Language comprehension is a complex process that recruits a broad suite of cognitive mechanisms and neural architecture. Its distributed nature suggests that language comprehension is susceptible to the diffuse injuries typically resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI), and individuals with TBI show deficits at various stages of the language-comprehension process. One outcome of these comprehension deficits may be undesirable consequences within legal systems. Legal language is notorious challenging, and even though fundamental substantive and procedural safeguards rely on meaningful comprehension, experimental findings suggest that even canonical examples of legal language are difficult to comprehend. While causal relationships between TBI and legal outcomes have not been established, the high rates at which TBI occurs within incarcerated populations accentuates the need to better understand the relationship among cognition, brain injury, and legal language. First, I will present the results of two behavioral studies in which I investigated how various cognitive mechanisms affect comprehension of legal language and social-legal rules in adults with and without TBI. Second, I will present the results of an imaging study in which I investigated the relationship between the behavioral results and both functional and structural connectivity, focusing on an “Extended Language Network” of cortical areas previously identified through functional analyses as a network recruited during language comprehension. The data underscore the need to identify cognitive and neural features underlying the comprehension of legal language and concepts, and they point towards policy considerations that could improve legal outcomes for individuals with TBI or similar cognitive impairments.