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424 Uiversity Pa& PIOo
March , 1942
Mr, Donald Brown
7Tkndship, WiscoonIn
Dear Dona.d:
I am plased bupt not surprised that Dr. Fuller responded
promptly to your eathusiasm and local knowledge.
I agree with yo# that I ud not rob a sanhbill crane nest,
even for scientific purpses. I would lik. y to read m
crane paper but am out of copies. It a in the October,
1937 Is of Aerioca Forests, and I am orderg you a copy
from which you can clip this paper for y collectioa. It
will reach you before long.
You could perform a valiable servic by reoxrding the number
of broodng pairs in your earsh each year, an the ziuaa
number of migrants each fall and opriain;. I have often watahed
them in Pilot Knob Mawrh durin gose hunting eeason, and I
confess I went up there more to see the crane* than to hut
the grouwe.
I enjoyed gtting acquinted, with your brother, ad cut on
seeing you when you oome dwn to M4ison.
With beet, regrds,
Aldo Leopold
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~424 Univ4ersity Pam. Place
Janury 2T, 194i2
Mr. Donald Bro.W
Friendship, Wisconsin
Dear Donald;
I am glad to hear from you s~ta, and I am glad
t~o know that yuare now in t~ouh with John Qurtle.
I cont on seeing you and your region with John
sometime next rumer.
Thank you very mch for the snapshot.
With beat rwds
Aldo Lepold
Professor of Wildlife
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241'5 Univeruity 7&rm Place
Doember 13, 1941
Mr~. Donld Brown
7eship, Wisconsin
Dear Donald:
I ws muh pleas4 to get your letter an4 to not$ how muh
thining you had been don of your own accord
I know the southern part of Adams County very well bease
I have a farm Just southeast of the Dells, a &o a good deal
of grouse hunting up in das. In your part of the couaty
I know only the Pilot Knob Marsh an th region around
Colon&.
In wild flowers I as just an amteur, although intensely
interested. Or real authority is John T. Curtis of the
Botany Department, to whom I an sening your letter. I keew
that both Curtis and myself would like to keep in touch with
you. Please tell your btother that I would be 4.4 to have
him drop in. Re will fin4 me in the O14 ntolo building
between the ghouo and the ilra t k*.
I am ptting you on x7 list to recive pblictioas. You
are also invited to atten m seainars, a revised sceedle
for whih will be sent you shortly. The trip would, of course,
be too long unlss you happene to be in town for some other
purpose.
Some time when we can talk I wish you would remember to give
ms the exact location of the breediug cranes.
If you can use me or m library for yo tuire development along
conseration lns, please remember that that's what I an here
for.
Next time I get up your way, I will call on you, but I contemplate
no immeiate trips. You migt, however, toll me the roads to
your farm.
With best regards,
Aldo Leopold
o0 Curtis Professor of Wildlife Management
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4A University FarmP~ ify2 014 *11 G bauek yvgumwin Thi is it repl to your laqr ofKe a~my r stw* tha ho plo~ted *2 shart4)* La Jamw, 1533 in ppoitel socivA . 5,Makfit. Tomashp# M.w Qenty. The ~ * sorbis tl taformitio u toina IsdiaaI, Va Ia almost mur I got It from ?wsactli b.La..1f. Yuaren ib K is La suae tat Professo.r Sabstid w~ll to ite%.Is4o.~ h.in I am s.~luM hie ymr latr this roplyo Ols aWiess Is Dr, 4. W. Sahmi t. Bmo , box 40,, Stanley, 14 about Franklin
The "uincy Nurseries,
Friendship, Wis.
Jan.2V, 1941.
Prof. Aldo Leopold,
Game Management Specialist,
University of Wis.
Madison, Wis.
Dear Prof. Leopold,
Just in case you would be interested, I am sending you
a few facts about white tailed deer in these parts.
Also a rough scoetch of a region near us. This tract of
land usually contains two or more white tails the year
around, upon which some~young are reared.
In the fall, before snow covers the ground, the rye fields
located near brushy thickets, are frequently visited. As
the deer seem to relish the tender green shoots of either
clover or rye in fall, before snow covers it. If there
is any soybean patch nearby, that It also very inviting,
For some reason they like soybeansvvayrywll,after a good
frost, for I have seen as many as four or five in a small
patch at one time. And of course after snow any neglected
unhusk'ed corn shocks are another means of food. Which
you likely already know. Maybe this is all old to you.
We have a fair crop of quail ,thts wintnr. Snow--hasn't
been deep so far. However, the put down many of the weeds
so quail do frequent the farm buildings for any spilled
grains by hen coup or corn crib.
II Cotton tail rabbits are pretty scarce, and what few there
are seem -4& thin and full of flees. If there should be
anything more you would wish to know about the game
situation or trees of this locality, please let me know
as I would be only too glad to help you in any way T
could. I also have lots of little trees suitable for
windbreak or cover. If you know of any who could use
some, I would surely be very greatful to you if you
would mail me their names, in that I may send them my
price lists. Sending you my best regards, I remain,-
Yours very truly,
Allan Troemner.
- A4. 44 WAMP / 4 O.. A Ic J 7/' // I'L.A KJI riv A 4~ P!qA9T A-A/ pgwF i OPP N M*RoN C K. N A -rN, I Ilf lit
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CONSOLIDATED WATER POWER & PAPER CO.
GENERAL OFFICES
WISCONSIN RAPIDS, WIS.
December 7, 1935
Mr. Aldo Leopold
New Soils Building
Madison, Wisconsin
Dear Mr. Leopold:
It is with regret that I write y u about the Monroe Center Game Cooperative
and my inability to keep it going. In view of discontinuing activity in
that area I would like to report what has been done during the past two
years, not as an alibi for things which have not been done but that it may
help in some small degree toward avoiding or solving these problems in the
future.
In the winter of 1935-54, seventeen wire basket shelters were set up for
quail feeding stations, most of which were occupied by birds. That, as you
know, was a light, open winter and the mortality would not have been great,
even without the feeding.
During the next summer, 1934, buckwheat, sorghum, and seed corn was furnished
to several farmers, and six food patches were planted by them. Most of these
were destroyed by straying stock or completely snowed under during the follow-
ing winter, 1954.
Hunting has been prohibited to date, but no steps have been taken for predator
control. It is my guess that the quail population has been decreased more
by
predatory birds and animals than by the severity of the winters.
There are several direct reasons for wishing to discontinue work in the area.
The first is that it really never has been a cooperative in the sense that
it
shouldbto insure success. Most farmers in that area have little money and
are
so busy trying to make a living that they have neither time nor interest
for
active help in developing the game possibilities.
Secondly, we have no money to carry on the work, without which feed must
come
from company farms outside the area and receive no benefits from it. It is
also true, of course, that the actual building of feeders and other work
must
be done by myself and I cannot handle it in connection with my present work.
Ye are honored and indebted to you, Mr. Leopold, for your interest in this
area, and look forward with pleasure to seeing you when you are in this part
of the country.
oSncerely yoi
L.V. Murtfeldt
IL
AF
(5i
Mr. L.W. I,
olidate W Poe & A.Pape 0.
1istan Raid, isconuin
I aprcit you writin no an I entirly
I m vy ine tt I h e no more t to
work . wil o ntoe problemsU I st~l ovroi te
without assistant*.
I appreate ve t *at y have done an
hp nts this winte to be able to stop ee fr a
throg discusuion of you o.eri*ew wit food patches,
fee4.p eta. I also hope tht ym will eontinue to drp
in on m down here meo you get a he.
With beet roqe.,
Poft o Gamea, vwr
it
Decomber 10. 1935
File: cottontail
cycle
1~eabe 3, 1931t
-amo for 1Wi
Fal:ij& So~idt tells ae tha~t cottonlails are ,nlentiful
on the
Cardo fam- on the east s.ije of -)hprock Marsh inAa-Mes 00. 50 rabbi.ts
have bem killed on 300(?) aces alreay, tt the wrfo still lOts Of
tracks mi a limit of 5 rbbits was kil1ed "cently b on of he 'Card
boys in tu hours. T14otly the cyle hts not yet hit the cttontails
in thin 1ecsl1'v,
rAirioe ciJadkes on the Cerdo film ar re m lentifri thi £
winter
than last, but trstailn less s.
2xe oranes left the $hi-pro*k Marsh shortly bqfbre October 20.
Thq were still there on Octdber 13. The mat = oroccured ýhxrlng
the shooting smomabx October 1. when an hiji as 100 erei seen in the
sAr sigutnosy
AOL*
CONSOLIDATED WATER POWER & PAPER Co.
GENERAL OFFICES
WISCONSIN RAPIDS, WIS.
September 12, 1954
Mr. Aldo Leopold
New Soils Building
Madison, Wisconsin
Dear Sir:
I went over the Monroe Center Game Area recently, to get a general
idea of the quail and grouse population.
There seem to be a great many quail, most of which are fairly good
sized. I do not know whether the increase has been greater on the
area because of last winter's feeding or not, as there are more
quail than last year over the whole district.
I would like to post the area as soon as possible and arrive at a
census by using dogs to flush the birds. If there are enough birds
I think it would be a good plan to start controlled shooting this
year, just to get things started and find out how it will work.
If there are not enough birds, we will have to wait longer, of
course.
Will the State furnish signs with which to post the area?
Sincerely,
L.W. Murtfeldt
LL
New Soils Building
September 18, 1931I
Mr. L. W. Murtfeldt
Consolidated Water Power & Paper Co.
Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
Dear Mr. Martfeldt:
Ihe Department has promised me the signs
week and I will rash them to you just as soon as I
on them.
for this
lay hands
I am delighted to know that the quail crop looks
good, and if there are plenty of birds I see no reason why
controlled shooting should not be allowed this year. I will
drop in on you sometime within the next 10 days in ease you
wish to talk these things over.
Yours sincerely.
Ald~o Leopold
In Charge, Game Research
A -
The Wisconsin River Marshes
By ALDO LEOPOLD
Reprinted from the
NATIONAL WALTONIAN
Official publication of the Izaak Walton League of America
September 1934
The Wisconsin River Marshes
By ALDO LEOPOLD
Herein the author describes a typical marsh area which has been
ditched, drained, and burned until now a hundred thousand acres
lie in ruin. Can you provide solutions to some of the unanswered
questions which must be solved before a ruined marsh area can be
rebuilt for wildlife?
A N INSTRUCTIVE example of how economic
forces and public sentiment play basketball with
conservation is found in the marshland district
of central Wisconsin.
These marshes are strung out on both sides of the
Wisconsin River and cover about half a million acres in
five counties. They consist of peat-filled basins which
represent the deeper parts of an ancient glacial lake.
The lake was originally formed when an arm of the
glacier plugged the Wisconsin River at its previous out-
let through the Baraboo Hills. In the course of cen-
turies the lake gradually drained, choked with vegeta-
tion, and became a series of sphagnum bogs. These
finally filled up with peat, which, in part, grew up to
tamarack. Interspersed with the tamaracks were open
bog-meadows, representing the deeper peats, and nu-
merous sandy oak-covered ridges, representing bumps in
the lake-bottom. Such was the marsh as the first white
man found it.
