Overview: Ethnic disproportionality in special education -- School structure: institutional bias and individual agency -- Cultural consonance, dissonance, and the nuances of racism -- In the classroom: opportunity to learn -- The construction of family identity: stereotypes and cultural capital -- At the conference table: the discourse of identity construction -- Bilingual issues and the referral process -- Constructing intellectual disability: cracks and redundancies -- Constructing learning disabilities: redundancies and discrepancies -- Constructing emotional/behavior disorders: from troubling to troubled behavior -- Into special education: exile or solution? -- Conclusion -- Epilogue. Research methods: Who are we and how did we do this research?