

    Authors
    Pierce, John; Beames, Simon
    Part of
    Journal of adventure education and outdoor learning, 2022-09, Vol.ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print), p.1-15
    Abstract
    • This paper presents key findings from a study that aimed to critically examine the practice of outdoor education in the Republic of Ireland. It consisted of 10 months of fieldwork across four public Outdoor Education and Training Centres (OETCs). Data were generated through participant observation, informal conversation, as well as centre websites. Findings from the thematic analysis are presented in the form of a creative non-fiction story-principally to protect the identities and centres involved. The findings were then interpreted through the theoretical lens of McDonaldization. Considering the dearth of outdoor education research in Ireland, McDonaldization provided a lens through which it was possible to more deeply understand how rationalisation has affected Irish public outdoor education practices. The discussion explores practices inconsistent with the stated Irish definitions of public outdoor education and the paper concludes with suggestions as to how the McDonaldization of outdoor education may be countered.
    Subjects
    McDonaldization; Outdoor education; rationalisation
  • Article

    The changing nature of consumption and the intensification of McDonaldization in the digital age

    Authors
    Ritzer, George; Miles, Steven
    Part of
    Journal of consumer culture, 2019-02, Vol.19 (1), p.3-20
    Abstract
    • In this article, we re-examine the McDonaldization thesis in light of social changes that occurred since the 1990s and notably in light of the onset of digital forms of consumption. The argument is presented that while the theory of McDonaldization remains profoundly relevant to the consumption of bricks-and-mortar locales, it is even more applicable in the digital age, as well as “bricks-and-clicks” consumption sites. The ways in which McDonaldization is played out in three iconic companies, namely, McDonalds, Amazon, and Wal-Mart is critically interrogated. On this basis, the article seeks to understand what the intensification of McDonaldization means for our understanding of the contemporary consumption experience. Arguing that theories are routinely outpaced by the pace of social change, we contend that the digital speeds up processes of rationalization while intensifying levels of consumption. The article concludes by reflecting on what this might mean given that we now live in an age of networked individualism, for our understanding of the relationship between place and consumption: the degree to which digital platforms appear to consumers to be “natural” and thus ideologically powerful, being of particular concern. For this reason, we suggest that the McDonaldization thesis is, in fact, more relevant in the digital future than it was in the bricks-and-mortar past.
    Subjects
    Consumers; Consumption; Individualism; Rationalization; Social change
  • Article

    McDonaldization or Commercial Re-stratification: Corporatization and the multimodal organisation of English doctors

    Authors
    Waring, Justin; Bishop, Simon
    Part of
    Social science & medicine (1982), 2013-04, Vol.82, p.147-155
    Abstract
    • This paper investigates transitions in the social organisation of medicine found in the extended opportunities for private corporations to own, manage and deliver public healthcare services in the English National Health Service. It follows recent calls to explain the reconstruction of medical work without reducing analysis to either the structures of organisational control or the strategic resistance of doctors. Accordingly, the paper considers how doctors interact, mediate and co-create new organisational environments. Central to our analysis are the variable sources of power that influence whether doctors acquiesce, resist or re-create change. Drawing on ethnographic research carried out between 2006 and 2010 in two Independent Sector Treatment Centres – private providers of public healthcare - the paper shows how doctors' responses to bureaucratic and commercial structures reflect their own structured forms of power, which have variable value within this new commercial environment. These include clinical experience and specialist knowledge, but also social and economic influence. Building on established sociological debates, these divergent sources of power explain how for some doctors the expansion of private healthcare might involve more extreme forms of McDonaldization, while for others it might involve opportunities for Commercial Re-stratification. ► Doctors have variable sources of power when responding to commercialisation. ► Doctors with limited experience or status experience extended bureaucratic controls. ► Doctors with specialist expertise continue to have influence in service organisation. ► Doctors with new economic and financial connections have extended forms of power. ► Doctors with limits influence in more commercial settings experience McDonaldisation. ► Commercial re-stratification is demonstrated in the influence of ‘corporate elites’.
    Subjects
    Biological and medical sciences; Bureaucracy; Commercialisation; England; Health Care Reform - methods; Health participants; Health services; Humans; Knowledge; Medical profession; Medical sciences; Miscellaneous; Physicians; Practice Management, Medical - organization & administration; Private healthcare; Professional Corporations - organization & administration; Public health; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Restratification; State Medicine - organization & administration; United Kingdom
  • Article