Contrary to popular belief, the virgin marsh was
probably not very productive of wildlife. Prairie
chickens had not yet entered Wisconsin. There were
doubtless a few sharptailed grouse, deer, and partridge
on the oak "islands," but the solid tamarack stands
were probably devoid of game. On the treeless bog-
meadows, however, sandhill cranes and waterfowl
nested in considerable numbers.
The optimum conditions for game came after settlers
had begun to farm the surrounding hill country. The
settlers burned large openings in the tamaracks and used
them as hay meadows. Every farmer who owned a quar-
ter-section in the hills also owned a forty in the marsh,
where he repaired every August to cut his hay. In win-
ter, when frost had hardened the marsh, he hauled the
hay to his farmstead.
The open haymeadows, separated by stringers of grass,
oak, and popple, and by occasional remnants of tama-
rack, were better crane, duck, and sharptail range than
the primeval bogs. The grain and weeds on the farms
abutting the marsh acted as feeding stations for prairie
chickens, -which soon became so abundant as to take
a considerable part of any grain left in the fields. These
were the golden days of wildlife abundance. Fires
burned parts of the marsh every winter, but the water
table was so high that the horses had to wear "clogs"
at mowing time, hence no fire ever "bit" deep enough to
do any lasting harm.
Then in the gay nineties came the drainage dredge, the
land shark, the urge for more acreage, and all the other
paraphernalia of what we fondly called "the march of
empire." Ditches ten feet deep were cut through the peat,
lowering the water table many feet. Farming, except in
the northeast corner of the area, failed. Drainage bonds
sank about as low as the water. There was, however, no
immediate serious damage to the game. Drainage as
such, of course, eliminated the ducks, but it sweetened
the soil, augmented the growth of weeds, and thereby
benefited the chickens-until the first severe drought
allowed the dry peat to burn. From then on, during
each dry period, fires literally consumed the peat beds.
In 1930 a single fire lifted two or three feet of peat from
an area of several townships.
These deep-burning fires present a new and puzzling
problem. For the first two years after a fire the ashes
produce an exuberant crop of smartweed and ragweed,
which in turn produces an exuberant crop of prairie
chickens and sharptails. The weedy interlude following
the 1930 fires happened to fall on the high of the cycle.
It is doubtful if these marshes ever carried such a stand
of birds as was found there in 1932. If they did, no
hunter of the present generation remembers it. Ruffed
grouse also swarmed along the unburned stream bot-
toms. Apparently the golden age of abundant game
had come back.
But not for long. The ashes were soon leached out
or blown away, whereupon the food-bearing weeds dis-
appeared, and in their place sprang up uncountable mil-
lions of aspen seedlings. Aspen is apparently the only
plant capable of growing in the raw peat after the ashes
are gone. By now these aspens which followed the 1930
fire are tall enough to exclude both chickens and sharp-
tails. The raw peat on which they grow does not carry
enough undergrowth to make a partridge range. It is
doubtful if deer can thrive on aspen without tamaracks
to winter in, and the tamarack remnants were of course
largely wiped out by the post-drainage fires. So here
we are with nearly a hundred square miles of aspen
thicket which threatens to become, for at least a gen-
eration, a wildlife desert. To burn out the aspen would
only aggravate the trouble-in fact, it would consume the
remainder of the peat, expose the underlying sand, and
thus create a sand dune, which might engulf the sur-
rounding counties.
Not all of the marsh area, of course, is in such dire
straits. There is much good range left, but until the fires
are stopped, the entire drained area is threatened with
ultimate destruction. What to do?
It is clear that the first move is to plug the ditches so
as to raise the water table, and thus prevent any more
deep-burning fires. But this cannot be done without
money, men, and the consent of the organized landown-
ers or drainage districts.
Marshland Economics
Most of the drained lands have passed through several
salesman-farmer-sheriff cycles of ownership, and now
repose in the lap of the county. Some are still held by
actual farmers, some by cranberry growers, some by
absentee investors. The remaining farmers are so scat-
tered that it is excessively costly for the counties to sup-
ply them with roads and schools. It would be to every-
body's advantage if these farmers holding down poor
land could move to some really good
land in some compact community,
where road and school service would
be less expensive. It would be actual
economy for the public to offer them
a good improved farm in exchange
for the one evacuated. The AAA
now offers the machinery for accom-
plishing just such evacuation and re-
settlement, if the farmers wish to use
it. The CCC and FERA camps offer
the labor necessary to dam the
ditches, reflood the marsh, and install
the food patches, plantings, and other
improvements needed to check fire
and restore wildlife on the evacuated
lands. The Biological Survey offers
to buy out the odd parcels of unoc-
cupied holdings, but all federal par-
ticipation is contingent on the State
Conservation Department agreeing,
once the area is completed, to oper-
ate it at its own expense. This will
call for a tri-lateral "treaty" whereby
the federal government and county
pool their holdings, for administration
by the state, as a great public "Con-
servation District."
Overtures looking to the consum-
mation of this great reorganization of
land-use on 100,000 acres of marsh
are now under way. The federal
government and the Conservation
Department are already committed. It
remains to be seen whether the coun-
ties and the farmers are willing to
perform their respective parts, and
under what terms. It is a less ex-
pensive, less paternalistic, and more
flexible plan for creating public game
areas than the out-and-out federal
purchase employed in such projects as
the Upper Mississippi Refuge. But being a cooperative
enterprise, it also requires the participation of many
diverse groups, and this may not be forthcoming unless
local conservation groups interest themselves in the en-
terprise.
Many details are still obscure, even in the minds of
those in charge. It may, for example, be unnecessary to
evacuate all going farms; some scattered farms may be
needed to put in food patches, patrol the area, etc. Again,
if the state assumes all the operating expense, it may
have to seek some income from wildlife crops, especially
fur crops, not so much to recoup itself as to give the
county some income for the use of county lands. Will
the public bý willing to pay some nominal fee for the
use of a public area? If not, there can hardly be any
expansion of the idea in the shape of additional districts.
The local people will of course benefit, not only from
the direct revenues from wildlife crops, but from the
tourist trade which the existence of such crops will cre-
ate. The precarious national situation in waterfowl will
make it inadvisable to allow any duck shooting for a
long time to come, but the upland game and fur ought to
return a legitimate harvest soon after actual management
begins.
Management Questions
It sounds simple to reflood a marsh and let the wild-
life take it, but it isn't. Here are some of the unan-
swered questions:
How shall the dam-building job be divided between
the engineers and the beavers? Obviously where there
counties
6 11 - toIS
Map Showing Central Wisconsin Game Area
are no aspens the engineers must do it, also on all lower
reaches where gates are needed to regulate the level of
the impounded water. Can all aspen-lined headwater
ditches be left to the beavers?
Will cattails tend to choke the pondage above each dam
and spoil it for duck-nesting? If so, are muskrats a
remedy? If so, what precautions are needed to prevent
these muskrats from puncturing the dams?
With higher water-levels, will grass again get a foot-
hold on the burned area now lost to aspen? Could snow-
shoe rabbits be reintroduced to thin the aspen thickets?
What about hay meadows? Isn't a partly-hayed coun-
try more favorable to prairie chickens than one entirely
uncut?
Do the deer need tamaracks for winter cover? If so,
can such wintering thickets be artifically planted?
What grain can be used for food patches in "frost-
holes" where buckwheat is liable to summer killing?
White birch is necessary for winter budding of grouse,
but in the heavily burned marshes is all gone. Will it
grow in burned peat or sand, even if planted?
What can be done to build up the remnant of breed-
ing sandhill cranes? No one knows what they eat, or
what is the weak spot in their present environment.
Certain grasses, notably "rip-gut," are now known
to form ideal chicken roosts. Where such roosts are lack-
ing, how can the vegetation be manipulated to build up
this particular grass for chicken-roost purposes?
With higher water levels, will the acidity of the soil
again increase? What changes in vegetation and animal
life will this induce?
It is easy to foresee that the administration of this great area will be a technical task of no mean magnitude, requiring not only executive capacity, but exceptional skill in diagnosing these and a hundred other ecological questions. The soils, climate, plants, and animals are all unusual, so that rules-of-thumb will oftener than not prove wrong. But I can think of few tasks more worth- while. It means restoring 100,000 acres, now destined to become a sand dune, to the varied productivity which it enjoyed in the old hay-meadow days.
Report on Inspection of Monroe Center Quail Area.
Inspection was made in company with Mr. Murtfelt and ID. %enika.
Census: Enumeration of birds has been hampered by lack of snow. Mr.
Murtfelt is certain there are from 15 to 18 coveys, or a total of from
180 to 216 quail on the two section area. Census work is to be
continued if snow conditions permit. Further work without snow is
scarcely justi fie d.
FeedingProgram: Mr. Murtfelt's feeding stations are well built and
of a very satisfactory type. Quail have used a number of them but
food conditions have been favorable so far this winter. Several fields
of corn at stregic points are available to quail; there is a good growth
of ragweed; acorns and a good variety of weeds are present. The presence
of Tree Sparrows, Juncoes, Evening Grosbeaks and Blue Jays indicates
that general food conditions must be quite satisfactory during open
periods at least. The problem of feeding on this area comes down to
one in time of emergency. Hogs have proved troublesome at a number of
the feeding stations, owing to the fact that the open winter has permitted
them to range almost as in summer. Hogs prevent the operation of several
stations, unless heavy snow occurs, but fortunately food conditions
are satisfactory even so. I suggested that no undue expense or effort
be incurred at this time in combatting hogs but that plans be laid now
to handle intensive emergency feeding in storm periods. Enough corn
can be put out at once following a blizzard to bring the quail through
to the next open spell, or if snow remains the hog problem may solve
itself. Regarding the construction of a type of station which would be
hog-proof, Mr. Murtfelt's idea of a slab shack, with hog wire on the
front, sounds very good to me. The elevated feeder is worth thinking
further about but is very likely impractical.
Predator Situation: Since the size of the coveys has been observed
to diminish, we discussed the possible role of predators in bringing
this about. Two Red Tailed Hawks were seen. They are probably feeding
almost entirely on rabbits and squirrels, both of which are abundant.
I doubt if they have any effect on quail at this time, or so long as
quail food conditions are satisfactory. We found the remains of a
Blue Jay and of an Evening Grosbeak and I am inclined to charge this
up to one of two birds: Either a winter Cooper's Hawk, or a Goshawk.
Mr. Murtfelt is going to watch for these birds and see if he can
identify the hawk he has observed near his stations. Either one of
these hawks may be reducing the coveys, and either one should be
shot if found. Request to preserve the hawk for identification was
made.
This is what I should call ideal Great Horned Owl country of the
contiguous type. There is a vast reservoir of woodland owl range, with
February 14, 1934
Report- Monroe Center
an abundant supply of rabbits and squirrels. I know of no adequate
observations on the effect of Great Horned Owls on the quail population
under similar conditions of large contiguous range. It is perfectly
possible that owls up here may get 10* or 15% of the quail instead of the
5% recorded for woodlot country in Southern Wisconsin. Tiis possibility
should be borne in mind, and any observations as to owl abundance or
depratation should be recorded.
With the exception of a possible Cooper's Hawk or Goshawk, and
unless Great Horned Owls are of considerable importance here, I should
not consider there is any special predator hazard involved. If one,
or all three, of these predators are taking quail, the decrease in
coveys may be accounted for.
Poaching does not seem to be a factor on the area.
