PLATES IV. & V.


                                   RIDER, AND HORSE.


                1. \MXN.
                2. LiolisE.      Sub-order, Solidungula. Genus, Equus.
     Vertebral forrnula-7 cervical vertebra~, 19 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral,
and 17 caudal.

THE universal utility and consequent interest attached to the Horse will
account for giving two
illustrations of an animal that is one of those most constantly associated
with Man, and there-
iore most frequently required in works of art, pictorial and sculptural.
 Not more than twenty

years ago, Horse painting was considered to require so distinct a course
of study and practice,
that portrait painters of celebrity, believed  themselves absolved      
 from the necessity of
understanding the structure of an animal, which was so frequeivly associated
with the most
important    I necessary portions of their work.  This erroneous prejudice
was not removed
until Mr. 12. (5ranfs correct and life-like equestrian portraits appeared
to change the practice,
which up to that time formed the necessity for all large pictures of Man
and Horse to be
the conjoint effort of two painters, thereby weakening the effect, which
is always greater
when produced by unity of intention, and the action of one mind.        
 The frame of the Horse
is composed of a similar vertebral arrangement to that of other Mammals,
with eight pairs of
ribs directly joining the sternum, which consists of seven bones and. an
ensiform cartilage.


    Having instituted our proposed comparison between the human frame and
that of other
animals, it may be here observed that the Horse displays many points of special
adaptation,
particularly in the bones of the limbs, which apparently render their resemblance
to the limbs
of Man less than those of many other animals; but even this outward dissimilarity
is more
apparent than real.  The same plan rules the arrangement of all the parts
which, though
lengthened and simplified in the extremities, yet correspond with each tier
of bones that
constitute the limbs of liXian.  The Horse's front leo~ as shown in the figure,
consists of a broad
blade bone (sc), or scapula, with a strong and thick bone called the Ituinerus
(hu), to which are
attached the bones that correspond with those of the lower arm in Man, called
ulna (u) and
radius (r), and which with the olecranon (on), elbow joint, go to make up
that part of the limb

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