KANSAS—1992  221Intermodal Surface Transportation 
Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Good weather also was a factor. As a result
of ISTEA, Kansas increased transportationrelated construction and anticipated
further increases in 1993, as did most 
States. ISTEA funds are allocated over 6 years for improvements to highways
and bridges. More than one-half the funding 
could be used for mass transit and other nonhighway purposes. 
 Based on anticipated increases in public works projects, residential building,
environmental work, and road 
construction, the demand for aggregate 
and portland cement in the United States was expected to increase by up to
6 % in 1993. Production in the State was 
anticipated to increase by up to 10% in 1993, the first year the State's
expanded 
highway program will be in effect. Work 
~ at the Wichita Mid-Continent Airport was 
~ approved for 1993. Residential and 
~ commercial construction also were 
expected to increase. 
 Environmental and zoning regulations ~ were cited as the primary reasons
for 
making it increasingly difficult for the 
construction aggregates industry to 
expand existing quarries and to develop 
new quarry operations. As operations are 
forced to move further from market areas, transportation costs increase,
ultimately affecting aggregate prices and competition. 
 Salt, helium, and crushed stone 
remained the leading industrial mineral commodities in terms of value and
accounted for about 67 % of the State's total nonfuel mineral value. 
 
 Cement.—Portland and masonry cement sales of $81 million ranked
cement
third among the industrial 
minerals produced and accounted for about 20% of the total 1992 mineral value.
The State ranked 14th among the 37 portland cement-producing States and 
22d among the 36 States with masonry cement facilities. Sales of portland
cement increased almost $13.5 million, and masonry cement sales increased

$384,000 above those reported in 1991. Anticipated increases in highway and
public works projects in 1993 could 
increase sales up to 5 %. 
 In 1991 , cement operations included four plants in the southeastern part
of the 
State: The Monarch Cement Co. at Humboldt, in Allen County; Heartland Cement
Co. at Independence, in Montgomery County; Ash Grove Cement Co. at Chanute,
in Neosho County; and 
Lafarge Corp.'s Fredonia Co-Processing Facility at Fredonia, in Wilson County.

Monarch, in the Kansas City area of 
Wyandotte County, was the only cement 
producer to operate a ready-mixed concrete plant. The four companies 
produced both portland and masonry 
cement from four wet-process and seven 
dry-process kilns. 
 Cement plant operators continued to explore the use of waste products as
fuel in cement kilns. Faced with low cement 
prices and a recovering economy, the 
industry investigated ways to cut fuel 
costs, which constituted approximately 25 % of operating expenses. The high
temperatures needed in cement kilns were used to burn waste materials, such
as waste fuels, industrial wastes, spent organic solvents, and used tires.
Canned wastes and tires were placed directly into the cement kilns along
with the other raw materials; the high temperature 
completely decomposed the organic material. Because portland cement clinker
requires a certain amount of iron, the metal containers and the steel radial
belts from the tires are simply incorporated into the clinker. Hazardous
wastes have been burned in cement kilns for years, and in 1992, waste fuels
accounted for about 6.6% of the energy used for making cement in the United
States. It appeared to be an environmentally safe and efficient way to dispose
of hazardous waste and other materials that have long been a problem, thereby
eliminating the need to mine other resources to satisfy fuel requirements.

 The Monarch Cement Co. at Humboldt, Allen County, used tirederived fuel
regularly in its kilns during 1992. The company used tires to supply as much
as 10% to 15 % of its fuel requirements. Scrap tire sources included county
landifils and tire companies and 
were acquired through brokers in the 
Kansas City and Wichita areas. Monarch was the only cement plant in the State
that used only solid, nonhazardous material as an alternate fuel. 
 Ash Grove Cement Co. at Chanute, 
Neosho County, used - canned waste products as an alternate fuel source.
Heartland Cement Co. used spent organic solvents and canned organic wastes
in its 
clinker operation in Independence, Montgomery County. 
 Lafarge Corp. , the first cement 
producer in the State to use waste fuels, used supplemental fuels for more
than 80% of its fuel requirements. Industrial 
wastes, such as a refmery byproduct 
banned from land disposal, were used 
successfully in the kilns. As of late 
1991 , all the State's cement plants were 
using waste material as a fuel source. 
 As part of a restructuring plan, BJ Titan Services Co. of Houston, TX, sold

its cement interests in three Kansas 
operations to Allied Cementing Co. Inc., Russell County. The operations originally
were purchased by BJ Services in 1980. 
 
 Clay.—Kansas ranked 22d among 44 
States producing clay and shale, and sales 
~ accounted for almost 1 % of the Kansas mineral value in 1992. Only common
clay production was reported. Production 
~ decreased by 63,367 metric tons, but 
~ value increased $1,093, from what was 
~ reported by the industry in 1991. 
Common clay production was reported 
~ by 1 1 companies operating 20 mines in 1 1 counties. The four leading counties,
Allen, Montgomery, Neosho, and Woodson, accounted for about 60% of ~ the
tonnage produced. Principal end use reported by clay producers was portland
cement manufacture. Other uses included common brick, animal feed supplements,
lightweight aggregate, and sewer pipe. 
 Three companies manufactured brick at four plants in the State in 1992.
Acme Brick Co. produced face, common building, and paving brick, as well
as crushed brick for landscaping, at plants in Kanapolis, Ellsworth County,
and Weir, Cherokee County. Face, common building, and paving brick were produced