Roadside Coverts: Mr. Murtfelt has kept in touch with local
clean-up activities and has in mind the preservation of the roadside
cover which is now present.
Additional Acreage: It might be advantageous to take in the prairie
Chicken area down toward the river, with the idea of putting in a
planted feeding station next spring. This is isolated from hogs and
might do well. If so, it would no doubt attract Prairie Oickens to
the area and help hold them over winter.
Planted Stations for Quail: While planted stations are the best
and are most utilized by quail, I question whether the expense involved
would be justified in view of the hog and cattle population. Fencing
would be absolutely necessary against both. If the fencing item were
taken care of, planted stations would surely be desirable. The next
beat thing, in my opinion, is to arrange with farmers for lenving
strips of crops in locations where the hog and cow hazard is not too
great.
General Comment: I was much impressed with the area as a game
tract, and also with Mr. Murtfelth interest and energy in the matter.
I have no doubt whatever that we can increase quail in this area if
the present plans are carried out.
Respectfully submitted,
Wallace Grange
Grouse Investigation
-2-
11/17/33
MAN~AGEMEN2T PLAN
MONROE CENTER GAME COOPERATIVE
Aldo Leopold,Game Manager
College of Agriculture
Objects. The object of this test area is to prove that on favorable ground
bobwhite quail can be produced in shootable quantities even,- the extreme
northern limit of its range.
The strip of ground along the Wisconsin River, in which this area lies,
is believed to be the most favorable part of Adams County for quail, and
Adams County is believed to be the most favorable of the border counties
in
Wisconsin.
Organization. The area embraces about three sections in the southwest part
of Township 19 north, range 4 east. Part of it consists of flowage holdings
owned by the Consolidated Water Power and Paper Company of Wisconsin Rapids.
These flowage holdings are rented to farmers. The remainder of the area
consists of adjoining farms not owned by the company. L. W. Murtfeldt, who
operates these lands for the Consolidated, is the game manager in charge.
Winter Feeding. The irmediate need is to prevent starvation of the existing
stock during the coming winter. Since the corn is already cut and most of
it
moved into the barn, wire feeders will have to be erected for each covey.
Each
feeder will consist of a cylinder of woven wire 18" in diameter filled
with
ear corn and staked down to keep deer from upsetting it. To exclude crows
and
furnish shelter for the quail, a lean-to roof, thatched with marsh hay or
corn
stalks, should be erected over the feeder. The lean-to should face south
or
southeast, and should be built stout enough to last several years and serve
as
-2-
a dry dusting ground in suwmer.
The feeding station should be located on the south or east side of the
densest thicket occupied by the birds this winter. The location of each covey
can be determined from the farmers, or by finding the tracks in the snow.
The
station should be located as far as possible from large timber, so that
squirrels will not eat up the corn.
Beginning with next year, i/9 acre of standing corn should be left in
lieu
of the wire feeder wherever corn is available. Where not available a food
patch should be installed next spring consisting of one-third sorghum, one-third
soy beans, and one-third fallow to grow ragweed. I will go over the area
some-
time before spring and map out the proposed system of food patches. The com-
ponents of each food patch should, of course be rotated from year to year.
The
object of the soy beans is to enrich the soil and also farnish food. The
soybean
seed will need inoculation, but this is obtainable from seed dealers or the
University.
Census. The scientific as well as educational value of the demonstraticn
will
depend on an accurate census to be made each winter. Mr. Murtfeldt is to
prepare
a map on which this year's coveys are indicated. Each covey may be calculated
at 15 birds each. I will check his census before the end of the winter.
The indications are that the area now averages between one and two coveys
per quarter-section. The standard toward which management is directed should
be
five to six coveys per quarter-section.
Cover Improvements. Farmers should be asked to refrain from burning or cutting
out fencrows without consulting the manager. Ordinary cordwood or saw timber
cuttings, if not followed by grazing, will benefit, rather than injure, the
area.
If the company lands contain any old fields not to be used for farm
crops,
it will be a good idea to plan thkm with patches of plum, grape, and white
spruce.
A plan for such improvements will be drawn by me before next spring.
-3- Predators. Farmers should be asked to dispose of excess cats. Some responsible trapper should be asked to trap the area this winter for fur. Shooting. The area should be posted before the beginning of the 1934 hunting season. As soon as a good stock of birds has been established the Commission should be asked for a special open season. The proposed maximum kill for each year should be set in advance, and shooting up to the amount of the maximum kill should be available to any responsible hunter at 25 cents per bird. Some one farm should be selected as the entrance point for hunters to check in and check out and register their kill. It is an unsettled question whether any charge should be made for rabbits, and how the shooting receipts are to be pro-rated among the landowners.
BA. R.Albrt
ringth l prprti of the IA aa is ths six mile
squar which is e~ither non-Mrisau.tural, ver poor, or poor agim tualt
land. ai the wall prctae of fair and sligtt better gicultual ln,
it would be necessar if one deision had to be made for the entire~a
to pronoune the trao on biss onuiusl~~turl. land.an better suited for
forest op. wholesale is not, howevr, a solution of
the prblem. Conit ios now pro , am*se inhabitans, iprvints,
cleared land. M~swa, fire hasars, *to., and will santtne to exist.
ftrthermr, it to not at all impossible that a greater need for utilizmation
of LadM= devlop before the aloe* of the asafw, andItt Is not certain
that the forest prseets which might be eaelssive2y produed in this are
under adequate and effectively suervised planting an fire hasad control
at plie or privat exense woaul be & profitable vmtwr.
It ae that the most eeeuoiotaZI deirale us. wich w be m
of this ma siiiar ara i the co-binsd use* for frest crop, frm crop, a
gine sprowtiet pures. J& a mbintion e, however, houl be
subjeted to certan dfinite pur.s.ul planing, either pblie or piva&t,,
fo? the mtual bfit ef the three Wistriet.
Tber gr should be left or established Is locatio to pmls
protectio i ga inst *an setms devatating to crops sal ero lans, inouIdut,
fire lans, hih uwa or wa not be oppod, should be so locae a to uttlse
the lan most favorble therto for crop production, while siealtaneesly
servin to restrict fires which escape early detectotn aa control. The presence
of resu t 1ad oers or -pblic ey s c hste ealy fire detetion aid
control, an riaee to gms b predator aimals both wild and deoestic.
?arm weed and wte t od for went of whih Sam c t
exist in 9utty in &am&e timber. 3peelal feetdn wi l somtimes be
necessa in winter. In this artiolar ar. water is feoud pmnently
nly along the vst side; elsewhere in ry period&i i m er lck of
water, preludoes bun st g rprodutien, unless waer is atfiiall
provided b resides.
he intd en f thee three industrise uo the mest
suessefl an eceoomieml prosetion of *eh will beco. elearor with
dlscussimo herein. But isn*try mut eontribeeto tthe utmot permitted
by natural conitio toward eash m4 .stoitoe re venue of thoes .eng
therism. Foret$ will proide. pulwood. mad some lvbe for cash r~ons
eand fue.1 peets, small timbers, and usoe lwber for far sad fern family
uaintsan. 1m eraps should be diversifiedt within lim imposed by
natral dofiieseies to provid the mat-, subsistence for farmers, their
nimals, and g . Te surplus would be ued for cash revenue. Sale of
gap* hatt privilges either by fezos, sections, or towaships would presde
cas revns emi resident huters would aid in filling the family 1.rr,
Very farmer wold be a game vwaren without pabli. compenstion.
Lmke, a& mit Tregt gnI
It mut be rspinteei that corp landin I this are. vill alwqW be
esubJet to the itwowth hasard, has lew natural fertility, andt will sever
produee mauim= yields of crops, with the result that the fm operator must
till more land an eq hee to subsist with # lower stand of living than
is found upon the better soils, unles he Vi-rweme the three indutries to
contribute mere sbstatntially to his well bein. The general am shou_ be
to
retain meet of the presest timber an establish asmuh a * of more merchant-
able species as possible, consistent with aequate fire protectios aei without
imosin on the forest crop the entire cost of reforeetation aid fire
protectieo. ?his mea a rather low population for nsh es".
-e-
breet crop will, in tiew of lo fart mc prodution. prie
employmt id4 wvnue for the fam help In off years aund lac season
and will pro'vide teal, poet wood, and some limber. to help webee* farm
sintce costs at all times.
oe trac.s of ses-awealtarl or ver poor gricultural land
within this ae have bees cleared and abadond while sme re still farmed.
Thes. Imre bUM recorneaded for reforeetratica In blocks. There A We
odd .reers of peer l=& ow worse whiceh sod be pleated to squ
up fields
bettor thea they we.
ho - IMA lad hm Coc
@vr a long peiod of t$.im it will probably boo"* soeesa for
every
agiltural einmity to p Its aft VW. Aprouiately, expenuiturss
**nt be grater than the production In . Therofore the st r of livien
will be Etterrised ,b the surplus morat of commodity eout-o whtah ca be
effected Is oxchae for the necessitie. a comforte of livelihood. ?ops&a-
tinms t beo kept low. All items of fars expenee whic ean be reduted as
cash out-g VI prod etien upon the trritowt met be encoaged. iare land
should be utilised for forest or tam corps. At the present tive a god deal
of cleared lad bas not been produuiag crope for ycea, - bandee land.
Another c *niderabe port ion is i-ab d d. being cropped ne o*at
of two,
three, or four years, eat in man eases, an outsider Is paying the taxes .u4
cring the mortgage load. letter greultawal practie*s upon the land area
whic is moe dosirable for farmig became the 'sail Is of fair quality or
because It it saeeee fo the proteetion of timer land, will do such to
lmp.oe the geneal well-beiug in the oare.
4lf&IfA is eeerally roguised as en* of the very best crop
for
san lend, but the aere of alfalfa In this esady area it far too small.
In 1932, there were thirty-two alfalfa fields rging In eise from oue to
twonty-fivo s ,ree. totalin 180 &a"e. With the eeption of e
s eloave
fams alfalfa production has not progreoee4 beyond the one or two ase trial
stag. Them 180 ces wild bee fair req. asletment for five or sis
If ftai s to p ide a better livelihood there wmst be fm
200to sores &"aOf alfalfa, Nt O&VIRU o mes etings, £9
ve h70
acres r osde for f cp p otio. Other fam prtteoo of k
merit wat also be aped mmre rapidy thn heretofore.
Is planning the v" of lan In this ar eOstdosi tion w"s
given to
the prest sontieos of sover, the fertility of the soil, the toghy
of the ea.sco, co eitiom of prevailin bslldaM , eto. %*o ma" b w
lines s a timber froo cropped laud ae usually wra perallel to forty
l1nes, Imt 13 pratics wol fellow to a largeoextent the *kysie'l diaretosr
prevailin in the fiold, wit t u too m t ar tty of
faem fields.
It is noessaq7 for t fare family to opate o lss than In mors
of cop lnd. O this besis the seven thousand &ore* of erop land would
ca
reriately fifty to sxty, faers. It is quite probable that those fifty
to sixty far nigt also provide the loeal abor for the oare of fire Uses
and bihiwes, .spoeotsl) if they'a 1-3 worin 'bays. 3w% occasional
"ploymot wold materially aid than in rehabilitating iA mAinatnaiui
their
Of the 10 sore of eop 1. there yeah b fm twty to thirty
acre. of caltimted cops, the em asmost of grain s", the ame amsist
of
logi (preferbly alfalfa) or other m heyr crop, te*t to thirty
sore. of plowable asture, lan. r twety to thirty acres of laEd evoted
either to fallow or g rIn p So*. A discion of saad soil
rotatien* m A atd ftn practices is not is order here.
