Bodin's theory of sovereignty applied to contemporary Europe -- The compact theory of Hooker, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau -- National and popular sovereignty -- The theories of Kant, Hegel, and Fichte -- The Austinian or analytical school -- Willoughby's juristic conception of the state -- Criticism of the theory -- Vinogradoff's modification of the theory -- Denial of sovereignty by Duguit, Laski, and others -- The state and the civitas maxima according to the Austrian school -- German conception of sovereignty without independence -- The juristic conception of the state restated -- General applicability of the juristic conception of the state