Introduction: a new challenge to old assumptions -- Early contact: from colonial encounters to the Articles of Confederation -- Second opportunity: the structure and architecture of the constitution -- The Marshall trilogy: foundational but not fully constitutional? -- Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock: the birth of plenary power, incorporation, and an extra constitutional regime -- Elk v. Wilkins: exclusion, inclusion, and the ambiguities of citizenship -- Indian citizens and the First Amendment: the illusion of religious freedom? -- Indian law jurisprudence in the modern era: a common law approach without constitutional principle -- International law perspective: a new model of Indigenous nation sovereignty? -- Conclusion: imagination, translation, and constitutional convergence