A.
Ther are a t 350 aor** of ma land in this ae. ih shmld sot
be tle-4we 4,Wt kept as po eit hay sows.
1917 reeent ti~alh Indicate the adatability and high pradutivmene0
of ft arygas Ths grass be ue to pro a Uettor quality Of
hey than the preset Soft* grass* n alder brush cous ing these marh
land.
Yawi.us fam eontigmus to *&rbes *shal& hav a sutable portion.
of ueah
lest to operte in eeajesotion with th upland. Apliation*e of poteas
phosphate fartilisere as marsh** todesirable.
:10ii Ittnli 1We ien &on
Th p oee of fire Iae* i to pride a suitablo lie for $bas
tl O ug su ch fie as e0e e0arly dtetioa etuintion. !hq restrict
the dangr area. the mut be acoeesiblo to wheelet traffic and maintained
fallow In the firO Reason or ele b. in intertilleo or grea frm cos sot
Oubjoet to firs. Continuity of fire Imes is important and It boars repetition
that their .saitanes, is a, if not more. imrtt t any other
activity In this area, fer the proteotion of the forest orop eat gae. proution
industries, as well as far fie pro toties ainst w tm.
To r.Asoe the aro of poor lint 4eto4. to crop, their maximu width
shod abot 2 ros. unless the altis of fair ng value eat sootot to
provide sfficit tillale lat for the oep.3t of the violaity. As
uin
that fire Ian** will errs about 2- ros wi, their establismt mtit
bring -umor cultivation about 20- .0mces The plean cosfines timuber
Weas of
about 80-160 ass within fire lame*, sin prst wo. farm fieldse,
asn
fir Ir e to be establisht. If an. premt hhtwero e abmone for
public roead they should be cavertsd Into five lavoc.
lire I"e. will need to be established ely in the solid stade
of timber.
erevr fields nw exist the fire Imse weuld be establishetd uo that
side of
4-6
the 1lne faee ftro of timber. Wheor timbr is fmat wes both side of
the ltser fences eWhoe fire lease are to 'be established, the way *saw
spac. on each side of t5 fenc but fom the staotut of operation nd.
that the farers will maitain those firs lanss with saw aposeation from
state or ty. ley wot have the prvilee of ptting crop* us them
which preeted ". fire ,a" a he ,e t return seoo frm the
crop.
Vith eva* duasI ,tilimatiou in mind$ the fir. lane* a" not always located
directly voa latd lines but Wherever *eil condition ake fer expectation
of laer returns to the perss ** saintain this. hI some lstanee* the
fire loe* or pertloss thereof we entirely Iaitbl. for e ng a"
woult be sipl saintained as 'bae load.
Ikn *las fo the moaisease of pproximtely 54 milos of fire
lane in the a". Of this total prelb*) about fifty per east *&&It
havie
to be new Oetablslh* In exlsting tiber t the Waimea merely require
"inaite"40.
In order to rete the Areage of poor sgriovatm plow-ea- , *bolter
belts should be sastaimet at a stism width of two rods without a set
owmytim. Unde certain .esItitnse the fire lanes may be wide3ed. is order
to
provite for neededa rop Uea, but shelter bets shoild never be reduced below
tw. rods is width to be most offestiie.
Whi stheter 'belts are full grow, oem aleag the vest site of every
forty would proh5bly provite adequte protoetios. U~mvew, in order to provide
j~il proteetios and in order to r#m the #AM of gtor Iaa In egoaa
the location of two *belter belts per forty has 1boe #movralliy rsssediet
on
the land e map.
mo fros widstoerms to fields ed crops is sot alwms apparent.
rimtal results emwe4 at the Seo* 3xP#Amat Asmt .-eva that
the cas m be InJ d wiM tome m still mk a sta, bet the ieolds
y U rued ot Slo mor s . Dm- to corn ti the most noticeble, bat
other rp a ese InJt,4 b drifting aa*. lot only Is the irrogalar
but certainnuy o ore a seros en, bat the lees of the finer
partiales of .eil *ad the blosi out of orgic atter whe the sufacs, M
rft*s w imrtt fertility loss ich should be redud. In ether
words. smdst m to damage st 0y17 a crops are, u the field, bat
also whe the *11 is ~exose In the w1Ater se*W. Msttinuos *eve with
gow UiAt cos will reatfly ros. suah bloswn of *an, but th sell
ot be *xpaod while fittin for plantin an St times it itosirable to
UA, the land fall plowe, and the plnting of pemanet shelter belts is the
beet available **the& of poteetion.
belter belts shu&l be of a mixed patin of cotceh snd bNrway
pVias or a pius* with Jac or eeth pine or the outside an
Norw pieoa the iside. #e spacin isa this teitor shuld b a little
*iAer than usual, probably *i4*t IV eight feet, the plas beag stagered ina
alternte ros. th niali width of shelter belts should be fou r ows with
some . wa fixed. If the planting of shelter belts be wider than four rows
It
should be ma. ia ulte te platin of a Scotob or Ja pins,
because survival of the Rwa pins voa some of the pem or drier soils of
Wei ara is not a seltaia mattor. h writeor believes that lNorwa pino should
be planted for tbo paoupe* of fimickia small ttubue, eto., to fstwro
semations bat that the s-ncee, ffietiene, mad rati of t shelter
belt shouldt not depen entirly upon the. In aition to field proteetion
thes of iving timber (*nw tre ) proteetion of highewas qagaist sum
blockades *shoul be consitewet. fte plan provides the mdas ro#a with sNaw
fonoos* or solid timber protectien teoept is a for ease*. 1ho loodside "w
of
4".
troes shuld 'be planted so a- to provEs' living pOsts 0 which the fs.r can
s d bmg his roa fenco. 1s 3-5 ro strip of l between sar fetens
and hitaw shouder would be imfenea, cultivated crp jazi.
In like mnner the plntoM shelter belts ea provid living fence
posts for futute us*, If Lsire4.
A-.a buaildnV sho.li by all usn be protoed by tiuber in orer to
meoerate sover* wiWattmw, both I% sehr MA winter, .mE for proteetion
aainst col4 winds m bleedce fteMas in the winter. When timber
shelterimg buildis &Miets or Is & Part of a larger timber belt fire
lasso
should be pride aroun the bleok urouning the 'buldings.
A~rdiNg to the pln as made this ere, would seae dEq have eproeuinato1y
15,000 acres of timber 10, 7000 as fe eorop lea, approlInately 350 acres
of mar loaE, ineluding oeedeE hlghWqs. The timber lan above given iselvses
the &are in fire lanes, mad the orop load insludes the acreae in shelter
belts. 1h sereqes of farm land may be rodueod at my time by increasing the
width of shelter belts. This might be a desirable stop is abeat tvewty-five
years so that in seuree of time those leas established as shelter belts
wti th next &*ode, 'wold in about sem ty-five yw be meeuod Mi as
orop laoE. In other words, It woEld be a long-time timber oreaaad rotation.
Aprximately thirty-two miles of shelter belt me snowe, Tee.&
needed to eomplte the plan. Te inim=areage figuring two reds in width
would reve from cultivaton 123 acres. he writer thinks that this shoeld
b increased as much as the imedte falities pereit on those lands classified
aspoor agricultural land.
About 5 mtles of fire la s. I% adition to protest fields maE public
ro*s a"a alled for in the plen. Without questioa this shoald be the
first
step of public polic i the planned uee of this sa. Private ownership
should also coosibr the step. bwh a progam seen. like troendovs task,
espeetally when the recollection of man is short fr the deam ec u
from the elements. Hwever, it must be 4itttnotly rembere that subh
protetion for buildings, highwas, ad fam fields and crops, when one*
setablished, becmes e mstely & ine mtter of msintussa. reo iriut
practially no work. Uer selotive cuttin the beefits are there for
very long times.
It takes f forty to seventy-five years to produce a timber rorp.
If ever fire which stats an anM suffiotent ho*AW rves & sectton
or quarter of a setin, the loss is too great. With my amont of travel
thr.o*n w of this kin the fire hazard Is ertaisnly prsent a fires
one- stared r seldom put out until, attet by back fires, they barn thom
solves out upon soe well defined line. he proble of fire cntrol is
Confinement to & small ae&.
In this and similar eas lae tracts support only serab o or
pine. Dotter groth is proludeA by low soil, nitrog ad oranic satter
"suppflis. The function of 1ues in nature is wall aerstoot. It
absen. of lmes on land, in 4o.eo pVia timber, ead in srcb o~k
openin esp atly those areas owpt by fires. is notiesable. The soil
being naturally d-outhy, ait, and low in humus, the legaNe basteria perish
with the logus pluto and natural rvegetatin b esm a extrmely
fortuitous ar tane, whereby seat. bacteria. ad adequate moisture intro-
duatiso mut occur concurre.tly to bring about reestablitshent of £
leawnous population. Ti.s migt be pronounced Impossible, bat probably It
it would occur in a .eat=7 or two, R i2:8 fi me" w ept out.
Rhe production of soo4 of native luminous plant speeos for planting
on ar" to be "ftorested 2-5 years prior to setting trees, or eve
at the
"s. time trees as set out. shoul-d recive the serious sonsideration
of thoe*
-10-
eoneemi with r.ecvering with forst the li*t seil aea of this st&to.
fth* foremte kr that the & sucesionu of speoies em vey poor lan,
bqginin with Ja Pine or ?oplar ad eotinuing throug to more merchantable
species. Thqe stion is eod he ah to whether this effect is not due to
th rda1 &c lation of nitroen in and uner Jaek ?ie forest which ight
be suffiienatly hastened with native l e to at least seemueeritable
leek Fine productioe, if not actually pemit the early plamting of mor
moraJtableo species, thus sai a few decades of tim requred to &Tow
teirable timber lsee and s*peoies.
In !l'eeien. it must be etated that the emeesseft pjenet sue of
lent involves toe reat a csut umo the Imeiate ner of the lan or locai
taxing unit. Public seeur emt 'h7 ager pulitical sv-ivisions than
townhips shuld be given. All aceages of laed of whatever ehqe at aelse
tow sligibe to entry undr the forest crop lw shoud be msate eliible b
revisi n of the lw fer entry thereuer or throug " other 1w whic
hill
rein., taes thereon vaill a corp io secured. fTe writer believes that the
too ceats an &r charge to the ower of the land is too hig. A pert of
that
should be absorbed by the ounty or the state, with a cowrroponn Increase,
in
the, evemoec tax.
Moose
AmblaldaCo
Please return to Robert McCabe, i42)4 Univ. Parm Pl., Madison 6, Wis.
