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Advances in Agronomy. Volume 141
Details
- Creator
- edited by Donald L. Sparks
- Format
- Books
- Language
- English
- Contributors
- Publication
-
- First edition
- Cambridge : Academic Press, 2017
- Physical Details
-
- 1 online resource
- ISBNs
- 9780128124246, 0128124245, 9780128124239, 0128124237
- Includes indexes.
- Front Cover -- Advances in Agronomy -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One: Long-Term Aging of Biochar: A Molecular Understanding With Agricultural and Environmental Implications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochar and Its Aging -- 2.1. Decomposition of Aliphatic and Volatile Carbons -- 2.2. Breaking Down of Aromatic Moieties -- 3. Accelerated Methods of Biochar Aging -- 3.1. Biochar Aging With Chemical Agents -- 3.2. Microbial Aging of Biochar Supplemented With Fresh Biomass Under Favorable Environmental Conditions -- 3.3. Physical Aging of Biochar -- 4. Properties of Biochar and Biochar-Derived Organic Matter -- 4.1. Structural and Functional Composition -- 4.2. Elemental Composition and Polarity -- 4.3. Specific Surface Area -- 4.4. Surface Charge Characteristics -- 5. Biochar Aging Impacts on Agriculture and Environment -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Two: Brazilian Agriculture in Perspective: Great Expectations vs Reality -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In the Beginning: Creation of Brazil and Its Agriculture -- 2.1. Agriculture in a Semi-industrialized Country (1500-1950) -- 2.2. The Green Revolution and Transformation of Brazilian Agriculture (1950-1990) -- 2.3. Modernization and Global Scientific Agriculture (1990-Today) -- 3. Information, Research, and Development -- 3.1. Origin of and Scientific Approach to Agriculture -- 3.2. State Organizations of Agricultural Research -- 3.3. Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) -- 3.4. Teaching and Research in Agricultural Sciences in Brazil -- 3.5. Investment in Science and Technology in Agricultural Sciences -- 4. Agriculture and Environment -- 4.1. The Natural Resources Course -- 4.2. Amazon: Many Buyers, One Owner -- 4.3. Economic Interests -- 5. Great Expectations vs Reality
- 5.1. The world´s Expectations of Brazilian Agriculture -- 5.2. The Reality-A Tough Field to Plow -- 5.2.1. Social Aspects -- 5.2.2. Environmental Aspects -- 5.2.3. Economic Aspects -- 5.2.4. Technical Aspects -- 5.2.5. Media Aspects -- 5.2.6. Strategic Aspects -- 6. Concluding Remarks -- 7. Plea for an National Agricultural Policy (NAP) -- References -- Chapter Three: Bio-Intervention of Naturally Occurring Silicate Minerals for Alternative Source of Potassium: Challenges ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Potassium Dynamics in Soil -- 3. Potassium-Bearing Minerals in Soil Environment -- 3.1. Silicate Minerals as a Source of Potassium -- 4. Bio-Intervention of Silicate Minerals and K Availability -- 5. Mechanisms of Potassium Mobilization From Silicate Minerals -- 5.1. Dissolution by Organic Acids -- 5.2. Metal-Complexing Ligands -- 5.3. Formation of Biofilm -- 6. Bio-Approaches for K Mobilization From Silicate Minerals -- 6.1. Microbial Intervention -- 6.1.1. Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria -- 6.1.2. Potassium Solubilizing Fungi -- 6.1.3. Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi -- 6.2. Composting -- 7. Structural Changes of Silicate Minerals Due To Bio-Intervention -- 8. Plant Growth and K Nutrition on Bio-Intervened Silicate Minerals -- 8.1. Pot Trials -- 8.2. Field Trials -- 9. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Four: Livestock Production and Its Impact on Nutrient Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Livestock for Economic Development and Consumer Demand -- 3. Livestock Production and Land Use Change -- 4. Environmental Impacts -- 4.1. Manure Management -- 4.2. Water Use in Livestock Production -- 4.3. Livestock and Soil Physical and Chemical Characteristics -- 4.4. Grazing and Soil Quality -- 4.5. Carbon and Nutrient Cycling -- 5. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses Under Livestock Production
- 5.1. Nitrogen -- 5.2. Phosphorus -- 6. Livestock Production and GHG Emission -- 6.1. Nitrous Oxide -- 6.2. Methane Emission -- 7. Isotopic and Nuclear Techniques for Assessing Soil-Crop-Livestock Interaction -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Five: Mineral Nutrition of Cocoa: A Review -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Cocoa Production -- 1.2. The Cocoa Tree -- 2. Cocoa Productivity -- 2.1. Crop Characteristics -- 2.2. Climatic Conditions -- 2.2.1. Radiation -- 2.2.2. Temperature and Rainfall -- 2.3. Production Cycle -- 2.4. Soil Properties -- 2.4.1. Soil Nutrient Content -- 2.4.2. pH -- 2.4.3. Soil Moisture -- 2.4.4. Organic Matter -- 2.4.5. Soil Texture -- 2.4.6. Soil Depth -- 2.5. Pests and Diseases -- 2.6. Options to Ameliorate Defining, Limiting, and Reducing Factors -- 2.6.1. Breeding and Replanting -- 2.6.2. Planting Density, Pruning, and Shading -- 2.6.3. Reduction of Drought Stress -- 2.6.4. Pest and Disease Management -- 2.6.5. Reducing Nutrient Limitations -- 3. Nutrient Cycling in Cocoa -- 3.1. Nutrient Inputs and Outputs -- 3.2. Nutrient Stocks -- 3.3. Nutrient Transfer -- 4. Cocoa and Nutrient Application -- 4.1. Fertilizer Response Trials -- 4.2. Nutrient Functions and Effects -- 4.2.1. Nitrogen -- 4.2.2. Phosphorus -- 4.2.3. Potassium -- 4.2.4. Other Nutrients -- 4.3. Increasing Soil Fertility Through Alternative Fertilizers and Nitrogen Fixation -- 4.3.1. Alternative Fertilizers -- 4.3.2. Nitrogen Fixation -- 5. Interaction of Shade With Fertilizer Response -- 5.1. Optimal Degree of Shade -- 5.2. Long-Term Effects -- 5.3. Dependence of the Effects on Other Conditions -- 5.4. Physiological Processes Underlying the Effects -- 6. Cocoa Fertilizer Recommendations -- 6.1. Various Past and Present Cocoa Fertilizer Recommendations -- 6.2. Recommendations on Method and Timing of Fertilizer Application -- 6.3. Applicability of Recommendations
- 7. Methods Used to Establish Fertilizer Recommendations for Cocoa -- 7.1. Visual Deficiency Symptoms -- 7.2. Nutrient Balance -- 7.3. Soil Chemical Analysis -- 7.4. Plant (Leaf) Chemical Analysis -- 7.5. Fertilizer Response Trials -- 8. Knowledge Gaps and Recommended Research -- 8.1. Current Understanding and Knowledge Gaps -- 8.2. Research Requirements -- 8.2.1. Further Analysis of Existing (Data From) Trials -- 8.2.2. On-Farm Trials -- 8.2.3. Multifactorial Shade-Fertilizer Response Trials -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Back Cover