Front Cover -- MECHANISMS OF MORPHOGENESIS -- MECHANISMS OF MORPHOGENESIS -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to Third Edition -- A Note on References -- I - Introductory Section -- 1 - INTRODUCTION-THE AIMS AND STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK -- References -- 2 - KEY PRINCIPLES OF MORPHOGENESIS -- THE IDEA OF 'MECHANISM' -- EMERGENCE -- EMERGENCE, TRAP-DOOR PROCESSES AND THE DANGERS OF POST HOC REASONING -- FEEDBACK, SELF-ASSEMBLY AND ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION -- QUESTIONS OF AGENCY AND PURPOSE -- References -- 3 - The Power and Limitations of Macro-Molecular Self-Assembly -- INTRODUCTION TO SELF-ASSEMBLY -- SELF-ASSEMBLY OF BILAYERED MEMBRANES -- ONE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY: ACTIN -- ONE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY: COLLAGEN -- THREE-DIMENSIONAL SELF-ASSEMBLY: SIMPLE VIRUSES -- QUALITY CONTROL IN SELF-ASSEMBLING STRUCTURES -- LIMITATIONS TO SELF-ASSEMBLY -- References -- II - Cell Shape and Cell Morphogenesis -- 4 - Morphogenesis of Individual Cells: A Brief Overview -- FLATTENING AND ELONGATION OF CELLS -- CONSTRICTION/WEDGING OF CELLS -- PRODUCTION OF CELL PROCESSES -- CELL FUSIONS -- CELL CAVITATION -- CHANGES IN CELL SHAPE CAN DIRECTLY DRIVE MORPHOGENESIS OF TISSUES -- References -- 5 - Animal Cell Shape: The Importance of the Cytoskeleton -- TENSEGRITY -- BUILDING AND PLACEMENT OF TENSILE MICROFILAMENTS -- ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF THE MICRO-FILAMENT TENSION SYSTEM -- ASSEMBLY OF THE MICROTUBULE SYSTEM -- FORMATION OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES: ACTIN-BASED CELL PROTRUSIONS -- FORMATION OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES: MICROTUBULE-BASED CELL PROTRUSIONS -- SUMMARY -- References -- 6 - Cellular Morphogenesis in Plants -- DIFFUSE CELL ELONGATION IN PLANTS -- FOCUSSED CELL GROWTH: ROOT HAIRS, POLLEN TUBES AND TRICHOMES -- References -- III - Cell Migration -- 7 - Cell Migration in Development: A Brief Overview -- MORPHOGENESIS BY COALESCENCE OF DISPERSED CELLS
TRANSLOCATION OF GROUPS OF CELLS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER -- DISPERSAL OF CELLS FROM ONE SITE TO THE REST OF THE BODY -- MIGRATION BY CELL PROCESSES -- References -- 8 - The Nano-Machinery of Locomotion -- PROTRUSION: THE ACTIN-BASED NANOMACHINERY OF THE LEADING EDGE -- Lamellipodia -- FILOPODIA IN CELL CRAWLING -- INVADOPODIA -- CONTROL OF FORMATION OF LAMELLIPODIA/FILOPODIA -- ADVANCE OF THE CELL BODY -- RETRACTION OF THE REAR OF THE CELL -- AMOEBOID MOTION (BLEB-BASED MOTILITY) -- KEY POINTS TO TAKE FORWARD INTO THE NEXT CHAPTERS -- References -- 9 - Guidance by Chemotaxis -- THE CHEMOTACTIC GRADIENT -- READING THE CHEMOTACTIC GRADIENT -- LINKING THE INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF THE EXTERNAL GRADIENT TO MOTILITY -- HOW GOOD A MODEL IS D DISCOIDEUM FOR OTHER SPECIES? -- CHEMOREPULSION -- MULTIPLE SOURCES OF CHEMOREPELLANT CAN DEFINE A PATHWAY IN A WAY THAT MULTIPLE SOURCES OF CHEMOATTRACTANT CANNOT -- THE USEFULNESS OF NOISE TO DECISION MAKING BY MIGRATING CELLS -- INTEGRATION OF CHEMOTAXIS AND CONTACT GUIDANCE -- References -- 10 - Guidance by Galvanotaxis -- CELL MOVEMENT IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRIC FIELDS -- ELECTRIC FIELDS IN LIVING SYSTEMS -- GALVANOTAXIS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING -- References -- 11 - Guidance by Contact -- HAPTOTAXIS -- DUROTAXIS-GUIDANCE OF CELLS BY GRADIENTS OF MECHANICAL COMPLIANCE -- TOPOTAXIS -- ATTRACTION BY CONTACT-DRIVEN CELL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION -- PATHWAYS OF ATTRACTIVE MOLECULES IN THE EMBRYO -- GUIDANCE OF CELLS BY ALIGNED FIBRES -- GUIDANCE BY INHIBITION OF LOCOMOTION -- References -- 12 - Waypoint Navigation in the Embryo -- WAYPOINT NAVIGATION BY GERM CELLS IN DROSOPHILA. MELANOGASTER -- WAYPOINT NAVIGATION BY GROWTH CONES -- DENSE ARRAYS OF WAYPOINTS MAKE PATHWAYS -- THE MANY WAYPOINTS OF THE VERTEBRATE VISUAL SYSTEM -- WAYPOINT NAVIGATION IN REGENERATION -- References -- 13 - Cooperative Migration of Mesenchymal Cells
WHY MIGRATE AS A COLLECTIVE? -- THE DEBATABLE CONCEPT OF LEADER AND FOLLOWER CELLS -- CASE STUDY: COLLECTIVE CELL MIGRATION BY THE NEURAL CREST -- CASE STUDY: THE ROSTRAL MIGRATORY STREAM -- CASE STUDY: PRECURSORS OF ENTERIC NEURONS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- 14 - Condensation of Cells -- CONDENSATION THROUGH ENHANCED CELL ADHESION -- CONDENSATION BY ELIMINATION OF INTERSTITIAL MATRIX -- References -- IV - Epithelial Morphogenesis -- 15 - The Epithelial State: A Brief Overview -- THE MAKING OF AN EPITHELIUM -- THE FORCES THAT SHAPE AN EPITHELIUM -- References -- 16 - Neighbour Exchange and Convergent Extension -- CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF EPITHELIAL CONVERGENT EXTENSION -- SELECTION OF WHICH BOUNDARIES SHRINK AND WHICH EXPAND: THE PLANAR POLARITY SYSTEM -- MESENCHYMAL CONVERGENT EXTENSION -- HYBRID MECHANISMS -- References -- 17 - Epithelial Morphogenesis: Closure of Holes -- DORSAL CLOSURE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER -- WOUND HEALING IN THE EMBRYO -- CELL CRAWLING IN HOLE CLOSURE -- WOUND HEALING IN ADULTS -- References -- 18 - Invagination and Evagination: The Making and Shaping of Folds and Tubes -- INVAGINATION -- DRIVERS OF INVAGINATION (1): APICAL CONSTRICTION -- DRIVERS OF INVAGINATION (2): BASAL WEDGING -- DRIVERS OF INVAGINATION (3): CELL-ON-CELL MIGRATION ('TELESCOPING') -- DRIVERS OF INVAGINATION (4): CANOPY CONTRACTION -- DRIVERS OF INVAGINATION (5): MATRIX MECHANICS -- HYBRID MECHANISMS -- ORTHOGONAL INVAGINATION: NEURAL TUBE FORMATION IN VERTEBRATES -- INVAGINATION WITHOUT TUBE FORMATION -- EVAGINATION OF IMAGINAL DISCS -- References -- 19 - Epithelial Fusion -- TRACHEAL FUSION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER -- FUSION IN CAPILLARY CONNECTIONS -- EPITHELIAL FUSION IN PALATE DEVELOPMENT -- EPITHELIAL FUSION IN PRODUCTION OF TUBES BY ORTHOGONAL INVAGINATION -- References -- 20 - Epithelial Branching -- BRANCHING BY SPROUTING
SIMPLE CULTURE MODELS OF BRANCHING -- BRANCHING IN THE TRACHEAL SYSTEM OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER -- BRANCHING EPITHELIA OF VERTEBRATES -- THE ELONGATION OF NEW BRANCHES -- SWITCHING BETWEEN MODES OF BRANCHING -- HOW CONSERVED IS BRANCHING BY SPROUTING? -- BRANCHING BY CLEFTING -- PATTERNING THE BRANCHING TREE -- INTUSSUSCEPTIVE BRANCHING -- AUTOMATIC VERSUS PLANNED ARCHITECTURE IN BRANCHING SYSTEMS -- References -- 21 - Boundaries to Epithelial Movement -- AVOIDING THE PROBLEM OF BOUNDARY CONTROL -- PROTECTING A BORDER BY CONTROLLING MIGRATION -- THEORY 1: BOUNDARY FORMATION BY THE PHYSICS OF DIFFERENTIAL