Introduction -- Part I. Venezuela : refracting left-populist hegemony into participatory governance -- Venezuela : from crisis to left-populist hegemony -- Torres : participatory democracy in Venezuela's "First Socialist City" -- Sucre : administered democracy in a right-governed "Chavista City" -- Part II. Bolivia : refracting passive revolution, perpetuating clientelism -- Bolivia : from active to passive revolution -- Santa Cruz : technocratic clientelism, or fear of the masses -- El Alto : inverted clientelism in the rebel city -- Conclusion -- Methodological appendix. Thinking about the political in political ethnography