954 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1978-79 
 
of tincal at Kirka in Eskisehir Province. About 100,000 tons per year of
colemanite and ulexite was mined at Bigadic in Bilakesir Province. Total
capacity at Emet in Kutahya Province was 60,000 tons per year of colemanite.

 The Emet Colemanite Works upgraded colemanite from Hisarcik and Espiye to
produce 500,000 tons per year of concentrates averaging 40% to 47% 13203.
The Etibank facility at Kirka upgraded tincal to produce 400,000 tons per
year of 35% B203 concentrates. A refinery was under construction at Eskisehir
to process tincal concentrate into sodium borate compounds. Design capacity
of the $63 million plant was to be 180,000 tons per year of borax pentahydrate,
17,000 tons per year of refined anhydrous borax, and 6,000 tons per year
of refined decahydrate borax. A 150,000-tonper-year colemanite plant was
also under construction in the Balekesir region. Expansion of the Bandirma
Borax and Acid Works on the Sea of Marmara was planned to increase capacity
of boric acid from 35,000 to 135,000 tons per year, sodium borate from 20,000
to 40,000 tons per year, and refined decahydrate borax from 55,000 to 70,000
tons per year. 
 There were five other producers of cole. manite. The Mortas-Bortas Group
had mines at Bigadic, Emet, and Mustafa Kamal Pasa. Rosih ye Ihsan A.S.,
a subsidiary of Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann (France), and Suyakei Pazarlama Ticaret
A.S. had mines near Bigadic. The other two producers were Yakal Borasit Ltd.
and Kemal A.S. Total capacity of these producers was 40,000 to 50,000 tons
per year. 
 Cement.—Total capacity was 17 million tons per year concentrated
in
34 factories in 25 different Provinces. The state-owned Turkiye Cimento Sanayii
A.S. operated 15 cement plants with a total annual capacity of 1.5 million
tons per year in 1978. Orders were placed for the erection of seven new plants
averaging 1,750 tons per day. Two finish cement mills were to be supplied
for each plant. The largest private producer was the Sabanci Group, which
accounted for 25% of total annual production. Polysius reported the startup
of a 3,000-ton-per-day plant at Taslium in 1978. Canakkale Cimento Sanayii
T.A.S. of Istanbul increased production capacity to 5,000 tons per day in
1979. Expansions to facilities in both the public and private sectors were
to increase cement production capacity to 20 million tons per year by 1980.

 Emery.—About 80% of the world's production of emery of fine grain
quality was produced in Turkey. Most material was produced and exported in
the raw form to France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the Federal
Republic of Germany for use mainly in abrasives. Etibank had a production
capacity of 30,000 tons per year from the area of Milas in Western Anatolia.
There was only one major producer of emery, apart from Etibank, Lutfullah
E. Kitapei Mineral Co. Ltd., which had a production capacity of 70,000 tons
per year from several small mines in the vicinity of Mugla. 
 Fertilizer Materials.—Turkey had an annual production capacity
of
3.9 million tons of phosphate fertilizer and 3.6 million tons of nitrogen
fertilizers in 1978 with planned expansions to reach 10 million tons total
capacity to satisfy domestic requirements. Only about one-third capacity
was reached, however, and Turkey remained dependent on fertilizer imports.
The primary reason the fertilizer plants did not operate at full capacity
was the lack of effective cooperation in the procurement of phosphate rock,
ammonia, sulfuric acid, pyrite, and phosphoric acid required to produce fertilizer.

 The state-owned Azot Sanayii T.A.S. planned the construction of a fertilizer
complex at Mersin, located in southern Turkey. Annual production was to consist
of 630,000 tons of sulfuric acid, 215,000 tons of phosphoric acid, 544,000
tons of ammonia, 330,000 tons of urea, and 420,000 tons of diammonium phosphate.

 A fertilizer and industrial chemicals complex was completed in 1978 at Karatas
near Adana. 
 Negotiations between Istanbul Gubre Sanayii and Toyo Engineering (Japan)
took place in 1978 for the construction of a nitrogen fertilizer complex
at Kirikkale in central Anatolia. The International Bank of Reconstruction
and Development was to provide most of the financing for the $130 million
project. Construction of the plant, to produce 1,000 tons per day of ammonia
and 1,750 tons per day of urea, began in 1979. 
 Etibank had a sulfuric acid plant at Bandirma with annual capacity of 120,000
tons (H2S04 content) and was increasing sulfuric acid capacity at its copper
plant at Ergani in 1979. The Black Sea Copper Works was also a large byproduct
producer of sulfuric acid, with an annual capacity of 365,000 tons from pyrite
concentrates. 
Phosphates.—Etibank continued develop-