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On the lives and eminence of the four Caliphs of Islam Caliph Abū Bakr, d. 634, Caliph ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, d. 644, Caliph ʻUthmān ibn ʻAffān, d. 656, Caliph ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, 600 (ca.)-661.