    “Do You Want Fries With That?”: The McDonaldization of University Education—Some Critical Reflections on Nursing Higher Education

    Authors
    Holmes, Colin; Lindsay, David
    Part of
    SAGE open, 2018-07, Vol.8 (3), p.215824401878722
    Abstract
    • Public universities, as the predominant source of nurse education, serve an instrumental role as pressure mounts to produce large numbers of workready graduates to meet the needs of the labor market. Neoliberalism is recognized as the dominant political and economic philosophy across the globe, and new managerialist, corporatized practices, as its “organizational arms,” are ubiquitous within the higher education sector worldwide. Intersecting this agenda are dramatic developments in the way university courses are being conceived and delivered based upon the increasing integration of digital technologies. Given the radical transformations brought about by Web 2.0 technologies, it is timely to critically analyze current narratives shaping the teaching and learning agenda and their impact on the nature and quality of nursing higher education. This article draws on the “McDonaldization thesis” of George Ritzer, concepts from the work of the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, Habermasian social theory, and critical pedagogy. It concludes with a short overview of possible outcomes of the new agenda, and some strategies for resistance. Although the focus is on Australia, it is relevant to other countries to the extent that they are facing similar challenges and undergoing analogous pedagogic transformations.
    Subjects
    Commercialization; Educational Change; Foreign Countries; Habermas, Jurgen; Higher Education; Neoliberalism; Nursing Education; Resistance to Change; Technology Uses in Education; Web 2.0
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Author
    Ritzer, George
    Part of
    Encyclopedia of Consumer Culture, 2011, Vol.2, p.923-927
    Subjects
    Consumer culture; Customer relations; Economic efficiency; Fast food restaurants; Homogenization (Food processing); McDonaldization; Product management
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Part of
    A Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care, 2013
  • Article

    Applying the Principles of McDonaldization to Medicine

    Author
    Avasarala, Jagannadha R
    Part of
    JAMA neurology, 2016-04, Vol.73 (4), p.478-479
    Subjects
    Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans
  • Article

    From Mao to McDonaldization? Assessing the rationalisation of health care in China

    Author
    Millar, Ross
    Part of
    Sociology of health & illness, 2021-08, Vol.43 (7), p.1643-1659
    Abstract
    • China's 2009 health care reform agenda has been referred to as one of the most ambitious health policy programmes in modern history. Significant investment has combined with new structures, incentives, and regulations that have aimed to improve access, as well as gain greater control over a health care market much criticised for putting profit before patients. A range of health services research has been undertaken to analyse these efforts. Sociological perspectives have also been documented yet up to now a review and synthesis combining these various contributions has not been undertaken. By drawing on the lens of McDonaldization, the paper presents a narrative review that analyses the extent to which China's 2009 reform agenda has increased efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control over service provision. The review identifies elements of McDonaldization within China's 2009 reform agenda, however, notable gaps remain. In response to the limits of McDonaldization as a lens for understanding China's health care reform, the paper calls for alternative perspectives that are better able to understand the sociocultural dynamics shaping service provision, as well as an interdisciplinary research agenda that is able to generate new insights and understanding regarding health care in China.
    Subjects
    Agenda; Ambition; bureaucracy; consumption; Efficiency; Health care policy; health policy; Health research; health service organisations; Health services; Interdisciplinary aspects; Interdisciplinary research; Modern history; policy analysis; Reforms; Regulation; Review; Sociocultural factors; Sociological aspects; Weber; Weber, Max (1864-1920)
  • Reference entry

    McDonaldization

    Part of
    Fast Food and Junk Food : An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat, 2012, Vol.2, p.444-445
    Subjects
    Convenience foods; Fast food restaurants; McDonaldization
  • Article

