Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Macao: A Brief Introduction -- 1.3 Decolonization, Renationalization, and Globalization in Macao -- 1.4 Theoretical Contributions of This Monograph -- 1.5 Outline of This Monograph -- References -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Language Attitudes Research Approaches -- 2.1.1 The Direct Approach -- 2.1.2 The Indirect Approach -- 2.1.3 The Analysis of Societal Treatment of Language Varieties -- 2.1.4 Discourse-Based Approaches -- 2.2 Language and Identity -- References -- 3 The Language Situation in Macao -- 3.1 Macao's Language Situation Before and After the Handover -- 3.1.1 Government -- 3.1.2 Education -- 3.1.3 Commerce and Trade -- 3.1.4 The Media -- 3.1.5 Summary -- 3.2 LPLP in the Macao SAR -- 3.2.1 LPLP in the PRC -- 3.2.2 Macao LPLP from the PRC -- 3.2.3 LPLP Within the Macao SAR -- 3.2.4 Summary -- 3.3 Language Attitudes Studies in Macao -- References -- 4 Research Design -- 4.1 Research Questions -- 4.2 Subjects and Instruments -- 4.3 The Questionnaire Survey and Semi-structured Interviews -- 4.4 Identification of Macao Local Students -- 4.5 Identification of Macao Local Students' Social Class -- References -- 5 Questionnaire Survey Results -- 5.1 Profile of the Participants in the Survey -- 5.2 Macao Tertiary Students' Attitudes Towards Four Languages -- 5.2.1 Students' Integrative Orientation Towards the Four Languages -- 5.2.2 Students' Instrumental Orientation Towards the Four Languages -- 5.3 Macao Tertiary Students' Attitudes Towards LPLP in Macao -- 5.4 The Correlations Between Social Factors and Language Attitudes -- 5.4.1 Sex -- 5.4.2 Social Class -- 5.5 Summary -- 6 Interview Results -- 6.1 Profile of the Participants in the Interviews -- 6.2 Macao Tertiary Students' Attitudes Towards Four Languages
6.2.1 Students' Positive Attitudes Towards Cantonese -- 6.2.2 Students' Ambivalent Attitudes Towards Putonghua -- 6.2.3 Students' Positive Attitudes Towards English -- 6.2.4 Students' Ambivalent Attitudes Towards Portuguese -- 6.3 Macao Tertiary Students' Attitudes Towards LPLP in Macao -- 6.3.1 Students' Strong Local Allegiances -- 6.3.2 Students' Practical Attitudes Towards Language Issues -- 6.4 Social Factors and Language Attitudes -- 6.4.1 Sex and Language Attitudes -- 6.4.2 Social Class and Language Attitudes -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- 7 Discussion -- 7.1 Discussion of Students' Attitudes Towards Four Languages -- 7.1.1 Cantonese -- 7.1.2 English -- 7.1.3 Putonghua -- 7.1.4 Portuguese -- 7.2 Discussion of Students' Attitudes Towards LPLP in Macao -- 7.3 Discussion of the Correlations Between Social Factors and Language Attitudes -- 7.3.1 Sex and Language Attitudes -- 7.3.2 Social Class and Language Attitudes -- 7.4 Summary -- References -- 8 Conclusions -- 8.1 Summary of the Findings -- 8.2 Significance of the Findings -- 8.3 Implications of This Study -- 8.4 Limitations of This Study -- References -- Appendix A Questionnaire on Macao Tertiary Students' Language Attitudes -- Appendix B Interview Informed Consent Form -- Appendix C Interview Protocol -- Appendix D Linguistic Insecurity Perception Questionnaire