ADHESION (CAUTION!) -- THEORY 2: BOUNDARY FORMATION BY TENSION -- REDUCED CELL PROLIFERATION-AN AID TO BOUNDARY STABILITY? -- References -- V - Morphogenesis By Cell Proliferation and Death -- 22 - Growth, Proliferation and Death - A Brief Overview -- CELL PROLIFERATION IS CONTROLLED AT SEVERAL SCALES -- CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION -- A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL CYCLE -- LOCAL CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION -- TISSUE-SCALE CONTROL OF PROLIFERATION: A MECHANISM FOR KEEPING DIFFERENT CELL POPULATIONS IN BALANCE -- LARGE-SCALE CONTROL OF CELL PROLIFERATION -- INTERPLAY BETWEEN GLOBAL AND ORGAN-SPECIFIC SIGNALS -- PLANTS SHOW A DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS -- References -- 23 - Morphogenesis by Orientated Cell Division -- ORIENTATION OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE -- ADAPTIVE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF MITOTIC ORIENTATION AND HERTWIG'S TULE -- ORIENTATED CELL DIVISION IN PLANTS -- References -- 24 - Morphogenesis by Elective Cell Death -- MECHANISMS OF ELECTIVE CELL DEATH -- SCULPTING TISSUES BY ELIMINATION OF CELLS -- CELL DEATH IN BALANCING THE EMBRYO: THE TROPHIC THEORY -- ANOIKIS AND ERROR CORRECTION -- ELECTIVE CELL DEATH IN PLANTS -- DEATH FOR LIFE -- References -- VI - Morphogenesis in Context
25 - From Mechanisms to Morphology: A Brief Overview -- ACTIVATING MORPHOGENETIC MECHANISMS -- RESTRICTING COMPETENCE IN SPACE: PATTERN FORMATION -- RESTRICTING COMPETENCE IN TIME: PROGRESSIONS AND CLOCKS -- SIGNALS CONTROLLING MORPHOGENESIS -- SUMMARY OF THIS CHAPTER -- References -- 26 - Case Studies From Natural Development -- DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM: FROM SINGLE CELLS TO A COHERENT MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM -- MORPHOGENESIS OF THE TETRAPOD LIMB -- MORPHOGENESIS OF FRUIT FLY WINGS -- THE SURPRIZING SIMPLICITY OF GUT LOOPING IN THE CHICK EMBRYO -- References -- 27 - Morphogenesis in Organoids -- ORGANOIDS MADE FROM RANDOM MIXES OF PROGENITOR CELLS -- FROM RANDOM MIX TO MICRO-ORDER -- WHY ONLY MICRO-ORDER? -- SIMILAR PHENOMENA IN OTHER ORGANOIDS -- WHAT THIS MIGHT SAY ABOUT NATURAL MORPHOGENESIS AND EVOLUTION -- References -- 28 - Pathological Morphogenesis -- INDUCED FORMATION OF NEW ORGANS: CROWN GALL DISEASE IN PLANTS -- FORMATION OF SUPERNUMERARY BONES: MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS IN HUMANS -- ABERRANT INDUCTION OF FUSIONS AND CONNECTIONS -- DELIBERATELY ACTIVATED MORPHOGENETIC MECHANISMS: THE BASIS OF SURGERY -- MAKING THE BEST OF IT: COPING WITH LARGE-SCALE CHANGES OF PATTERN -- PATHOLOGICAL MORPHOGENESIS AND EVOLUTION -- References -- VII - Modelling Morphogenesis -- 29 - Modelling Morphogenesis: A Brief Overview -- THE PURPOSES OF MODELLING -- Hypothesis Testing -- Exploratory Modelling -- BROAD STRATEGIES FOR MODELLING: MATHEMATICAL VERSUS SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICAL -- References -- 30 - Mechanical and Mathematical Models of Morphogenesis -- PHYSICAL MODELS -- COMPUTER MODELS OF MORPHOGENESIS -- Explicitly Mechanical, Agent-Based Models -- Cellular Potts Models -- Finite Element Models -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- 31 - Modelling Using Living Cells: Environment Switching, Tissue Engineering, and Synthetic Morphology