forests are dependent on adjoining private lands and the public domain for

forage during portions of the year. With the exception of certain forests

in Arizona and New Mexico, national forests and national parks which 
provide sufficient winter range for their large grazing animals are 
very rare. Under certain conditions there is need for refuges for these 
animals. In the majority of cases this can possibly be adjusted for by 
proper correlated use with livestock. 
    Under the caption of correlated use between wildlife and livestock a

variety of situations may possibly arise. As stated above, the antelope 
is capable of maintaining and increasing its numbers if its range is not
too 
heavily used and competition not too severe. This is even more important

with mule deer and probably may occur in other native species typical of

the drier lower country. Different species of game animals have different

food preferences as do the different types of livestock and more efficient

use of range can be made at times by taking advantage of these prefer- 
ences. 
    With a true rehabilitation of the public ranges it is possible that other

game species, such as the mule deer, may increase, reestablishing them- 
selves on certain favorable localities. A sound treatment of allowing dual

use must be accompanied by careful observations of the changes taking 
place and recognition of the possibility that species of game can become

too abundant for their own good and for the good of all concerned. 
    The third catagory of use, although recognizing no obvious wildlife 
values, will have, in common with all areas, problems that have their basis

in the occurrence of native animals. This will include consideration of 
predators and fur bearers as well as range rodents. 
    The impression is generally held that the areas typical of the public

domain are deficient biologically in the numbers of both individuals and

species that occur. The very opposite is true, if one considers the occur-

ence of variety of species of plants as the criterion. Tidestrom lists 2990

species of plants occurring within the states of Utah and Nevada. In a 
classification of these plants according to vegetational zones, 1194 are

restricted to, and 2232 occur in, the Pinyon, Artemisia and Covillea belts.

These zones are the characteristic plant associations that make up the 
vegetation of the public domain of the two states. No figures are avail-

able as regards numbers of species of large and small native animals that

occur in these vegetational types, but they also represent a great variety

of forms. Interest in, and the educational values of, both native plants

and native animals will continue to develop with the years. The only hope

of preserving true samples of the native flora and fauna of these ranges

for observation and study is by the establishment of reservations of natural

areas on the public domain. These reservations would be of value to the 
practical administrator as well as to the student. 
    A new era is in prospect for the millions of acres of our western 
grazing lands. Regulated use is the tool that is to be used in the rehabili-

tation of these ranges. This use must of necessity be planned to be effec-

tive and should include recognition of all values inherent in the areas.
The 
native wildlife species have a potential recreational value that should be

recognized as a part of a wise land use program for a large portion of the

public domain. Carefully established refuges are needed for special species

in restricted areas, but they should represent only one part of a program

to develop and fully utilize the wildlife resources. 
 
 
22 
 
 
THE UTAH JUNIPER