BURNETT W A S H B
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MAP OF
BARRON COUNTY
SrTATIE HICHWAY COMMISIJON
OP VWISCONSIN
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L date. He describea dt ýf land which is now under iment for the game farm a 30-acre area between on and Barron. iately planned for the ation of all kinds of game s, the conmmittee has de- upon a specialization at n pheasants. This county .iginally been a favorable fov the birds, but they been largely the victims Lter-kill and the weather there are few remaining mts in the county. Accord- Neil McDonald-of Turtl one of the Game Farm's t boosters since the beg- and also a member of nservatlon Committee, the do not become scarce ily as victims of foxes .and other predators, a 3e eieved, but are lout physiral development of fuge. Pens, water systems - arrangementsiands aor uheds and a caxetaker'd must be built. The funids are allocated by the sou oard not being sufficient' ,er the initial expenses of uctlon, memberships and )utions are being accepted. pdefray these costs. The ýrland Civic Club voted to aute the amount of $256 Game Farm Fund. expected that perations ýgin at the game frmthis Birds are furnished free E State Conservation De ent, with 8 weeks feed 5 to 7 thousand of the will be raised. When the are sufficiently grown s ýhey can run wild, about will be equally distributed I the county. During the nt season an equal num full-grown birds will be 4d for hunters. Inasmuch -asants cannot be tamed a no cruelty in the method ach birds will be equally it as targets as birds who seen wild. After each sea- number of adult pheasants e liberated for propaga, urposes. ie Warden Jim Scolmar sized the county - wide of the project, and pointed at birds will be distributec Sregardless of the origi- of contributions. interesting point mention- the Warden also was thai 'nts seem to thrive better cs of drier weather. It is probable that we are to a dry cycle of years now Le time is opportune for SBarron County back on tof fine pheasant hunting
Met, Jackrabbit
W&AA 0o.
Barro Co. V
Polk C.
(Prom Wisconsln onservation Buletin, Vol. III, N. T, July, 1938, p. 23.)
Who i the first Jack abbits into Wisoonsin?
%y Humb chairman of the Wapa a ount coxAs vation emttee,
writes to the Bulletins
*1 believe in this centra section that W. A, B of Wautoma
and Ws.1f were the first and only ones to put the out. as we Cot a shipment
of 12, tour uiles and eight females from Nebras the latter part of arch,
1900, and reease them a'bout fur niles north of Wautoma on a large r'e field.
W were ptioular to gt the at that particular month as the shiper repr
seate( that the femaes would be bred then, .M from the fast that there was
ocasionlly one of these killed each *eason thereafter there in no doubt lt
hat this planting uS sucessful.
"01 have learned of their being released in the northwest
pert of
the state an one or two occasion'ap in Barron and Polk counties, but thesis
plantings were along about 1920, and I understand there were quite a good
x
rabbits up that w to show for it.
ou s= have data on other Introction* as to the tine and place
and as this atnil seems now destined to be with us and to often help out
the sporton''s bag, it mght be Interesting to r hunters to learn how thw
came there.0
0
In
1532 University Avsin.
Y.ra7 19, 193S
Mr. M - A. Do*io
It is &lmys go m to ea fSesp@W4smo o
wtLot t Int ti of o s. I woiud lik to d*
tshingt n o powe t b y up.
I do not knw our rgionu in d.tl, I considor the
Woo Couny, Ohl* set-u as the mos promsingq~am exoiut oftis
kind nv ud w. I JMu4 from yv wrte-p thaat have al
the availablo infom oa tn it. kis Information eas be Obtane
in & set of wsqrphs trom Lwrne 5. Rik, Ohio toe Unvnrity,
0oubl s, eM by 4eoe to te following paper 'by Risks I& th.
Sy tiem in Nothwttr fto 0 mlf e,
e~mt e e lb.l O e.M 5 d Mhe4 11 fte stfre 23?
1 am sonding y a gonraisedaM mlysi. of taawr"tr-porew
**-W whic migt be of *on va2Ise.
I s enclose the seoti Les dm u this yew
ley ova riLle Goe . we
MCI Professor of Owss Uinoemot
F J MOSR PISN.CIPAI MA A DOSE
February 11, 1938
Professor Aldo Leopold
Prof. of Game Management
College of Agriculture
Madison, Wisconsin
Dear Mr. Leopold:
You may remember that I called at your office a
year or two ago regarding the possibility of organizing
a group of farmers near Cumberland on a co-operative
game preserve project. Although I have found it impos-
sible to devote much time to it since then, I have thought
considerably more about it and have contacted a number of
farmers to determine their reaction to such a proposition.
Just recently Ralph Hopkins, who now has a position at
the State Game Farm starting March 1, has been working
with me. With his help on technical information and his
special interest in the project we have come to the con-
clusion that the layout is favorable and the interest
sufficient to go ahead with the necessary preliminary
organization work.
The situation as we see it is about as follows:
(1) The area under consideration consists of about 5,760
acres, on which there is a very favorable distribution
of farm land, timber, swamps, and lakes.
(2) The area was once an excellent natural grouse section
and although the grouse are less numerous than formerly
they seem to be on the "up cycle".
(3) The area is well adapted to pheasants providing the
farmers can be encouraged to allow some feed to remain
standing in the fields. (Our observation has been
that feed seems to be a bigger factor in survival than
cold weather. Dead birds brought in were extremely
emaciated.)
(4) The farmers in the proposed area are progressive, co-
operative, high type people.
(5) The key man in the community, the owner and manager of
a country mercantile, automobile, and farm machinery
business, and who has control of over 700 acres of
land, is highly favorable to the project. He is a very
capable leader in the community and is universally
thought highly of.
Agrtrulturr
partm f al Agrtuturr
CUMBE ý(4G CHOOL
CUMBE- CONSIN
(6) Practically all of the farmers in the proposed area
are enthusiastic sportsmen. There is little or no
evidence of poaching.
We are using the Wood county, Ohio project as a
pattern for our plan., No doubt you know of this set up
but I am enclosing a copy of a magazine article on the
project. The article appeared in the October issue of
the "Country Home". We appreciate, of course, that
conditions there are not entirely the same as ours, but
parts of their plan seem applicable to our situation.
Our present plan is to send copies of the Ohio plan
to every farmer in the proposed district along with a
few brief comments regarding the proposition. We will
then follow up with a visit to each farmer. If the
sentiment seems to be favorable we plan to hold a
meeting to which all the farmers would be invited to
attend. The proposition would be discussed from various
angles. If the group seemed ready for it a tentative
organization might be set up. -This would be followed by
one or two meetings or until a full understanding of the
problems and possibilities would be reached.
We would like very much to have present at one of
the early meetings a man from the State Game Farm, the
Conservation Commission, College of Agriculture who could
help us on some of the technical as well as practical
problems involved. In the meantime if you have any sug-
gestions--favorable or adverse, we would be pleased to
have them.
Thanking you for your assistance, I am
Very truly yours,
M. A. Doser
Enc. 1
MAD: ET
F. J. MOSER, PRINCIPAL
M. A DOSER INSTRUCTOR
Jaak Halo of Miz, Baro County, giesthefllw
.t of the cye a , tall of 19341
&J~gA M~be H s senoly one 'bir al1 fall in territoywere~
ould kill a sa ia . Th fnw 'birds which
have be"R killdbyloa hutr a" reported to b all1 oldan
iested with tape.' Th few yon 'irare wak and hw.
their heads covre with 'lio.1 ~ The1 loaluters sa btha
It to Hrow's trson that the d e Is dtai*ed4 &.eve 90,
aa Nt plOetftl. perhap 7 as as as last yew, bat
:Abundat. Radical Inreas daring the past thre years#
. g the h been ecaio.a phesto ts fo years. Ther
is no - b them to inter on and it ti his Impressin that the
wiater oam On the sth hillide.
%k1M' No distint reprt.
File Barron Co. V
Cycle
Fuffed Grouse
Sharptail
Octobe 13, 13
The Past and Presnt Vegetation of the
Brule River Watershed %
ot
By JOHN W. THOMSON, JR. and N. C. FASSETAW 1O lCOpO 1
Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin
(An abstract of two technical papers of
the Brule River survey, a cooperative proj-
ect of the Wisconsin Conservation Commis-
sion and the University of Wisconsin.)
The Brule River has long been notable
as a trout fishing stream, and as part of
the recent survey initiated by the Depart-
ment of Conservation, in cooperation with
the University of Wisconsin, a study of
the vegetation of the watershed has been
carried on. This study had as its purpose
the determination of the changes which
might have taken place in the drainage
basin, and which might be responsible for
changes in the stream proper to alter the
environment of the fish.
In the years 1852 to 1856,' government
surveyors laid out the section lines for this
region. By taking the notes made by these
surveyors, and mapping the types of trees
and other vegetation which they com-
mented upon in their survey, it was pos-
sible to reconstruct a very good idea of
what the cover of the watershed was like
before the extensive logging of the late
nineteenth century. The work on these sur-
vey notes was done by Professors N. C.
Fassett and J. T. Curtis of the University
of Wisconsin. A comparison of these notes
and maps with the present day vegetation
was carried on by these men and J. W.
Thomson, Jr.
The Brule River basin may be divided
conveniently into four general areas-the
gorge of the upper Brule from Lake St.
Croix to Winneboujou, the sand barrens
which lie to both sides of the upper Brule,
the watershed of Nebagamon Creek and
Lake, and the lower Brule which runs
from the Copper Range to Lake Superior.
The Brule Bog
The upper Brule is remarkable in that
it flows north-eastward in the ancient
channel of a much larger stream. This an-
cient stream, which was the outlet of
Glacial Lake Duluth, occupied what is now
the west end of Lake Superior. During the
time that the great ice sheets were melt-
ing back from the state of Wisconsin, this
outlet stream flowed south-westward to
the present St. Croix River, and finally to
th1e Mississippi. The channel of this stream
was cut through the sandy deposits left
by the glaciers, leaving a gorge which is
now occupied by a continuous bog. When
lower outlets to the east were opened, the
Brule River took its present course flow-
ing north-eastward.
On every section line crossing the river
in this channel region, the surveyors of
1852-56 recorded the fact that they en-
countered a bog, covered largely with
white cedar, tamarack, and black spruce.
The descriptions written by these survey-
ors, of nearly one hundred years ago,
are as applicable today as they were at
that time. The bog is still dominated by
an untouched and almost impenetrable
In meandering central portion of Brule below Highway 2 bridge.