    The Mcdonaldization thesis and cruise tourism

    Author
    Weaver, Adam
    Part of
    Annals of tourism research, 2005-04, Vol.32 (2), p.346-366
    Abstract
    • This paper explores the extent to which current trends within the cruiseship sector exemplify the five core principles that underpin the McDonaldization thesis. There are some ships that possess attributes consistent with the core principles: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control, and the “irrationality of rationality”. However, these vessels also exhibit qualities that are, in certain ways, inconsistent with some of these principles. Risk and post-Fordist customization, for example, have influenced cruise tourism in ways that are sometimes difficult to reconcile with McDonaldization thesis. This paper demonstrates that this thesis does not adequately speak to the nature of production and consumption on board “supersized” cruiseships. La thèse de la McDonaldisation et le tourisme de croisière. Cet article explore la mesure dans laquelle les tendances actuelles du tourisme dans le secteur des paquebots exemplifient les cinq principes fondamentaux qui sont à la base de la thèse de la McDonaldisation. Il y a des bateaux qui ont des attributs qui correspondent aux principes fondamentaux: efficacité, calculabilité, prévisibilité, contrôle et « l’irrationalité de la rationalité ». Pourtant, ces transports montrent aussi des qualités qui, de certaines manières, ne concordent pas avec quelques-uns de ces principes. Le risque et la personnalisation post-Fordien, par exemple, ont influencé le tourisme de croisière dans des sens qui sont parfois difficiles à réconcilier avec la McDonaldisation. Cet article démontre que la thèse ne s’applique pas de façon adéquate à la nature de la production ou de la consommation à bord des paquebots « format super ».
    Subjects
    cruise tourism; McDonaldisation; McDonaldization; post-Fordism; post-Fordisme; risk; risque; tourisme de croisière
  • Article

    Would you like some fries with your ecosystem services?: McDonaldization and conservation in Prince Edward Island, Canada

    Authors
    Kolinjivadi, Vijay; Bissonnette, Jean-François; Zaga Mendez, Alejandra; Dupras, Jérôme
    Part of
    Geoforum, 2020-05, Vol.111, p.73-82
    Abstract
    • • McDonaldization reflects efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control.
      • We explore the consequences of justifying conservation through McDonaldization.
      • Payments for Ecosystem Services risk optimizing conservation to enhance production.
      • We explore how PES expands frontiers of intensive production on Prince Edward Island.
      • Solutions may lie in social and ecological “irrationalities” of production logics. In response to widespread soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and rapid social and ecological homogenization of agri-environmental landscapes, economic incentives such as payments for ecosystem services (PES) are presented by natural resource managers as the most efficient way to address the unintended consequences of intensive agriculture. In this article, we explore the consequences of rationalizing conservation by adopting sociologist George Ritzer’s “McDonaldization” thesis to contextualize on-farm conservation payments to farmers on Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada. McDonaldization refers to the rendering of both society and nature in increasingly calculable, predictable, efficient and controllable ways. Through the introduction of economic incentives for conservation in the context of increasing pressures to maximise yields of processed potatoes in PEI, we discuss how debates on designing conservation payments are framed in terms of optimizing efficiency and maintaining predictability. In some cases, conservation is viewed as generating new productive values from agricultural landscapes, including for values of “care” “community” and “resilience,” that can be commodified for profit. We emphasize how intensifying agriculture necessitates economically beneficial conservation practices to both pre-empt future production losses and to reproduce the conditions necessary for optimizing future production. Within this arrangement of disciplining unexpected outcomes with ever-uniform, predictable, and controllable responses, we conclude that dynamic spontaneity of unexpected social and ecological responses and the politicization of farmer autonomy may avoid the tendency towards reinforcing business-as-usual agricultural production.
    Subjects
    Agri-environment schemes; Agribusiness; Agricultural economics; Agricultural land; Agricultural management; Agricultural production; Agriculture; Agronomy; Autonomy; Biodiversity; Biodiversity loss; Conservation; Conservation practices; Economic incentives; Economics; Ecosystem services; Ecosystems; Farmers; Geography; Incentives; Intensive farming; Islands; Landscape; McDonaldization; Natural resource management; Natural resources; Payments; Payments for ecosystem services; Politicization; Potatoes; Prince Edward Island; Resilience; Resource managers; Social Sciences; Soil conservation; Soil erosion; Spontaneity
  • Article

