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Measuring Climate Change to Inform Energy Transitions : Carbon Footprint Calculations
- Author / Creator
- Available as
- Online
Details
- Creator
- Sunny E. Iyuke
- Format
- Books
- Language
- English
- Publication
-
- First edition
- Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2024]
- ©2024
- Physical Details
-
- 1 online resource (371 pages)
- ISBNs
- 1394207336, 1394207328, 9781394207336, 1394207344, 139420731X, 9781394207312, 9781394207329, 9781394207343
- OCLC
- on1410628730
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction, Carbon Footprint and Climate Change -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Global Warming Due to Carbon‐Cycle Feedbacks in a Coupled Climate Model -- 1.3 A Mathematical Model of Man‐Made CO2 Emissions -- 1.4 Estimation of Global Warming for Energy Transition -- 1.4.1 Application of Temperature/CO2 Gradient as a Measure of Global Warming -- 1.4.2 Triangulation Tool to Convert Gradient Bearings to Spatial Coordinates -- 1.4.3 Algorithm for the Application of Trigonometric Triangular Tool -- 1.4.3.1 Step 1 - Data Processing -- 1.4.3.2 Step 2 - Gradient Calculation on Temperature versus Time and CO2 -- 1.4.3.3 Step 3 - Trigonometric Triangulation Projections -- 1.4.3.4 Step 4 - Energy Transition Limits -- 1.4.3.5 Step 5 - Decision to Assess Level of Global Warming -- 1.4.3.6 Step 6 - Energy Limits Agree with Literature and Policy -- 1.5 Conclusion and Future Direction -- 1.5.1 Sustainable Development Plan -- 1.5.2 The Warning Signs and Prospective Solutions -- References -- Chapter 2 Vegetative Sinks for Carbon Capture -- 2.1 Plant Agricultural Practices as Carbon Dioxide Sink -- 2.1.1 Kyoto Protocol Requirement for Net Annual Rate of Carbon Dioxide Accumulation -- 2.2 Microalgae as a Biological Capture for CO2 -- 2.3 Cultivation and Adaptation of Microalgal Communities to 100% Coal‐Fired Flue Gas -- 2.4 Status of Food System, Food Insecurity and Climate Change -- 2.5 A Case Study: Student Food Garden at the Wits University -- 2.5.1 Background and Motivation -- 2.5.1.1 Design Motivation -- 2.5.1.2 Johannesburg Food Farmers Rooftop Farm -- 2.5.1.3 Nutrition and Recommended Dietary Allowance -- 2.5.2 Conceptualisation of Design -- 2.5.3 Food Garden External Structure Concepts -- 2.5.3.1 Ambient Temperature -- 2.5.3.2 Relative Humidity -- 2.5.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Levels
- 2.5.4 Nutrient Sources and Other Resources -- 2.5.4.1 Power Sources -- 2.5.4.2 Morphological Diagram -- 2.5.5 Food Garden External Structure Concepts -- 2.5.5.1 Concept 1: The Gable House -- 2.5.5.2 Concept 2: Curved Food Garden Structure -- 2.5.5.3 Concept 3: The Glass House -- 2.5.6 Concept Evaluation: Food Garden External Selection Concept -- 2.5.6.1 Selection Justification by Cost of Structural Material -- 2.5.6.2 Maintenance Frequency -- 2.5.6.3 Insulation -- 2.5.6.4 Fire Resistance -- 2.5.6.5 Recyclability -- 2.5.6.6 Specific Weight -- 2.5.6.7 Environmental Degradation Resistance -- 2.5.7 Climate Regulation Concepts for Carbon Credit -- 2.5.7.1 Concept 1 -- 2.5.7.2 Concept 2 -- 2.5.7.3 Concept 3 -- 2.5.8 Concept Evaluation: Climate Regulation Concepts Selection -- 2.5.8.1 Selection Justification by Criteria -- 2.5.9 Climate Regulation Design Development -- 2.5.9.1 Summer Conditions -- 2.5.9.2 Winter Conditions -- 2.5.9.3 Relative Humidity -- 2.6 Biomass Towards Extended Carbon Storage and CO2 Capture -- References -- Chapter 3 Carbon Transition for the Petrochemical Sector -- 3.1 Carbon Intensity of Global Crude Oil Refining -- 3.2 GHG Reduction Measures for the Petroleum Refining Industry -- 3.2.1 Energy Efficiency Initiatives and Improvements -- 3.2.2 Systems Approach to Steam Generation -- 3.2.3 Boiler Feed Water Preparation -- 3.2.4 Leak Detection and Repair -- 3.2.5 Carbon Capture -- 3.2.6 Oxy‐Combustion -- 3.3 Measure and Comparison of Carbon Capture Methods -- 3.4 Benefits of Modular Refinery Design and Construction -- 3.4.1 Controlled Environment -- 3.4.2 Continuous Improvement -- 3.4.3 Safety a Top Priority -- 3.5 A Case Study: Design Report of Modular Refinery at Wits University -- 3.5.1 Literature Survey of a Modular Refinery -- 3.5.1.1 Crude Oil -- 3.5.2 Process Operations Used within Modular Refining -- 3.5.2.1 Pretreatment
- 3.5.2.2 Desalter -- 3.5.2.3 Refining Process -- 3.5.3 Mass and Energy Balances -- 3.5.3.1 Oil Characterisation -- 3.5.3.2 Equipment Simulation -- 3.5.3.3 Vacuum Distillation -- 3.5.3.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracker -- 3.5.3.5 FCC Fractionator -- 3.5.4 Preliminary Sizing of Equipment -- 3.5.4.1 Desalters -- 3.5.5 Economic Evaluation -- 3.5.5.1 Cost of Equipment -- 3.5.5.2 Cost of Manufacturing -- 3.5.6 Entrepreneurial Analysis -- 3.5.6.1 Downstream Opportunities -- 3.5.6.2 Design Production Rates -- 3.5.6.3 International and South African Experience in Modular Refining -- 3.5.6.4 Health and Safety -- 3.5.6.5 Environmental Standards and Procedures -- 3.5.6.6 Waste and Residue Management -- 3.5.6.7 South African Laws and Regulations -- 3.5.6.8 Acquisition of Manufacturing Licence -- 3.5.6.9 SWOT Analysis -- 3.5.7 Detailed Design of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit -- 3.5.7.1 Regenerator -- 3.5.7.2 Riser Reactor -- 3.5.8 Material Selection and Refractories -- 3.5.8.2 Mechanical Stress and Thickness Calculations -- 3.5.8.3 Distillation Column Detailed Design -- 3.5.8.4 Material Selection -- 3.5.8.5 Column Diameter, Plate Spacing and Design -- 3.5.8.6 Distillation Column Supports -- 3.5.9 Process Control and Instrumentation -- 3.5.9.1 Control Philosophy -- 3.5.9.2 Variable Measurement -- 3.5.9.3 Control Schemes -- 3.5.9.4 Atmospheric Distillation -- 3.5.9.5 Vacuum Distillation -- 3.5.9.6 Fluid Catalytic Cracker -- 3.5.10 HAZOP -- 3.5.11 Plant Startup and Shutdown -- 3.5.11.1 Plant Startup -- 3.5.11.2 Plant Shutdown -- 3.5.11.3 Conclusions on Design -- References -- Chapter 4 Energy Transition and Power Reforms from Coal -- 4.1 Planning for a Just Carbon Transition -- 4.2 Coal Gasification and DME Production -- 4.3 A Case Study: Balance of Plant Design for Simultaneous DME and Methanol Production, and Power Generation at Wits University
