Translation studies and translation criticism / Peter France -- Norms of translation / Theo Hermans -- Norms of translation / Theo Hermans -- The limits of translation / Douglas Robinson -- Linguistic perspective on translation / Mona Baker -- Gender in translation / Sherry Simon -- Varieties of English / John McRae and Bill Findlay -- The Middle Ages / Roger Ellis -- The Renaissance / Warren Boutcher -- Neoclassicism and enlightenment / Lawrence Venuti -- Romanticism and the Victorian age / Terry Hale -- Late Victorian to the present / Anthony Pym -- Translation in North America / Judith Weisz Woodsworth -- Poetry / Daniel Weissbort -- Theatre and opera / Susan Bassnett -- Sacred texts / Douglas Robinson -- Children's literature / Peter Hunt -- Oral literature / Ruth Finnegan