Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 Introduction -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 2 The Speculator and Financial Innovations: An Old Portrait -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Humble Beginnings in Rome -- 2.3 The City of God, and the Temple of Jerusalem -- 2.4 A Pound of Flesh at the Root of International Finance -- 2.5 Monti di Pietà: A Mountain of Piety -- 2.6 The Medici Family and the Bill of Exchange -- 2.7 A Mountain of Debt, and the Bond Revolution -- 2.8 A City of Gold -- 2.9 Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 3 The Speculator and Financial Innovations: A New Portrait -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Guilds and Chartered Corporations -- 3.3 Securities Markets, the VOC, and the First Mutual Fund -- 3.4 Modern Finance in London, and the Rise of the Exchange Alley -- 3.5 From the Tontine Coffee-House to the New York Stock Exchange -- 3.6 American Civil War and Cotton Bonds -- 3.7 Art and the Second War World -- 3.8 The Rise of Hedge Funds -- 3.9 The Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC) and the SPAC Mafia -- 3.10 Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 4 Uncertainty: The Necessary Unknowable Road to Speculation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Ways of Gambling: From Chance to Skills -- 4.3 From Numbers to the Mastery of Risk -- 4.4 The Renaissance Period: Towards the Law of Probability -- 4.5 Making Probability Mathematical -- 4.6 The Nature of Human Beings -- 4.7 Pandemics: From the Black Death to Covid-19 -- 4.8 From the Secret of Felicity to the Chicago School of Economics -- 4.9 Game Theory Between Rationality and Passion -- 4.10 God Is Dead -- 4.11 Uncertainty, Possibility, and Anxiety -- 4.12 From Risk-Aversion to Uncertainty-Aversion Paradigms -- 4.13 Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 5 Economic Bubbles, Schemes, and Market Failures -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Tulip Mania -- 5.3 The Battle of Waterloo: War and Finance
5.4 The Great Sovereign Bond Bust -- 5.5 Financial Fiction and Schemes -- 5.6 The South Sea and Mississippi Schemes: 'A Real Beauty and a Panted Whore' -- 5.7 The Bull Market of the Roaring Twenties and the Crash of Wall Street -- 5.8 From the Ponzi Scheme to Ponzi Schemes -- 5.9 Herstatt Bank and Globalisation -- 5.10 The Dotcom Bubble -- 5.11 Cryptocurrencies and Decentralised Finance -- 5.12 Centralised Finance -- 5.13 Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 6 Short Selling: The Bears of the Market -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Great Bear of Wall Street -- 6.3 From Tea Panic to Boston Tea Party -- 6.4 Hamilton, and the Panic of 1792 in the United States -- 6.5 The 1907 Knickerbocker Crisis in The Name of Two Brothers -- 6.6 Black Wednesday, and the Man Who Broke the Bank of England -- 6.7 The Enron Scandal -- 6.8 Lehman Brothers, and the 'Big Short' -- 6.9 Terror Trader for a Fistful of Euros -- 6.10 GameStop, and the Bad Fate of Short Sellers -- 6.11 Conclusions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- 7 Conclusions -- Notes -- Index