Part I. Millenarianism, renewal, justice, rights and reform, 1798-1914 -- Part II. Patriotism, liberalism, armed struggle, and ideology, 1914-1952 -- Part III. National independence, guerrilla war, and social revolution, 1952-1976 -- Part IV. Islamism, revolution, uprisings, and liberalism, 1977-2011 -- Conclusion