Introduction : history has no end / Pierre-Etienne Will -- Despotism, "Democratic China" and nineteenth-century European / Pierre-Etienne Will -- Seeds of democracy in the Confucian tradition / Anne Cheng -- Checking abuses of power under the Ming dynasty / Pierre-Etienne Will -- The principle of legality and legal rules in the Chinese legal tradition / Jérôme Bourgon -- The emergence of a community of jurists in the late imperial and early republican periods (1740-1930) / Jerome Bourgon -- The appropriation of the concept of "liberty" at the end of the Qing dynasty : beginning with the interpretation of Kant / by Liang / Joël Thoraval -- The first democratic experiment in China (1908-1914) : Chinese tradition and local elite practices / Xiaohong Xiao-Planes -- Constitutions and constitutionalism : trying to build a new political order (1908 -- 1949) / Xiaohong Xiao-Planes -- The Chinese contribution to the universal declaration of human rights / Pierre-Etienne Will -- Anti-tradition and democracy in China at the start of twentieth century : national culture and the crisis of the nation-state / Yves Chevrier -- Elusive democracy (1915 -- 1937) / Yves Chevrier -- Servant, bogeyman or goddess : democracy in the discourses of power and dissidence in China / Michel Bonnin -- Instituting the rule of law in china in the context of globalization / Mireille Delmas-Marty -- Law and society in contemporary China / Stephanie Balme -- China's accession to the WTO and legal reform : towards the rule of law via internationalization without democracy? / Leila Choukroune -- The renaissance of the legal profession in China / Jean-Pierre Cabestan [and others] -- Democracy under one-party rule? on village and Canton elections in China / Gunter Schubert -- The Democratic Experience and Election Culture on Taiwan / Fiorella Allio -- Conclusion : the Chinese laboratory / Mireille Delmas-Marty