Foreword / Arnold L. Demain -- I. Introduction: the Rationale -- 1. Biotechnology, the Art of Exploiting Biology / Alan T. Bull -- II. Microbial Diversity: the Resource -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 2. An Overview of Biodiversity - Estimating the Scale / Alan T. Bull and James E. M. Stach -- 3. Defining Microbial Diversity - the Species Concept for Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microorganisms / Ramon Rossello-Mora and Peter Kampfer -- 4. Speciation and Bacterial Phylospecies / James T. Staley -- 5. Approaches to Identification / Fergus G. Priest -- 6. Eukaryotic Diversity - A Synoptic View / Laura A. Katz -- III. Microbial Ecology: the Key to Discovery -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 7. How To Look, Where To Look / Alan T. Bull -- 8. Culture-Dependent Microbiology / John C. Fry -- 9. Culture-Independent Microbiology / Kornelia Smalla -- 10. Resuscitation of "Uncultured" Microorganisms / Douglas B. Kell, Galya V. Mukamolova, Christopher L. Finan, Hongjuan Zhao, Royston Goodacre, Arseny S. Kaprelyants and Michael Young -- 11. Soils - the Metagenomics Approach / Jo Handelsman -- 12. Deep Biospheres / R. John Parkes and Pete Wellsbury -- 13. Earth's Icy Biosphere / John C. Priscu and Brent C. Christner -- 14. Extremophiles: pH, Temperature, and Salinity / Constantinos E. Vorgias and Garabed Antranikian -- 15. Extremophiles: Pressure / Fumiyoshi Abe, Chiaki Kato and Koki Horikoshi -- 16. Life in Extremely Dilute Environments: the Major Role of Oligobacteria / D. K. Button -- 17. Anaerobes: the Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria as an Example of Metabolic Diversity / Guy Fauque and Bernard Ollivier -- 18. Microbes from Marine Sponges: a Treasure Trove of Biodiversity for Natural Products Discovery / Russell T. Hill -- 19. Invertebrates - Insects / John A. Breznak -- 20. Microbial Symbioses with Plants / Peter Jeffries -- IV. Biogeography and Mapping Microbial Diversity -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 21. Ubiquitous Dispersal of Free-Living Microorganisms / Bland J. Finlay and Genoveva F. Esteban -- 22. Microbial Endemism and Biogeography / Brian P. Hedlund and James T. Staley -- 23. Mapping Microbial Biodiversity Case Study: the Yellowstone National Park Microbial Database and Map Server / Daphne L. Stoner, Randy Lee, Luke White and Ron Rope -- V. The Paradigm Shift: Bioinformatics -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 24. The Paradigm Shift in Microbial Prospecting / Alan T. Bull -- 25. Genomics / Karen E. Nelson -- 26. Bacterial Proteomics / Phillip Cash -- 27. Phenomics / Jennifer L. Reed, Stephen S. Fong and Bernhard O. Palsson -- 28. Phylogeny and Functionality: Taxonomy as a Roadmap to Genes / Alan C. Ward and Michael Goodfellow -- VI. Prospecting: the Targets -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 29. Sectors and Markets / Alan T. Bull -- 30. Screening for Bioactivity / Hans-Peter Fiedler -- 31. Antimicrobials / William R. Strohl -- 32. Pharmacologically Active Agents of Microbial Origin / Stephen K. Wrigley -- 33. Bioprospecting for Industrial Enzymes: Importance of Integrated Technology Platforms for Successful Biocatalyst Development / Thomas Schafer and Torben Vedel Borchert -- 34. Plant Growth-Promoting Agents / James M. Lynch -- 35. Biotreatment / Linda Louise Blackall and Christine Yeates -- 36. Bioprospecting Novel Antifoulants and Anti-Biofilm Agents from Microbes / Carola Holmstrom, Peter Steinberg and Staffan Kjelleberg -- VII. Conservation of Microbial Gene Pools -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 37. Extinction and the Loss of Evolutionary History / Alan T. Bull -- 38. What Is the Evidence for the Loss of Microbial Diversity? / James Borneman -- VIII. Convention on Biological Diversity: Implications for Microbial Prospecting -- Preamble / Alan T. Bull -- 39. The Convention on Biological Diversity and Benefit Sharing / Kerry ten Kate -- 40. The Historical Context of Present Bioprospecting - Four Cases / Hanne Svarstad -- 41. Biodiversity Prospecting: the INBio Experience / Giselle Tamayo, Lorena Guevara and Rodrigo Gamez -- 42. Contracts for Bioprospecting: the Yellowstone National Park Experience / Holly Doremus -- 43. Natural Products Research Partnerships with Multiple Objectives in Global Biodiversity Hot Spots: Nine Years of the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups Programs / Joshua P. Rosenthal and Flora N. Katz -- IX. Conclusion -- 44. The Value of Biodiversity / David W. Pearce