Sect. 1: Preventive medicine -- Preventing diabetes: the diabetes prevention program -- A comparison of different dieting strategies -- Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: the physician's health study and the women's health study -- Postmenopausal hormone therapy: the women's health initiative -- The European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer (ERSPC) -- The cochrane review of screening mammography -- The human papillomavirus vaccine: the future II trial -- Sect. 2: Internal medicine -- Arrhythmia suppression following myocardial infarction: the CASt trial -- Choosing first-line therapy for hypertension: the ALLHAT trial -- Statins in healthy patients with an elevated c-reactive protein: the JUPITER trial -- Rate control versus rhythm control for atrial fibrillation: the AFFIRM trial -- Lenient versus strict heart rate control for atrial fibrillation: the RACC II trial. -- Beta blockers for systolic heart failure: the MERIT-HF trial -- Initial treatment of stable coronary artery disease: the COURAGE trial -- Treating elevated blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) -- Intensive versus conservative blood sugar for patients with type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD trial -- The African American heart failure trial (A-HeFT) -- Early versus delayed antiretroviral therapy for patients with HIV: the NA-ACCORD study -- Early versus late initiation of dialysis: the IDEAL trial -- Early goal-directed therapy in sepsis -- Red cell transfusion in critically ill patients: the TRICC trial -- Pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients -- Step-up versus step-down therapy for dyspepsia: the DIAMOND trial -- Opioids for chronic noncancer pain -- Sect. 3: Surgery -- Perioperative beta blockers in noncardiac surgery: the POISE trial -- Cardiac stents versus coronary artery bypass surgery for severe coronary artery disease: the SYNTAX trial -- Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: the ACST trial -- A trial of arthroscopic knee surgery -- Surgery versus rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: the MRC spine stabilization trial -- Mastectomy versus lumpectomy for invasive breast cancer: the B-06 trial -- Long-term impact of bariatric surgery: the Swedish obese subjects study -- Sect. 4: Obstetrics -- The Canadian multicenter post-term pregnancy trial (CMPPT) -- Antepartum glucocorticoids in premature labor -- Sect. 5: Pediatrics -- Treatment of acute otitis media in children -- A trial of early ear tube placement in children with persistent otitis media -- Inhaled corticosteroids for mild persistent asthma: the START trial -- The multimodal treatment study of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (MTA) -- Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism -- Sect. 6: Radiology -- Magnetic resonance imaging for low back pain -- Screening for coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with diabetes: the DIAD study -- Diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism: the Christopher study -- Identifying children with low-risk head injuries who do not require computed tomography -- Sect. 7: Neurology and psychiatry -- Thrombolysis 3 to 4.5 hours after an acute ischemic stroke: the ECASS III trial -- Initial treatment of depression -- Behavioral versus pharmacological treatment for insomnia in the elderly -- Sect. 8: Systems-based practice -- The group health medical home demonstration -- A program to improve care coordination at hospital discharge: project RED -- Reducing catheter-related blood stream infections in the intensive care unit: the keystone ICU project -- Early palliative care in non-small-cell lung cancer -- Directly observed therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis in Baltimore