A theory of judicial reputation and audiences -- Pockets of exception -- Wearing two hats: judges and nonjudicial functions -- The selection and monitoring of judges: the spread of judicial councils -- When courts collide: intracourt relations and the problem of audiences -- The rule of lawyers: globalization, international law, and judicial reputation -- Conclusion: the shift toward the external audience and lessons for reform -- Appendix A: list of courts included in the dataset -- Appendix B: data on judicial councils