Democracy in Iran / John D. Stempel -- Afghanistan's struggle for national liberation / Hafizullah Emadi -- Turkey's experience with political democracy / Paul J. Magnarella -- Reasons for the failure of democracy in African countries which have become independent since 1960 / Roland Cartigny -- The establishment of democracy in Pakistan / Sirdar Shaukat Hyat Khan -- Cosmic revolutions, Indonesian perspectives of social upheaval / Ronald Provencher -- Militarization in the Philippines / P.N. Abinales -- Latin American democracy in the 1980s / Judith Ewell -- United States foreign policy in Central America / Donna Becker