Introduction -- The challenge ahead -- The Spanish disquiet -- Faith and nature -- The Antwerp polyglot: hints of a new natural philosophy -- Arias Montano castigated -- Nothing new under the sun -- Premises of the Magnum opus -- Montanian hermeneutics of nature and cosmology -- Meteorology, matter theory, and mechanics -- A biblical natural history -- Disciples and detractors -- Expurgated -- Epilogue