-4- growth of white cedar, black spruce, tam- arack, balsam, and white birch. In its shade grow many rare and, interesting plants such as the sundew, pitcher plant, yellow lady's slipper orchid, leafy orchid, blunt-leaf orchid, crested shield fern, dwarf rattlesnake plantain, one-flowered pvrola. cedars, spruce, balsam, and tamarack-for pulp-wood and fence posts. When the tree cover is cut from the conifer bog and the sunlight penetrates to the organic material which composes the soil, this dries out. The soil itself oxidizes and disintegrates rather ranidlv. The shade over the streamn is re- In some tunately ha
-5- Bridge. These are, of course, most abundant in the exposed portions, and are almost lacking when the overhanging alders cut out the light filtering directly from above. Below Stone's Bridge the stream has been changed. Clearing of the obstructions in the stream, caused by fallen logs and over- hanging alders, has been carried on with the intent of improving the stream for fish- ing. In place of fallen logs, artificial ob- structions in the form of deflectors, wing dams, and the like, have been constructed. The stream is exposed for the most part, and it does not have the cover and shade of the upper section. Immediately below Stone's Bridge there is a great abundance of aquatic plants including water crowfoot, waterweed or anacharis, bur-reed, and sev- eral species of pondweed and long filaments of algae, mostly water-net and pbnd scum. There may be some question as to whether or not these large submerged aquatic plants are too abundant in this portion of the stream. Just below Cedar Island the river widens into the two spreads known as Big Lake and Lucius Lake. In both of these wide- spreads of the stream, the river has dropped quantities of a soft organic muck. Water- weed, water crowfoot, muskie weed, sago Dondweed. Richardson's pondweed, and observed browsing among the aquatic plants in the shallow water. It is not certain what influence they may have upon the plants, but as J. R. Jacobson has written in a previ- ous article in the October issue of the Conservation Bulletin, they may have a very considerable influence on the land bog plants. Along the shores of this lake, the browse line is very conspicuous. In Sucker Lake, a small, shallow, sandy, spread above the rapids at the head of Big Lake, there were few higher aquatic plants in 1943. In 1944, following the deer hunting season of autumn, 1943, an abundance of aquatics were seen. In the shallow stagnant part, the water warms up considerably, and although the main stream flows through i more or less definite channel, there is some mixing of these waters with consequent warming of the stream. If it seems desirable to con- fine still further the cool waters flowing into these lakes, to keep them from warming up, it might be possible to achieve this by the planting of wild rice in the lakes. David Dale Owen, in 1848, commented upon the abundance of wild rice in what he called first and second Flag Lakes, or as we now know them, Big and Lucius Lakes. No wild rice grows at present in these lakes although it grows in the slough at the Looking across the upper Brule bog.
-6--
The Brule Barrens
The barrens developed chiefly on an out-
wash sand plain and originally extended for
several miles on each side of the upper
Brule. The early surveyors found very little
timber in the barrens, and that which was
present consisted chiefly of small jack pines.
The monotony of the jack pines was occa-
sionally broken by a few scattered Norway
pines towering above the brush. The signifi-
cant thing about the jack pine in the bar-
rens was the uniformity of size in many re-
gions. For example, in township "45 north,
range 10 west, there was a large area where
almost all of the trees were nearly five inches
in diameter. In township 46 north, range
10 west, there was another large area of
uniformity, tife trees here being six inches.
The pines were spaced rather far apart,
approximately 80 feet in some sections. The
large areas of trees of uniform size, and
therefore uniform age, were due to the abil-
ity of the jack pine to repopulate an area
after a fire. Following the fire the trees
would all spring up at about the same time,
so that here we have good evidence that the
barrens, even in the pre-historic period,
were subject to burning. Occasionally an
oak reached a diameter of ten inches, but
most of them were described as oak brush.
The Brule barrens of ninety years ago
then, were regions of frequent fires, covered
with small jack pine of uniform sizes in
large areas. The size depended upon the
time elapsed since the last severe fire. Oak
trees and oak brush sometimes replaced the
pines.
The barrens, as they appear today, have
-not greatly changed since they were first
discovered by the white man. They are fr
quently burned, and over large areas, such
as that of the great fire of 1936, are nearly
treeless, but even today they are covered
with small jack pine of uniform size
many areas, just as they were describe
by the surveyors of 1850. Occasionally
few large scattered Norývay pines ar
present.
In the barrens the drainage is near]
vertical; that is, all of the water falling a
rain upon the sand, or contributed b
melted snow and ice, seeps straight dow
into the soil to become ground wate=
Eventually this water flows into the valle
below through the springs which are th
sources of the Brule. It does not appea
that any treatment of the barrens woul
much affect the flow of the springs or th
Brule River. As a matter of fact, if thera
were more vegetation upon the barrens
there might possibly be greater evapora
tion of the rain waters directly from th
Brul, river near Cedar isaund.
-7-
vegetation and less seepage into the soil
to contribute to the Brule.
The Nebagamon Creek Watershed
The surveyors' notes described the area
which drains into Lake Minnisuing, Lake
Nebagamon, and Nebagamon C r e e k, as
being timbered with oak, red maple, sugar
maple, aspen, and pine, with a dense un-
dergrowth of hazel and aspen. The surface
is rolling and the soil poor and bouldery.
Bogs and kettlehole lakes dissect the area.
Under such conditions, fires, which seem to
have been the major factor in setting back
the succession of trees, were doubtless
much less widespread than on the broad flat
sandy barrens. Much of the region suffered
from fire and was largely in aspen. But
where somewhat protected from fires, in the
neighborhood of lakes and bogs, a forest of
mixed pine and hardwoods developed, or
the succession even went to what is called
a climax forest of maple, yellow birch, and
basswood.
A comparison of the land cover of this
area at the present time with that 6f 1852
to 1856 shows considerable change. Much of
the land has been cleared, particularly in
the vicinity of the larger lakes. Consider-
able portions of the bogs seem to have had
their flora altered so that some parts are
now better classed as black ash, red maple,
and elm, or tag alder, willow, and dogwood
than as tamarack. This is still, however, a
difficult po'nt to judge, for all these species
were doubtless present on the bogs when
the surveyors traversed them and all are
present now. A close study of the surveyors'
notes and then of the Land Economic In-
ventory maps of 1933 and of the areas
themselves, indicates that there have been
changes in some areas in the proportions
of each species from a predominance of bog
conifers to a predominance of broad leaf
species. Comparison of the bog areas also
shows that much of what the surveyors in-
dicated as bog is now covered with aspen.
Besides the possible destruction of much of
the bog area, another result of the occupa-
tion of this region for about a century has
been the degradation of the forests so that
most of what was mixed pine-hardwood is
now aspen scrub. There are but few small
remaining spots of white pine, mixed forest,
or sugar maple.
Below the junction of the Brule River
and its tributary, Nebagamon Creek, the
stream as far as Co-op Park assumes a
placid winding character, with the excep-
tion of the rapids near the Ranger station.
It meanders through muddy bottoms with
very heavy silting and very few higher
aquatic plants. Water milfoil, waterweed,
water crowfoot, and a few pondweeds find
it possible to survive in the greatly changed
stream. The bottomlands are covered with
a vegetation dominated by elm, ash, and
alder. Here and there tiny meadows, mostly
of bluejoint grass and sedges, dot the
valley beside the stream.
There are so many bogs all through the
Nebapramon Creek watershed, and the area
is still so covered with forest growth, that
at present there has not been too serious a
destructive influence on the stream. The
large lakes also act as settling basins which
remove much of the silt and other eroded
material that would otherwise enter the
Brule, but it is obvious that accelerated
removal of the protective forest cover
would necessitate the use of very careful
erosion control measures.
The Lower Brule
The soil in the lower Brule basin is red
clay, deposited under the waters of Glacial
Lakes Duluth and Algonquin. This region
was, in the past, the most heavily wooded
of all the Brule basin, and here grew the
largest individuals of white pine, balsam
fir, and aspen. Widths of trees which the
surveyors mentioned in order of frequency
were: white pine, up to 30 inches, and av-
eraging 18 inches; spruce, up to 16 inches
and averaging 11 inches; white birch, up
to 19 inches and averaging 11 inches; black
ash, up to 16 inches; white cedar up to 14
inches; Norway pine, up to 20 inches; bal-
sam fir, up to 12 inches; tamarack up to
16 inches; red maple up to 12 inches; aspen,
up to 22 inches; and black oak.
With the exception of very few, and
small, areas this forest has been destroyed
by lumbering, fires, and agriculture so that
much of the area is now cleared, and the
rest has a scrubby growth of alders, wil-
lows, and red-osier dogwood, grading to
aspen and small balsam firs on the higher
ground.
From a short distance above Co-op Park,
the stream begins the series of rapids
which, alternating with short quiet pools,
continues until about three-fourths of a
mile from the mouth of the river. There
are almost no higher aquatic plants in this
section of the stream. Filamentous algae,
clinging to the rocks in the rapids where
the velocity of the stream is such as to
prevent deposition of the silt burden, are
the only conspicuous aquatic plants. The
stream is yellowed with silt, and erosion of
the vegetation by the silt in suspension in
the water may be a considerable factor in
-8-
the ecology. The banks in this section are
dominated by alder, but there are many
other conspicuous plants. Balsam poplar,
white birch, white spruce, white pine, wil-
low, red-osier dogwood, white cedar, red
maple, elm, balsam, and black ash are com-
mon in the mixture of trees covering the
bank.
This lower section of the stream is in
the poorest condition of any part of the
Brule. Quantities of silt are being con-
tributed to the river by the numerous, large
cut banks which the stream is rapidly erod-
ing. Some thirty of these active, raw cuts
appear on aerial photographs of the Brule.
The Brule undercuts the bank at a bend,
removing the clay soil, and seeping water
from above the bank causes a large land-
slide to slump down. Trees may remain up-
right on the slumping bank whose base is
being removed and the vegetation cover
does not appear to be sufficient to hold the
soil and prevent the loss of the bank. Such
erosion is normal upon a stream rapidly
cutting through clay material and it is very
difficult and expensive to control. Some de-
gree of control is possible through planting
of willows along the slumping bank, and
construction of deflectors in the stream,
but no major alteration of the course of
the stream is recommended. Protection of
the vegetative cover of the immediate banks
of the stream is of course one of the essen-
tial practices which will help, but it will
not entirely prevent continued cutting of
these slump banks. A serious type of ero-
sion, entirely a result of man's activity, is
the erosion caused by roadside ditches and
the erosion of the many access roads lead-
ing to cottages along the lower Brule. It is
obvious that measures which will help to
stabilize the soil in such danger spots will
help to reduce the silt load carried down
into the Brule.
Summary
By studying witness trees and field notes
recorded by the government surveyors of
1852 to 1856, and a comparison of them
with the present day vegetation, a study
has been made of the changes in the land
cover of the drainage basin of the Brune
River.
The bog.whieh borders the upper Brule
and is about a mile w~de and ten miles
long, is extremely imnortant in manave-
ment of the watershed. It is in nearly
its original condition, except for the corn
plete cutting and burning of a few small
portions and the removal o scattered larve
pines. In order to maintain this bog, it
will be necessary to stop completely cutting
of any trees and to remove no fallen tim-
ber, in order that the trees that fall may
contribute to the woody peT*t which forms
the underlying organic soil. In this area
the alder swamp should be allowed to re-
sume growth in the upper section of the
stream, below Stone's Bridge, to give it
cover. It is recommended that no "improve-
ments" be placed in the head water swamp
area as these are regarded as detrimental
to the forest by drying and deterioration of
the organic soil.
The sandy barrens to each side of the
upper Brule are not essentially changed
from their character of former growth.
They are frequently burned over and have
a usually sparse cover of small jack pines
and scrub oaks. No management of this
area seems at present to be necessary.
The watershed of the principal tributary,
Nebagamon Creek, originally had a lan
cover varying from pine barrens and aspen
scrub to mixed pines and hardwoods, and
maple forest. Because it was so dissected
by lakes and bogs, the fires were local
rather than widespread as in the barrens.
Much of this area is now cleared; patches
of maple and pine are much reduced, and
aspen scrub has largely replaced the bet-
ter types of forest. The persistence of this
scrub forest over a large area of the Ne-
bagamon Creek watershed, and the settling
basins of the lakes have largely protected
the Brule, but if there is extension of farm-
ing in this drainage area, the institution
erosion control practices would be highl
desirable.
