THE UTAH JUNIPER 
 
 
there may exist entirely distinct winter and summer ranges for certain 
species. Any successful refuge system must consider both the type of 
range and of wildlife. 
    Numerous records have indicated that a number of our upland game 
birds can not stand heavy competition with grazing animals. The com- 
plete disappearance of the masked bobwhite, Colinus ridgwayi, from south-

ern Arizona has been explained as resulting from overgrazing by cattle, 
                                       a condition which has been accele-

                                       riited by draiwht xverv_ Tho ful..

 
 
ure of the sage hen to increase or 
even maintain numbers under pro- 
tection from hunting in many west- 
ern areas appears to be correlated 
with the competition of sheep and 
with vegetational changes grazing 
animals have produced. The ex- 
clusion of certain types of grazing 
animals becomes a necessity on 
these special reservations. 
    In the case of the antelope, 
carefully located refuges offer the 
best insurance of its return, al- 
though these are not as essential 
as they are for upland birds. Ante- 
lope have increased steadily in the 
past twenty-five years on certain 
western National Forests and pri- 
vate lands under conditions where 
careful use of the range has been 
made. From less than 2-9,000 head 
in 1908, according to Biological 
Survey estimates, the total number 
in the United States has increased 
 
 
    "The native Wildlife species have a to 68,000 in 1932. The number
of 
    potential recreational value."      animals on the public domain
has 
                                        not shown an increase of numbers

correlated with the total for the United States. 
     The desert bighorn is the native sheep of the southern half of the 
western states and much of its native range is on the public domain. The

rough terrain it inhabits is not especially desirable for domestic stock
and 
so in many regions it is not subjected to direct competition. As a species

it is more fastidious about its food than are members of the deer family

and consequently is more sensitive to livestock competition. No marked 
restoration of its numbers can be expected to take place without suitable

available forage. Certainly the desert bighorn as a species, is deserving

of some refuges. 
    Other game species to be considered in a system of refuges are the 
desert whitetail deer, and several species of quail and grouse. 
    In the above examples discussion has been limited to animals whose 
chief breeding grounds are on the public domain. A great many, if not 
the majority, of the larger game animals that breed and summer on national

 
 
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