Microtubules in neurons form a highly organized array. They provide mechanical support for the neurons and serve as the highways for molecular motors and cargos to achieve highly efficient and directional delivery. The neuronal cargos being trafficked using this microtubule-motor system are involved in every part of neuronal function and development. The central feature of neuronal microtubules, also the key to provide the delivery guidance for the cargos, is microtubules’ distinct polarity in the axons and dendrites. Although important, there are still many unanswered questions regarding to how such polarized structures are established and maintained in the different neuronal compartments. In Chapter 1, I aimed to provide a broad overview of neuronal microtubule polarity: first, a discussion on the basis of microtubule polarity; second, our current understanding of microtubule-making machineries in neurons; and finally, an integrated view of how different mechanisms that shape the cytoskeleton collectively make polarized microtubule cytoskeleton over neuronal development. In chapter 2, I focused on the discussion on Golgi’s role in microtubule organization. My research has uncovered that, Golgi outposts, a putative microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in neurons, may not be essential to dendrite microtubule cytoskeleton; however, depending on its compartmentalization, Golgi may have the capacities to influence both dendritic and axonal microtubule polarity. In chapter 3, I highlighted the importance of my findings and point out old and new challenges in the study of neuronal microtubule organizations.