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results of preliminary hearings. (Art 291). Court proceedings are c mducted
by the presiding judge. (Art 279), who "makes inquir, of the necessary parti-
culars concerning the facts of the prosecut‘ton case and the surrounding cir-
cumstances" (Art 287(1)), rules on cumulativeness and relevancy (Art 299), and
examines the evidence “after inquiries are over." (Art 290).

Besides evaluating the evidence (Art 308), the court as a whole rules on
offers of proof (Art 295), objections to evidence (art 296), or the rulings
of the presiding judge (Art 304)" and motions for joinder or severance (Art
300), to suspend proceedings upon the disability of the accused (Art 306), or
to "re-open oral proceedings." (Art 305).

3. Public Trial
a. Summary Procedure
Unless the court deems it improper (Art 450), in which case
ordinary adjudication is required, a public prosecutor may institute summary
proceedings for the imposition of "a fine, minor fine, or confiscation" a-
gainst an accused (Art 448) by filing a demand in the district court along
with the indictment. (Art L49). If neither side applies for formal trial

(Art 453) within seven days after service (Art 452) of the summary eo

24,
the judgment becomes final. (Art 457).

b. Formal Adjudication
In serious cases, amd in cases in which an application for
formal trial has been granted in accordance with the foregoing paragraph, a

public trial is held. Whereas, in an American court, no evidence may be

22 S66 "Quasi-Hanggo" Appeal, vV Gla, infra.

23 ymich must include the facts of the offense, applicable law, the pen-
alty to be imposed, and notice of the seven-day period,(Art 451).

2hicee "Immediate Hanggo" Appeal, Section V G (1) b, infra.

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