The red clay district bordering Lake Su-
"perior was covered with a dense forest of
mixed conifers and hard woods. Cutting,
burning, and pasturing have left most of
this area with a shrubby growth of alder,
hazel, red-osier, and willow, with some
patches of aspen and fir trees. Erosion in
this area does not seem to be as important
from the farms as from the slipping and
eroding banks upon the river and from the
highway ditches. To protect the river from
any further extension of erosion it would
seem desirable to protect the forests along
the immediate banks of the river from
cutting. The rapidly eroding slump banks
may be protected wherever possible, but no
major alteration of the course of the stream
is recommended. The institution of wiser
roadside ditch maintenance is very neces-
sary in any reduction of the load of silt
moving down into the river.
More complete information on the vege-
tation of the Brule River watershed may be
obtained in papers by N. C. Fassett and
J. W. Thomson, Jr. to be published in the
Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Science, Arts, and Letters.
-9-
Distribution of Forest Trees
(Revised Procedure)
With a view of encouraging reforestation a greater percentage of the moisture
that
and the planting of trees for forestry pur- falls in the form of snow. Hence,
shelter-
poses on both public and privately-owned belts are planted in fields.
Transplant size
lands in Wisconsin, the conservation depart- trees are generally recommended
for these
ment distributes planting stock annually as types of planting.
lanted on privately-owned
al or corporate ownership)
ased at prevailing prices,
t a nominal or cost of pro-
Applications under this head-
iade direct to the Wisconsin
epartment, Madison, Wis.
ig prices for all species are
and for two-year seedlings;
and for three-year seedlings;
thousand for four and five-
ransplanted trees. However,
pment (50,000 or more) is
revious arrangement trucks
or the consignment, thereby
need for baling or crating,
;% from the prevailing price
B. Procedure For Semi-Public Lands
By semi-public lands is meant the lands
owned by semi-public groups such as con-
servation clubs, garden clubs, boy or girl
scouts, Legion posts and similar non-profit
organizations.
The conservation department will fur-
nish trees, without cost, except for trans-
portation, to such organizations when they
are planted on publicly-owned lands or
lands owned by them, but if planted on
private lands by such organizations, the
trees will be paid for at the prevailing
prices.
All applications under this heading will
be made to the Wisconsin Conservation
Department, Madison, Wisconsin.
C. Procedure For Publicly-Owned Lands
1. County Forests
Trees will be furnished at a cost of one-
half of the prevailing price, and the county
concerned will furnish transportation. Ap-
plications will clear through the district
forester of the conservation department.
2. School Forests
Trees will be furnished free of charge.
Applications will be sent to and the work
done under the supervision of the state 4-H
Club leader, College of Agriculture, Mad-
ison, Wisconsin. It is intended that trans-
planted stock will be used for this type of
planting.
3. Other Community Forests
Trees for forestry purposes will be fur-
nished free of charge, except for the cost
of transportation, to cities, villages, towns,
school districts, state institutions, and coun-
ties which do not receive aids under the
forest crop law. Applications under this
heading will be made to the Wisconsin Con-
servation Department, Madison, Wisconsin.
4. Federal Lands
Trees will be furnished at one-half the
prevailing price, and the federal depart-
ment concerned will furnish transportation.
Applications will be made direct to the
Wisconsin Conservation Department, Mad-
ison, Wisconsin.
--1
5. Publio Highways
Trees will be furnished free to any high-
way officials for living snow fences or
similar types of specialized forest planting
affecting highways under land arrange-
ments made by them. Applications will be
made to the Wisconsin Conservation
Department, Madison, Wisconsin.
General Information
On or about December 1 annually the con-
servation department issues a forest nurs-
ery application blank and price list (Form
F-146) of the species and ages of stock
available for the succeeding year. The
minimum order acceptable by the depart-
ment is a total of 500 trees.
These blanks may be obtained from the
Wisconsin Conservation Department, Mad-
ison, Wisconsin, the county agricultural
agents, the state forest nurseries, and other
offices concerned with the reforestation
program.
The prevailing prices previously referred
to include packaging charges.
Trees may be purchased in the fall, but
the department strongly recommends spring
planting for the best results.
Cash (preferably check or money order)
must accompany the application for trees
for planting on privately-owned lands. A
receipt for the remittance will be promptly
sent the applicant.
The trees distributed are intended and
useful for forestry work. They are not to
be used for landscape or ornamental
planting.
Unless other arrangements are specified,
shipments will be made express collect.
Trees are lifted as soon as the frost goes
out of the ground in the spring (about
April 20) and shipment is made as soon as
possible thereafter. Notice of shipment, by
post card, is given several days in advance.
If information is desired concerning the
white pine blister rust or injury to trees
from insects or diseases, write to the
state entomologist, State Capitol, Madison,
Wisconsin.
It is the intention of the conservation
commission in adopting the policy of fur-
nishing trees desirable for forestry pur-
poses at nominal prices or free, to deal with
landowners or organizations seriously in-
terested in tree planting as a means of
improving their own property or to im-
prove publicly-owned lands or for other
community benefits. Requests may be denied
whenever there are indications that trees
applied for will be improperly handled or
used for purposes other than outlined above.
Conservation Commiss
Meeting
The commission met in the conferer
room of the conservation department, sti
office building, Madison. Commission(
present were Chairman W. J. P. Abe:
James A. Corcoran, Virgil L. Dickins(
Aldo Leopold and John 0. Moreland.
The Waubesa widespread of the Yaha
river, the upper Yahara river, Six M
creek, Winnequah bay and Pheasa
Branch creek of Dane county were estU
lished as fish refuges, as was also Nor
bay of Door county.
Little Burns creek of La Crosse coun
and Nixon lake of Vilas county were i
established as fish refuges. Sawyer's hE
bor of Door county and Weber lake
Vilas county were added to the fish refu
waters.
Smith lake, Richland county, Long lal
Sauk county, Squirrel river, Oneida coun
and Little Brule river, Douglas coun
were dropped from the list of fish refugi
The commission authorized the purcha
of tree seeds at a cost up to $2,676 for t
operation of the tree nurseries and a
proved an outlined sale of county timb
by Marinette and Price counties.
The commission terminated the use
state land by the Ethel Powell estate wi
buildings to be removed by June 15.
A financial adjustment of the payme
une contract was approven.
The commission approved the followi
land purchases in Peninsula state park:
Tavern and one acre of land owned
August Lautenback of Egg Harbor 1
$3,300; one acre from Frank Gureski, C1
cago for $200; one acre at $250 from 0.'
Scott, Chicago; 22.4 acres at $4,000 fr
Cornils estate.
Three forties of land in the Americ,
Legion state forest were purchased fr(
W. A. Brown, Rhinelander, for $400.
The following land purchases in t
Flambeau River state forest were approve
27 acres with 2,000 feet river fronta
at $850 from J. C. Yarnell and wife.
6.75 acres with 730 feet of river froi
age and timber at $1,000 from Mrs. An:
Haasl, Park Falls.
27.64 acres with 1,400 feet of river froi
age and building at $1,200 from Leo:
Johnson, Winter.
Four descriptions with river frontage
$800 from Harry J. Rhyner, Stetsonvil
owlan streaz rdraý Inago \i!~f 7 drai~nc c laiks v~ ~A .
L&U W1U AU
/ OP
SVFZL:ý'CUITY*WISCQNSfIN
'.CPOMPUS4 in 1931;
revised in 11938 by
I)LviB~on o f Land Economico InVentol'y,
-~ SW~te of Wisconsin
Sobn-$. Bordner, Director
M~ orris, Forester
johmý H. Steenist. In charge of fiel4. patrty."
Thxss~ell S&Afords Assistant
Lewit Posekany, 'arasitologiat
Yer~e Walling, -ITA Assistant
' C orro~borat-6rs
Fred Minoxi, Depvtw: ConservatioQn Wardens, Iron Ri5vers Wise-
,Lu~dwig Tiave I , Gounty Clerlc of Bayfield County
,Otis Berting and'Sid Gordon, izi charge of
5. 4Lake qznd Stream Improveme~nt
U. B. FPorest Serdce - Lake and Stream Su~rvey
B iology Division*~ State Deatmu of Conservation
"Wiszonsin Geological1 and. Natural. History Siurveyr
1'.
/
41
The Lkke8 ofjBayfijed County
Bayfietd ccunty-fro. ýi ts .Cen'tr-1 Iighiid7 ' drains north ~ind-
e--ýt t -5ugh tbe- Ijon ePid ,tmru
smaller riVers '(trouit Tinter) . iiito - Lake Superiar! . othnast- throuFgh-
t Ve white River' m 1ny I( r-'s and
hequamegan:-DaYý,en, sout1wrest_ throu h the CO-dppewa,, Nep7is,*g~on
'and n~u
r 4,k'r d .tronit 15trerns.) to th Gulf~ of . Mexico.. The ?our. ýjimpi~~
1Thke
~re ý?Fm4~n .'dr Chi'pea. The~1 tou ClnirýI_ an nuimerous-~th
i- pr-rt df haC~ouxity-,,reý the d~eei.ýr !kqd lineid, dep~essions
o i'tb,..lacial
"Barrens Ln)ke" which during the period of glpcil recession'
d !,rs,7id s PDlin. i 'o yf eof county
and coui.tc'of the h. .The... " on . .hkte .- re
ti1 t r Ire left
by'theý 1-,t g'lrc-ier.'- 'This moraine extends f~rom the -vicin~ity
9f Ia Rve ouh n 'as wrrd
Clam Lk ",. .'-, . - ',-.'. .
Lke'u oft*h4 &Ounty 4a~nry-g.-re,-tl~y..f LDindlocked -or lttl-e
leakes ,gne~1y er ilyIrve 1er AVEX
soft wator'. Lrkes with ri3-lets And :outlets .tha"-v mediiium. to
hard -water and cre nort.r.!=.s The
tn_ýhe~ii earhi~tliflesm sad,ýn cgrve~qy beaciýe8
to pQciptQbe11 9ýs'~k nd
low wet bogs. Most of these lakes have some shore line adequate for good
bathing 5e'6ds, There
are approximately 300 lakes in BayfirL; GAi 41,:.*:qi. six hundred mile
shore line. The number is,
however, decreasing as the shallow kettles lose their water. Bayfield county
also hos an extensive
sh6re-dnO_ sn i~ke Siipeiior; with clif'fa and. woter--wori
.cnves..
