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Assessing climate change impacts on the United States
- Available as
- Online
Details
- Creator
- Alex B. McNeill, editor
- Format
- Books
- Language
- English
- Contributors
- Publication
-
- 1st ed
- New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2010
- Physical Details
-
- 1 online resource (312 p.)
- ISBNs
- 9781616685379, 1616685379, 1608761606
- OCLC
- ocn923662059
- Description based upon print version of record.
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- English
- Intro -- ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE UNITED STATES -- ASSESSING CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE UNITED STATES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON THE UNITED STATES -- SECTION I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I.1. Introduction -- I.2. Causes of Climate Change -- I.3. Trends and Projections of Physical Changes -- I.3.a. Temperature -- I.3.b. Precipitation, runoff, and drought -- I.3.c. Ice and snow -- I.3.d. Sea level -- I.3.e. Atlantic hurricanes -- I.3.f. Abrupt Climate Change -- I.3.g. Stratospheric ozone -- I.4. Effects of Global Change on the Natural Environment and Human Systems -- I.4.a. Biological diversity, ecosystem composition, and the natural environment -- I.4.b. Agriculture and food production -- I.4.c. Water resources -- I.4.d. Social systems and settlements -- I.4.e. Human health -- I.4.f. Energy production, use, and distribution -- I.4.g. Transportation -- SECTION II. INTRODUCTION -- II.1. Objectives -- Sidebar -- Scientific Assessment -- II.2. Relationship to Other Assessments and Primary Scientific Literature -- II.3. Characterization of Uncertainty -- II.3.a. Description of confidence -- II.3.b. Description of likelihood -- II.4. Report Structure -- SECTION III: EVALUATION OF OVERALL PROGRESS BY CCSP -- III.1. Program Inputs -- III.1.a. Surface-based observing networks -- III.1.b. Satellite observations -- III.1.c. Field campaigns -- III.1.d. Data management -- III.1.e. Modeling -- III.2. Program Outputs -- III.2.a. Goal 1: Improve knowledge of the Earth's past and present climate and environment, including its natural variability, and improve understanding of the causes of observed variability and change -- III.2.b. Goal 2: Improve quantification of the forces bringing about changes in the Earth's climate and related systems
- III.2.c. Goal 3: Reduce uncertainty in projections of how the Earth's climate and related systems may change in the future -- III.2.d. Goal 4: Understand the sensitivity and adaptability of different natural and managed ecosystems and human systems to climate and related global changes -- III.2.e. Goal 5: Explore the uses and identify the limits of evolving knowledge to manage risks and opportunities related to climate variability and change -- SECTION IV. TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE -- IV.1. Radiative Forcing and Observed Climate Change -- IV.1.a. Radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases and other factors -- Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide -- Fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride -- Ozone -- Water vapor -- Aerosols -- Land cover changes, linear contrails, and solar irradiance -- IV.1.b. Observed temperature changes -- Temperature trends -- Temperature patterns -- Temperature extremes -- Surface temperature over the last 2,000 years -- IV.1.c. Observed precipitation changes -- Precipitation trends and patterns -- Precipitation extremes and storms -- IV.1.d. Observed changes in other physical systems -- Cryosphere (snow and ice) -- Hydrosphere -- Sea level -- IV.2. Attribution of Observed Climate Change to Human Activities at the Global and Continental Scale -- IV.2.a. Attribution of observed climate change to anthropogenic emissions and land use / land cover -- Temperature -- Additional climate variables -- IV.2.b. Attribution of observed changes in physical and biological systems -- IV.3. Projected Future Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and Climate Change -- IV.3.a. Global emission scenarios and associated changes in concentrations and radiative forcing -- Greenhouse gas emissions -- Future concentration and radiative forcing changes
