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Chile : 2015
- Available as
- Online
- Summary
-
Special feature: Bringing all Chileans on board.
Details
- Creator
- OECD
- Format
- Books
- Language
- English
- Publication
-
- Paris : OECD Publishing, [2015]
- ©2015
- Physical Details
-
- 1 online resource (110 pages)
- ISBNs
- 9789264248441, 9264248447, 9264248439
- OCLC
- on1024238663
- Intro -- Table of contents -- Basic statistics of Chile, 2014 -- Executive summary -- Despite sharply lower copper prices, Chile's economic growth has been resilient -- GDP growth should recover -- Growth needs to become more inclusive, especially for women -- Participation of women is relatively low -- School reform is on its way to lift student outcomes -- Many students lack minimum skills -- Assessment and recommendations -- Figure 1. Incomes have risen and well-being is high in many dimensions -- Table 1. Well-being indicators -- The economy has been more resilient than its peers -- Figure 2. The fall in copper demand has depressed investment and output growth -- Figure 3. Depreciation has put upward pressure on prices -- Figure 4. Unemployment has remained low but is rising -- Table 2. Macroeconomic indicators and projections -- Chile faces several medium-term uncertainties -- Figure 5. Export destinations for Chile -- Box 1. Shocks that could affect the Chilean economy -- The fiscal rule has worked well but could be made more robust -- Figure 6. The government's fiscal and financial positions remain sound -- Banking supervision could be further strengthened -- Table 3. Financial indicators -- Recalibrating some aspects of the reform agenda could contribute to raising business confidence -- Figure 7. Consumer and business confidence has deteriorated -- Strengthening the inclusiveness of growth -- Figure 8. Social cohesion indicators -- Better quality and equity of compulsory education is the linchpin of inclusive growth -- Figure 9. Better quality of education increases economic growth -- Figure 10. Improving education quality to achieve universal basic skills can boost growth of GDP -- Figure 11. Average spending per student between the ages of 6 and 15 is low -- Tertiary education reform should focus on access and quality
- Figure 12. Access to tertiary education has improved but remains unequal -- A skills strategy would help to address mismatch problems -- Tax reform for a more inclusive Chile -- Table 4. Estimated increase in tax collection -- Improving the pension system is important to address inequality -- Labour reform should focus on protecting workers for a more inclusive labour market -- Figure 13. Workers on temporary contracts face very high rates of job turnover -- Raising female participation is essential -- Figure 14. Gender gaps in labour force participation and spending on active labour market policies -- Boosting productivity and investment -- Figure 15. Total factor productivity with and without mining -- Figure 16. R&D expenditure and incentives -- Strengthening the competition framework is crucial -- Improving the regulatory environment will facilitate more dynamism -- Figure 17. Business regulation remains restrictive in multiple areas -- Successful innovation promotion programmes could develop new fields -- Environmental challenges are being addressed -- Figure 18. CO2 intensity of electricity -- Bibliography -- Annex. Progress in structural reform -- Thematic chapters -- Chapter 1. Bringing all Chileans on board -- Figure 1.1. Despite strong progress reducing poverty, high levels of inequality remain -- How inclusive is Chile? -- Figure 1.2. Income inequality is especially high at the top of the distribution -- Reducing income inequality can help increase growth and promote social mobility -- Figure 1.3. Income inequality reflects inequality of opportunity -- Box 1.1. Intergenerational social mobility in Chile and its determinants -- Improving the tax and welfare system -- Figure 1.4. The tax and transfer system should do more to reduce inequality -- Raise more tax revenues -- Figure 1.5. Public expenditure and tax revenue are very low
- Box 1.2. The 2014 tax reform -- Table 1.1. Revenue projections from the 2014 tax reform -- Create a more inclusive pension system -- Figure 1.6. Net replacement rates for full-career workers are relatively low -- Strengthen cash transfer programmes for the most vulnerable populations -- Figure 1.7. Public spending on cash benefits for family are very low -- Enhance fiscal equalisation to reduce regional inequalities -- Reducing inequalities in the labour market -- Figure 1.8. Labour income inequality is the main contributor to household market income inequality -- Update labour legislation to help reduce inequality -- Box 1.3. The labour market reform -- Figure 1.9. The effect of increasing union membership would be stronger for middle income households -- Focus on protecting workers rather than jobs -- Box 1.4. The Italian labour market reform: Single contracts -- Figure 1.10. Reducing the share of temporary contracts can reduce earnings inequality -- Efficient activation policies to improve labour opportunities for the less advantageous -- Figure 1.11. Spending in active labour market policies is very low -- Closing gender gaps -- Figure 1.12. Women face all kind of inequalities -- Figure 1.13. Differences in the type of job explain most of the gender pay gap in Chile -- Reduce gender gaps to boost inclusive growth -- Figure 1.14. Gender gaps in the workforce contribute to income loss and high inequality -- Figure 1.15. The number of women in parliament is correlated with income inequality -- Enhance policies to help women join the labour force -- Create awareness to fight discrimination -- Recommendations to bring all Chileans on board -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2. Better skills for inclusive growth -- Skills, productivity and inclusive growth
- Figure 2.1. Chile needs to increase labour productivity to catch up with best performing OECD countries -- Figure 2.2. Upper secondary education attainment is relatively high among young adults -- Figure 2.3. A low share of students beat the socio-economic odds stacked against them -- Attaining universal skills to boost economic growth -- Figure 2.4. Improving the quality of education can boost GDP growth -- Developing universal skills through quality education -- Figure 2.5. Socio-economically advantaged students outscored their disadvantaged peers -- Invest more in early childhood education -- Figure 2.6. Coverage of childcare and pre-school services is low across all income quintiles -- Build more inclusive schools -- Figure 2.7. Quality of education varies a lot by municipality and region, and is correlated with income -- Figure 2.8. Average spending per student between the ages of 6 and 15 is low -- Reshape teacher careers -- Figure 2.9. The percentage of certified teachers reported by school principals in PISA is very low -- Ensuring all adults can access quality higher education and get the right skills -- Figure 2.10. Access to tertiary education has improved but remains unequal -- Reduce financial constraints to low income students -- Box 2.1. Funding systems for universities: Three OECD examples -- Tackle horizontal inequality -- Figure 2.11. There are large horizontal inequalities in higher education -- Activating skills and using them effectively -- Strengthen vocational education and training to better respond to labour market needs -- Box 2.2. Examples of vocational education and training systems in the OECD -- Better labour market institutions can help allocate skills more effectively -- Figure 2.12. Employment protection legislation is relatively more restrictive for permanent workers
- Promote more participation of women in the fields of engineering and computer sciences -- Figure 2.13. Gender gaps in performance in science and mathematics are high -- Figure 2.14. Parents' expectations for their children careers are gender biased -- Recommendations to improve skills -- Bibliography