Foreword / Bret Waller -- Introduction / Theodore Celenko -- African prehistory and human evolution / Kathy D. Schick and Nicholas Toth -- The geographical origins and population relationships of early ancient Egyptians / S. O. Y. Keita and A. J. Boyce -- Ancient Egyptian as an African language, Egypt as an African culture / Christopher Ehret -- Saharan rock art / Mohamed Sahnouni -- The Predynastic of Egypt : Africa's prelude to civilization / Fekri A. Hassan -- Early African cultures : an Afrocentric perspective / Molefi Kete Asante -- The origins and development of ancient Nile Valley writing / Frank J. Yurco -- The Mesopotamian influence on ancient Egyptian writing / John Ray -- Mother and child figures in Africa / Martha J. Ehrlich -- Mother and child imagery in Egypt and its influence on Christianity / African headrests / Rebecca L. Green and Frank J. Yurco -- Depiction of humans in African art / Theodore Celenko and Frank J. Yurco -- Ancestor worship and divine kingship in the ancient Nile Valley / Lanny Bell -- Ancestor worship and divine kingship in Sub-Saharan Africa / Chapurakha M. Kusimba -- Animal deities and symbols in Africa / The beast of kings : male lion imagery and kingship in the ancient Nile Valley / James F. Romano -- Masking in Sub-Saharan Africa / Arthur P. Bourgeois -- The case for ceremonial masking in ancient Egypt /rArlene Wolinski -- The case against extensive masking in ancient Egypt / Robert Steven Bianchi -- Body art in Africa : painting, tattooing, and scarification / Chike C. Aniakor -- Tattooing and skin painting in the ancient Nile Valley / Scarification in the Nile Valley from antiquity to the present / Timothy Kendall -- Circumcision and male initiation in Africa / Susan Bailey -- An outline of Nubian history / Peter Lacovara -- The Qustul incense burner and the case for a Nubian origin of ancient Egyptian kingship / Bruce B. Williams -- Interaction between the Nubian A-Group and Predynastic Egypt : the significance of the Qustul incense burner / Joseph W. Wegner -- King Taharqa of Kush / Peggy Brooks-Bertram -- The diversity of indigenous Africans / S. O. Y. Keita -- The physical characteristics of Egyptians and their southern neighbors : the classical evidence / Frank M. Snowden, Jr. -- Two tomb-wall painted reliefs of Ramesses III and Sety I and ancient Nile Valley population diversity / Are Africans African? scholarship over rhetoric and propaganda, valid discourse on Kemetic origins / Asa G. Hilliard III -- European racism regarding ancient Egypt / Molefi Kete Asante