- IV.3.b. Projected changes in physical components of the climate system -- Temperature projections -- Precipitation projections -- Sea level rise projections -- Cryosphere (snow and ice) projections -- Projections of extreme events -- Abrupt climate change projections -- IV.3.c. Land cover change as an environmental driver -- IV.3.d. Effects on and from stratospheric ozone -- Effects of elevated greenhouse gas concentrations on stratospheric ozone -- Effects of stratospheric ozone changes on climate -- SECTION V. ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN SYSTEMS -- V.1. Biological Diversity, Ecosystem Composition, and the Natural Environment -- V.1.a. Ecosystem distribution and phenology -- Ecosystem distribution -- Effects on phenology -- Growing season length and primary production shifts -- Shifts in phenology -- Projected impacts -- Population and community dynamics -- Species-level projections -- V.1.b. Ecosystem services -- Projected impacts -- V.1.c. Extreme events -- Projected impacts -- V.1.d. Sea level rise -- Projected impacts -- V.1.e. Vulnerable ecosystems -- Coastal and marine ecosystems -- Arctic sea ice ecosystem -- Temperate montane ecosystems -- V.1.f. Adaptation options -- V.2. Agriculture and Food Production -- V.2.a. Crop yields and productivity -- Increasing temperatures -- Increasing CO2 -- V.2.b. Water use and irrigation requirements -- V.2.c. Climate variability and extreme events -- V.2.d. Pests and weeds -- V.2.e. Projections for agriculture production -- V.2.f. Livestock -- V.2.g. Freshwater and marine fisheries -- V.3. Land Resources -- V.3.a. Forests -- V.3.b. Grasslands and shrublands -- V.3.c. Productivity -- Forest productivity -- Grassland and shrubland productivity -- V.3.d. Disturbance -- Wildland fires -- Insects and pathogens -- Storm events -- V.3.e. Species composition
- Forest composition -- Grassland and shrubland composition -- V.4. Water Resources -- V.4.a. Water supply and precipitation -- Surface water and precipitation -- Projected impacts -- V.4.b. Groundwater -- V.4.c. Water quality -- V.4.d. Extreme events -- V.4.e. Implications for water users -- V.5. Social Systems and Settlements -- V.5.a. U.S. population trends -- V.5.b. Vulnerable communities -- V.5.c. Sea level rise -- Projected impacts -- V.5.d. Extreme events -- Floods and storms -- Wildland fire -- Drought -- V.6. Human Health -- V.6.a. Temperature effects -- Increased heat exposure -- Reduced cold exposure -- V.6.b. Extreme events -- Floods and storms -- Wildfires -- Droughts -- V.6.c. Climate-sensitive infectious diseases -- Water quality -- V.6.d. Aeroallergens -- V.6.e. Air quality -- Tropospheric ozone -- Particulate matter -- Particulate Emissions -- Photochemistry -- Transport and Removal -- V.7. Energy Production, Use, and Distribution -- V.7.a. Energy use -- Heating -- Cooling -- Combined heating and cooling -- V.7.b. Energy production and distribution -- Fossil and nuclear energy -- Renewable energy -- Hydropower -- Biomass -- Wind and Solar -- Extreme events -- V.8. Transportation -- Gulf Coast Case Study -- V.8.a. Study region -- V.8.b. Transportation infrastructure -- V.8.c. Trends in climate and coastal change in the Gulf Coast -- V.8.d. Impacts of changing climate on Gulf Coast transportation -- V.8.e. Impacts by transportation mode -- Roads -- Temperature -- Precipitation -- Relative Sea Level Rise -- Storm Activity -- Surge Wave Crests and Effects on Bridges -- Surge Inundation -- Wind -- Freight and passenger rail -- Temperature -- Precipitation -- Relative Sea Level Rise -- Storm Activity -- Marine -- Higher Temperatures -- Precipitation -- Relative Sea Level Rise -- Storm Activity: Water and Wind Damage -- Aviation
- Temperature -- Precipitation -- Relative Sea Level Rise -- Storm Activity -- Pipelines -- Temperature -- Precipitation Change -- Storm Activity -- REFERENCES -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE UNITED STATES -- Introduction -- THE LINK BETWEEN EMISSIONS AND CLIMATE -- POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- Effects on the Physical Environment -- Temperature -- Precipitation -- Cyclones, Typhoons, and Hurricanes -- Ocean currents -- Climate oscillations -- Sea level -- Ocean acidification -- Consequences for Biological Systems -- Ecosystems and Biodiversity -- Agriculture -- Forestry -- Fisheries -- Impacts on the Economy and Human Health -- Water Supply -- Infrastructure -- Human Health -- Aggregate Economic Impacts -- POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF UNCERTAINTY -- End Notes -- INDEX -- Blank Page