    E-learning - the McDonaldization of education

    Author
    Carroll, Noel
    Part of
    European journal of higher education, 2013-12, Vol.3 (4), p.342-356
    Abstract
    • E-learning has become one of the biggest phenomena of educational literature in recent years. Although the potential promise of e-learning is often expected within the process of learning, much of the emphasis is in fact on the electronic issues to facilitate learning, with little regard for its consequences on the learning process. Surprising, very few studies explore students request for such technologies, which begs the question - what problem is e-learning trying to address and whose problem is it? This article argues that although we continue to develop sophisticated gadgetry to 'enhance' learning, technology can in fact distract the learner by allowing technology to become more intrusive in the educational experience. Consequently, this often erodes the human factor in learning - making the learning process a more isolated experience. This article suggests that academics should become more cautions with their acceptance of facilitating learning through e-learning platforms without fully understanding the impact on students learning experiences. The article offers a critical reflection on an extensive study carried out on students' (total: 475) experience with e-learning at third level education. This article reflects on the findings and raises concerns regarding the contrast in what e-learning literature promises and what students actually experience. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).
    Subjects
    Asynchronous Communication; asynchronous tools; Commercialization; Conventional Instruction; Cooperative Learning; E-Learning; Educational Improvement; Educational Technology; Electronic Learning; Evidence; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Influence of Technology; Ireland; learning consequences; Learning Experience; Learning Processes; Marketing; mass learning; McDonaldization; Outcomes of Education; reflection; Student Role; Studentenschaft; Studienverhalten; Synchronous Communication; Technological Advancement
  • Article

    The McDonaldization of Academic Libraries?

    Author
    Quinn, Brian
    Part of
    College & research libraries, 2015-03, Vol.76 (3), p.339-352
    Abstract
    • George Ritzer, a sociologist at the University of Maryland, has proposed an influential thesis that suggests that many aspects of the fast food industry are making their way into other areas of society. This article explores whether his thesis, known as the McDonaldization thesis, is applicable to academic libraries. Specifically, it seeks to determine to what extent academic libraries may be considered McDonaldized, and if so, what effect McDonaldization may be having on them. It also investigates some possible alternatives to McDonaldization, and their implications for academic libraries.
  • Article

    The McDonaldization of appraisal? Doctors’ views of the early impacts of medical revalidation in the United Kingdom

    Authors
    Archer, Julian; Nunn, Suzanne; Regan de Bere, Sam
    Part of
    Health policy (Amsterdam), 2017-09, Vol.121 (9), p.994-1000
    Abstract
    • • New medical regulatory frameworks may not lead to increased patient confidence and safety.
      • Medical revalidation, through Ritzer’s lens, is focused on efficiency, predictability, calculability and control.
      • Revalidation might be a bureaucratic trap that dehumanizes doctors through unintended consequences. Medical regulation is rapidly changing with claims that systems such as revalidation/relicensing will reassure the public. Yet the impact of such initiatives is unknown. Using the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability and control through technology, identified by Ritzer, and exampled by the McDonalds business model, we analyzed interviews with doctors between May 2012–Dec 2013 which focused on doctor experiences of appraisal and revalidation in SW England. The research found significant changes in appraisals since the launch of revalidation in December 2012. Appraisal has been standardized with a list of supporting information that must be collected by doctors. The success of implementation is measured in the numbers of appraisals completed but less is known about the quality of the appraisal itself. Such efficiencies have been supported by IT systems that themselves might be at risk of driving the process. There are potential advantages to McDonaldization including appraisals available to all, not just for doctors working in the NHS, and a potentially more appetizing recipe for their completion. As yet a state of McAppraisal has not been reached; with a complete transfer of trust in the doctor to trust in the appraisal process within revalidation. However policymakers will need to continue to ensure that regulatory initiatives, such as revalidation, are not just a process for their own sake.
    Subjects
    Appraisal; Clinical Competence - standards; Credentialing; Employee Performance Appraisal - methods; England; Health services; Humans; Implementation; Licensing; Medical revalidation; Medicine; Performance appraisal; Physicians; Physicians - psychology; Physicians - standards; Policy development; Policy making; Professional regulation; Recertification; Regulation; Relicensing; Risk; Technology
  • Article

    The McDonaldization of Higher Education

    Authors
    Nikitin, Anton; Katanov Khakass State University, Abakan, Russian Federation
    Part of
    Ideas and Ideals, 2018-10, Vol.2 (3), p.221-232
  • Article

    Amy Kaplan and the McDonaldization of Mark Twain

    Author
    Seybold, Matt
    Part of
    American literary realism, 2022-04, Vol.54 (3), p.189-192
    Subjects
    Bibliographies; Literature

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