Introduction: the significance of the frontier in American knowledge -- Chapter 1. Violence, competition, and exchange in the early colonial era -- Chapter 2. Knowledge, weakness, and narrative in the late eighteenth century -- Chapter 3. Astronomy and U.S. expansion in the Lower Mississippi valley -- Chapter 4. Allegiance, identities, and national scientific communities -- Chapter 5. Ethnography and intelligence in the time of conquest -- Chapter 6. Deep history, deep South : slavery and geology in the antebellum era -- Chapter 7. Skulls, scalps, and Seminoles -- Epilogue: how the west was known