Plato / Leo Strauss -- Aristotle / Harry V. Jaffa -- Marcus Tullius Cicero / James E. Holton -- St. Augustine / Ernest L. Fortin -- Alfarabi / Muhsin Mahdi -- Moses Maimonides / Ralph Lerner -- St. Thomas Aquinas / Ernest L. Fortin -- Marsilius of Padua / Leo Strauss -- Niccolo Machiavelli / Leo Strauss -- Martin Luther and John Calvin / Duncan B. Forrester -- Richard Hooker / Duncan B. Forrester -- Francis Bacon / Howard B. White -- Hugo Grotius / Richard H. Cox -- Thomas Hobbes / Laurence Berns -- Rene Descartes / Richard Kennington -- John Milton / Walter Berns -- Benedict Spinoza / Stanley Rosen -- John Locke / Robert A. Goldwin -- Montesquieu / David Lowenthal -- David Hume / Robert S. Hill -- Jean-Jacques Rousseau / Allan Bloom -- Immanuel Kant / Pierre Hassner -- William Blackstone / Herbert J. Storing -- Adam Smith / Joseph Cropsey -- The Federalist / Martin Diamond -- Thomas Paine / Francis Canavan -- Edmund Burke / Francis Canavan -- Jeremy Bentham and James Mill / Henry M. Magid -- Georg W.F. Hegel / Pierre Hassner -- Alexis de Tocqueville / Marvin Zetterbaum -- John Stuart Mill / Henry M. Magid -- Karl Marx / Joseph Cropsey -- Friedrich Nietzsche / Werner J. Dannhauser -- John Dewey / Robert Horwitz