Preface -- Czars and the U.S. Constitution -- The origins and growth of executive branch Czars -- Franklin D. Roosevelt: Czars in the modern presidency -- Harry S Truman-Lyndon B. Johnson: consolidating the use of czars -- Richard M. Nixon-Jimmy Carter: Congress's feeble response -- Ronald Reagan-Bill Clinton: the reemergence of czars -- George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and the vast proliferation of czars -- Conclusions: restoring the constitutional balance