- 4.3.1 South Africa Transits from Coal -- 4.3.2 The Design Scope and Objectives -- 4.3.3 Technical Review -- 4.3.4 Overview of Reactor Design -- 4.3.4.1 Types of Reactors and Operation -- 4.3.4.2 General Reactor Design Procedure -- 4.3.4.3 Detailed Reactor Design Equations -- 4.3.5 Detailed Design Description and Solutions -- 4.3.5.1 Gasification -- 4.3.5.2 Syngas Clean up -- 4.3.5.3 Power Generation -- 4.3.5.4 Methanol and DME Synthesis -- 4.3.6 Reactor Design -- 4.3.6.1 Reactor Type for DME Synthesis -- 4.3.6.2 Catalyst Selection -- 4.3.6.3 Isothermal Versus Adiabatic Condition -- 4.3.6.4 Modelling of Methanol Dehydration Reactor -- 4.3.7 Detailed Reactor Design -- 4.3.7.1 Reactor Profiles -- 4.3.7.2 Sensitivity Analysis -- 4.3.7.3 Reactor Modelling and Optimisation -- 4.3.7.4 Number of Tubes -- 4.3.7.5 Heat Exchanger Design -- 4.3.7.6 Reactor Control -- 4.3.7.7 Mechanical Design and Material of Construction -- 4.3.7.8 Vessel Thickness -- 4.3.7.9 Reactor Internals -- 4.3.7.10 Catalyst Replacement -- 4.3.7.11 Vessel Supports -- 4.3.7.12 Heads and Closures -- 4.3.7.13 Flanges -- 4.3.7.14 Manholes for Maintenance Access -- 4.3.7.15 Pipe Sizing and Location -- 4.3.7.16 Mechanical Drawing Design -- 4.3.8 Equipment Information, Sizing, Costing and Power Requirements -- 4.3.8.1 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) -- 4.3.8.2 Pump System Curve -- 4.3.8.3 Detailed Compressor Design -- 4.3.8.4 Vessels, Towers and Columns -- 4.3.8.5 Reactor Sizing -- 4.3.9 Process Control, Safety and Environmental Impact -- 4.3.9.1 Distillation Column Process Control System -- 4.3.9.2 Flow Control -- 4.3.9.3 Temperature Control -- 4.3.9.4 Level Control -- 4.3.9.5 Interaction Control -- 4.3.9.6 Pressure Control -- 4.3.9.7 Emergency Shutdown Control -- 4.3.9.8 Process Instrumentation Diagrams -- 4.3.9.9 Choice of Control Mechanism -- 4.3.9.10 Process Instrumentation
- 4.3.9.11 Temperature -- 4.3.9.12 Pressure -- 4.3.9.13 Level -- 4.3.9.14 Flow -- 4.3.9.15 Valve Selection -- 4.3.9.16 Actuator -- 4.3.9.17 Instrument Siting -- 4.3.10 HAZOP Analysis -- 4.3.10.1 HAZOP Evaluation -- 4.3.10.2 Control Structure Post HAZOP -- 4.3.11 Plant Location, Layout and Environmental Assessment -- 4.3.11.1 Transportation -- 4.3.11.2 Site Layout -- 4.3.11.3 Utilities -- 4.3.11.4 Environmental Impact Assessment -- 4.3.11.5 Waste Management -- 4.3.11.6 Noise -- 4.3.11.7 Environmental Impacts -- 4.3.11.8 Risk Analysis -- 4.3.12 Applicable Acts -- 4.3.13 Costing and Techno‐Economic Analysis -- 4.3.13.1 Adjusting for Inflation -- 4.3.13.2 Fixed Capital Cost -- 4.3.13.3 Manufacturing Costs -- 4.3.13.4 Economic Evaluation -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Carbon Footprint of Internal Combustion Engines and Mitigations -- 5.1 Internal Combustion Engine and Emission -- 5.2 Component Production: PEM Fuel Cell and Electrolyser -- 5.2.1 Design and Fabrication of a Single Fuel Cell -- 5.2.2 Hydrogenation of the Synthetic Rubber -- 5.2.3 Sulfonation of the Synthetic Rubber -- 5.2.4 Results Obtained from Hybrid Electrolyser‐Fuel Cell Regenerative System -- 5.2.4.1 Proton Conductivity -- 5.2.4.2 Fabrication and Testing of Membrane Electrode Assembly -- 5.2.4.3 Testing of the MEA for Electrolyser Applications -- 5.2.5 Hydrogen and Electricity Production from Water -- 5.3 Process Design and Integration of PEM Electrolyser and Fuel Cell -- 5.3.1 Hydrogen Energy Source -- 5.3.1.1 Electrolysis -- 5.3.1.2 Modelling PEM Electrolysers -- 5.3.1.3 Motivation for the STUDY -- 5.3.2 Development of Models -- 5.3.2.1 Systematic Approach -- 5.3.2.2 Operation of Water Electrolyser -- 5.3.3 Material Balance Constraints -- 5.3.3.1 Water Balance -- 5.3.3.2 Oxygen -- 5.3.3.3 Hydrogen -- 5.3.4 Analysis of the Outputs from the Different Model Solvers
- 5.3.4.1 Model Validation