Introduction: manifest destinies: Buffalo Bill, Gowongo Mohawk, and the genealogy of American frontier performance -- Edwin Forrest's Redding up: elocution, theater, and the performance of the frontier -- The swamp aesthetic: James Kirke Paulding's frontiersman and the American melodrama of wonder -- The burnt-cork pioneer: T. D. Rice and minstrelsy's frontier history -- What is it?: the frontier, melodrama, and Bucicault's amalgamated drama -- The great divide: pioneer performances after the Civil War -- Afterword: Brokeback or bushwhacked--the legacies of pioneer performance