The embattled republican tradition, 1792-1870 -- L'année Terrible, 1870-71 -- The return of the republic, 1871-1885 -- The imperial republic, 1885-1894 -- The republic divided, 1894-1914 -- The republic at war, 1914-1919 -- The deceptive peace, 1919-1929 -- The republic in peril, 1929-1939 -- The dark years, 1939-1945 -- Reconstruction at home and overseas, 1945-1958 -- De Gaulle forges a new republic, 1958-1969 -- A new France in a new Europe, 1969-1981 -- The republic of the center, 1981-1995 -- France since 1995