Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Understanding the Relationship between International Humanitarian Action and Norms of Armed Conflict -- 1.1 Definition of the Puzzle and Research Question -- 1.2 Theoretical Framework and Roadmap -- References -- Chapter 2: Norms, Diffusion, and International Humanitarian Law -- 2.1 Norms -- 2.2 Theories of Norm Diffusion -- 2.3 International Law, International Humanitarian Law, and Norms -- 2.4 Norms in Warfare Versus Humanitarian Laws -- 2.5 Norms of Armed Conflict -- References -- Chapter 3: Method -- 3.1 Data Collection: Codes of Conduct, Orders, and Public Communications -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 The Coding Frame -- 3.3.1 Problem -- 3.3.2 Ideation -- 3.3.3 Behaviour -- 3.3.4 Mitigating Factors -- 3.3.5 Norm Entrepreneurs -- 3.3.6 Accusations of non-compliance and non-reciprocity -- 3.4 Establishing the Validity and Applicability of the Norm Cluster -- 3.5 Means of Tabulating Totals -- 3.6 Creating an Armed Conflict Norm Cluster -- References -- Chapter 4: Non-State Armed Groups in the International System -- 4.1 Non-State Armed Groups -- 4.2 Characteristics and Influences on Non-State Armed Groups -- 4.2.1 Territorial Control -- 4.2.2 Constituencies and Populations -- 4.2.3 Governance and Chain of Command -- 4.2.4 Ability to Enter into Foreign Relations -- 4.2.5 Military Operations -- 4.2.6 Further Non-State Armed Group Characteristics -- 4.3 Norm Contestation and Non-State Armed Groups -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: A (Brief) History of War and Its Limits -- 5.1 Pre-Historic Warfare -- 5.2 Ancient Warfare (3200 B.C.E.-600 A.D.) -- 5.3 Medieval Warfare (400-1500) -- 5.4 Early Modern Warfare (1500-1850) -- 5.5 Modern Warfare and International Humanitarian Law (1850-Present)
5.6 Norms in Historical Laws of Warfare -- References -- Chapter 6: Results and the Norm Clusters -- 6.1 Behavioural Prescriptions -- 6.2 Ideations -- 6.3 Normative Ideation-Behaviour Relationship -- 6.4 Document Types -- 6.4.1 Documents Created by the Groups -- 6.4.2 Agreements, Joint Statements, and Deeds of Commitment -- 6.5 Group Ideology -- 6.5.1 Ethno-nationalist -- 6.5.2 Leftist -- 6.5.3 Religious -- 6.6 Chronology and Context -- 6.6.1 Pre-1992 -- 6.6.2 1992-2001 -- 6.6.3 2001-2011 -- 6.6.4 Post-2011 -- 6.7 The Armed Conflict Norm Cluster -- References -- Chapter 7: Discussion -- 7.1 Norms of Warfare -- 7.1.1 Core Norms -- 7.1.2 Over-Performing Norms -- 7.1.3 Under-Performing Norms -- 7.2 Mitigating Factors -- 7.3 Actors and Norm Clusters -- 7.3.1 Non-state Armed Groups -- 7.3.2 Norm Entrepreneurs -- 7.3.3 Enemy Forces -- 7.3.4 Civilians -- 7.3.5 Implication on Norms -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: The Armed Conflict Norm Cluster: Closing the Gap Between Norms and Law in Understanding Armed Conflict -- 8.1 Norms in Warfare -- 8.2 Norm Clusters and Qualitative Research -- 8.3 Limitations -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References