Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Summary
Submerged macrophytes alter the physical, chemical, and biological makeup of aquatic ecosystems. The plants improve water clarity by preventing shore erosion, stabilizing sediment, and storing nutrients needed by algae. They cast shade and retard water movement, creating vertical temperature gradients. Their photosynthesis and respiration cause daily fluctuations in pH, alkalinity, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. Even the lake bottom is altered from oxidation of organic matter decaying plants. Living foliage provides substrate for invertebrates, shelter for fry, and food for water birds.