'The4SIE-ak ihnVtov~f thsrevtevp~ 1?5 o ~t hk,; rger aid icc yI'*f-his
rop"'tcooýae s'.ot
einciuded'r-46 'smnll'. k(ýtlez Ia1s-. .endp.ond. ng f £.f.ivQ
to.q orty'..o" 1nb a6r6$ in'-rer and
nori-rnly- ihae'eeAý;Iblej, thouigh f requenVt.y,'n .w~ithou~t~
f :WiY~r scoih ho. -a i May, timber
is 'removed antV Oxes~ive evaporation followrs.. Te.se, ll' Pae.,hr
ceth~~~~~'j
"-other -i'ndleoked l.ike, h-wVe c tr,-soft wnter-.,a splr@.e.p h
Lquti6 v.igettiona'adnl'fited fish
'~~6." S~i~f'~h:~i~.besz rre;da to.,~ su~ch lakes. Vnd, tire
usup,'y praentV
Certain do.ta t'bulltion in this repor req e his.e ..i.. ....ee.
the
n 7rq -b-s-t off Icc. -.nd trzading. -point. ar'e estim-tes. ~(Ac~tv'r4di-ýtrnces
výry:!V rcý ý,Or: S."ne
to~ist: -)mT tif:*v .n:tteinpt has been: m.ade to give, a fair. piicture.
o -: l c e. 'Undr
rable distance to the num~erouis small1 lakes.-- --Fp-r exarnple, rhere
smnwlIl 1,-kesT 'renb-"1~ hed, n1ly by
-verl~nnd trni~ls, touristc.'smr)ý jpu~ ql asnn r nmn'r~&~srr
Ih re4"
excellent tourist fncilities on 7ll the lrger 1;-4ess and fzym t1iese trips
c,",nh er-ed to smaller
nnd less nccf.ssible lpkes. Under fish suitfble for pl'-ntihg !t'le rporE
_p' oes 'n'ot xnecoml1mefid nting
excent "ithre the Conservption Wardens find - low fish populption or
where there is an unbalanced
eonditi-)n such as nrediminince of wvll-.eyed nike in P smnll landlocked
lake, or toy rdvise for other
rev sons. (A smrll l.-ndlocked lnke with wall-ýyed pike domintnt
h-s obviously been stocked with a
fish which belongs in larger lpkes thet hrve both -n inlet -nd outlet, i.e.
ch-nnel Inkes.)
Under Innd cover surrounding lrkes the inventory uses three genernl
clpssific-ntions of forest'
cover, viz., brush, young forest~saplings), and forest (timber over 12 inches
in diameter). The type
prevailing is Plso given, viz., pine, spruce, swnmp, hardwood, etc.
p
TrtJ 'ARIN -tYFIIELlVCCUNTY
... -. Tznt. wata Is..e vey extqn.iVe 1n, .field. County. iprzximneltV35O
miles' 6 sprLn&-
"fed brook.s curr.se through deep, . nharowa vviane-1lk. valeys froi-thbnoZrthe
r'hghlmi)_ and - some
flow. from spring holes through rdlel.vely flat land 1n the- e aifiiige:.Thor
a.e'aso
a few small cold wir (sprinfalem. "tt.'e Iws. . These brooks in -eir.
. hve.t co11 oWion :
. threaded.their v.oy. t.rugh flands s. brish - iLnqg9Ing-d :fire have~modified
this '-brook
envic. Te (a) .by rr.i% g r'otoctif ao n ,sisv6 e44#6rction 6ind'heAt,
(b) by*
~~~~eajL~~~~ g~~ w.o~ e-.~6tanriting .i. n the.41ltin~g in,'of
68eý'Pobls, ad c
° by Inc~i z$ OIe l varion i :o teerrta. eprcLtureO nd-fobd supply
for trout .
A gaaI dP1 of 'stream iraprovemenft work has been dofie in the last
few years.. TheJ Fish
Stream Iuprpvem.nt Hanbook issued by the Federal Forest Service, 1936,
sumnrizes the .rdquike1-
ments, for a good trout tr~ezrk'.s follows: (a) pure wnter, -b)-fVora-lerae"
of-waiter 'temera-
tura, (c) breeding 4 (d) adequatQ sheltert .() abun...t fbo4;s1Ip.'
(f) protection'$"
To 6 a-A rppor and eveh improve s'treas thi.s Ikan-bo~k groups i4roe('emeftt
davicet £~i.
......... . .. ow . ( dam-s, (b) deflectors, .a. (c) shelters.
Im betw t nxrlow
aps i n cr ea" , -sa - v&Vbl ivoi tu t' eatly increasing sum,,.er
terL''erattrej , Deflectors increase
velocity and'Lnearti.n of'atb andý r~dce' 211ting. Shelter, in the
f orm. of overhax~4-ng- treesq,
br-, - and st -ch'o red driftvwoo offers protection . al so shade,.
. .T, a' v ery b .doo1 y be obt * Pal ro' the" U. S. Yorest
er Ivi -"e epajrtmeiA of
.ýgricu~ltuxre, Washngton . C.,. jt should, be int'-Oe 'Ibrn~ry
of every c~inty Con'servati-on -Coninittoe*
U 1he t-Ipo~rtat -tural. f tbise which have part or :ill
of ýieir- lif6',histo-
- in the water. Exztm-ple: Ir - tzeles a~i
lis n ~rio forms of tWo-winged
-flies; z.also. c teostoas forms ._sch fresh water shrinp, 'crawfi'sh 'd
sow bugs, molllis~cs'in.
thp* fom.o~ f, Is j.and, clamns.;_small1fishes, and- frzesh water ec~rth
'worms. Next come terrestrial
jrmsT,, which f'all -iri.tQ.the Fater by a.deiceent, such earth viormns-
grass hoppor~s,ýbeds, wsps,
"furni shed as . .. h ng sme :c i,,y: "fValtha CI
..' a O " "' ingI 6sunner' months. B -1 -hade d.'Aioreb1nae, -arn-
slmo-nre ladf orms t2hrn do op~en shor-el1n*.
"IWhI~le we~b. e bel-vao ptokiný, -t o b e o f major izportaznce
whar a s hort,,Ze o f youn fI~ ish thE"U
pri"ncipal lim" " ........rit.-s' apparenlt :that -±here
food supply Ti i the predominant limiti=ng
fatrsokjgq; acrýls no useful' p*ýrpqs.e.A**-
Fro Btreai of Fiseres - Instituto'for Mb~e~m an L&6 aa%2ZýWr2'.
. ani . lc~tl ,.f~tlirp ii. t, i.. 54 p' r. , . .. ..
...
an ...p .ý 0 r 19e, 0, W
iBAYFIL CO.
Nof lak
Name Qf lake.
L~ke in section
Tr2ading& ointi -
.and porit of'fi&e
- Area in- acres
Maxm= depth. in ft.
Gaem fish in 7
l aelr -n o w 1
Fishi suitable
fo.r 'planting,
Ia-ke has outlet
,r. is lndlocked_'-
"Water is
Land cover o
_-surroumding lake o
-Swimming beaches' O
V
t
.
6,
ClamLake
10 miles
Ydir
so
10
13 ..."-
15 '"
L.M. ý.Bas
Perch
L.19 -B ]
eP
S.--.B t
L . M.-Ba~s
Sunf i SI
Perch "
L. M1. Bass
Sunfish -
adlocd
Clear
Very s~f t;
sor~
lardwood
orest- cl
Zeana
'C"r6e
prace 's amp
aood Ri r
I
SC J~nf oh.16 t
Brown
Medium
Scarce
I
I
Swamp, and*
young har'd-.
wood forest
-Bas
Basslack Duck Buftl
so
iardwood
A"
-~ ~ ~L.IChinppewa
35 15,163,22
Cl'in' QLJe Clam Lae
3 ,m ilep ' 6 rnule 8
Vait Fair'
264j
19 11 . . .. ...
ia-rdwood-
ore st- -
_135
L M B4 a~s s _
Porch
L.I. 14 r
I
m
i
N
22,
Clm1
;Id
Pergh
L. M_- Bass.
Landlocked.*
F, .. ,: . . .. . . .
lear
L . M.'Bass
"_S._ M. 7Ia~s
Bul lhea~
L. M5. Ba~ss
-S.- _K s
:L:andlocke'd
I
.
L. M. Bas 8
Sunf.i sh.."....
Perch-I
M. Bass
M. -Bas-ý:'
f 1, 134
ndlocked
Clear..
Sof t
J .....
?
air
Poor
oft,...... ..i. .
arq_ý,
ungS ......... 'l
Fairly . ....
7
B
J.
&
Town 43 North - Range 5 'Test
-
Tourist accommodatio Fair
oor
ood
Nm--t .:h~ pring- Hidden md~..771.
-Lake -in seetxiZ6h 33325 34~ 29, 30
and. posot-of~fi 6e 6-1e z5nlles 3 14lbi11 _an~lea,.
.5. ..les, es'
Acasib~i44ty -.-..-Good - Good., F1?~d ~f~ ai- Di
Ara -In ..re 15 643-4,lc
Mxm-dphiif--2LY 10 15.
lake now:ý -Bass~i~ Bevn e r6i -
Fis -sialeBs L. Mý Bass N7one IL -3La s Bss -
f or, plcM~n - ...ev-g S.ig~ 41 ýýs-Sif
take -has -ou--tle t O'Uitle't Lacakd Lnlq and.locked v Jdo-ac1ý!d
Ladoe
Ll.ri*6d andno''o*64
or is Tadocrd
-Water-is~ Clear~ Clear,- Clear - Cledr C~lear
Very,.i #Qf o Very-seoft Soft
Autc eeatt-A an - Abu~nda~a- S Ca;c a S $cace i- bao
Land cover,-- '~-pi-n andI'- pon~pple Poppo - pIu& - Hardwood"
Yo-unp op'le
surrounding'- -: I , 1QOd an4 'bP4w*ld . _Ld pig o Pe
l a k er e .f- o r sifr e t s o r
l a k -. ' t . 5-
SSwimuming beaches Fhr - air.: None- None., Fairi -
Touriwst acccxnmoda~iiox'Good F )air_. None - No ne..- None - 5oor
Namekagon1 Rocky Twins5
Spread ~across 29 17,2
township
Cable Cable Cable .
9 miles 9 miles 7 miles
Excellent Difficult Excellent
S3256 12 .S
46 30 15
L.& S.M. Bass- ass N. Pike
Muskelunge.. Snfish Sunf ish
Sunfish Perch Crap:pie ,
"N.& W.X. Pike B"llheaa-
Crappie'
W. E. Pike t M, 'Ba"ss L .-.Bass
Muiskelunge -- Sunf ish
Inlet " - loc- d Lanwoeced.-
* Outle,t'
Brown Clear Brown
Mte'diumwja~rd Very- spf t Soft
Abundant Scarce Abundant
Young hard- Young Hardwood
wood lpihe and hardwoo d pine forest
hardwood for., pine forest f .
"Excellent None Fair
"__E .xcellent None Fair
H~anson Murph2yt Is petty Price
* ." , , Pock t;,
Cable Cable Cable Cable
2miles 3 miles 1.5 mile " 1.5 miles
Fair Fair Good Good
30- - 14¢, SO S0 ..
31 .13: 1 16 -
L. M. Bass L. M. Bass LVM;. Bass L, ML. Bass
Sunf ish N. Pike W. E. Pike
* . Sunfish ,.Crappie
Per~ch Sunf i h
LM,-. Bass, L. M. Bas L. M. Bass
- *- -.Sunfish Sunfi sh
.Ladlocked Outlet Landlocked Landlocked
"016ar Brow, Clear Clear
Very soft Soft . " - Very soft Very soft
"Sarce Abundant'' Very Scarce
scarce .
Young po-pple Pine pine and Pine and
forrest forest. hardwood hardwood
".. forest forest
Fair None Good, Good.
Fair Fair Fair, ________
Town 13 North - Range 7 West
S.-'.... ,.,-----'---.-.---,--.--"-'...--- -.
'---I'.
.. 5..., I
Name of-lake
Lake in ~seCaotio.
Tradin~g pointv
'and -pst- of fiee-
Area' in~adre~s
Maximumz Aaptb. ii: ~tt
G am e f i sh -it
lake now
-- h 'si ta~ble
for plhnting'j'
Lake has outltes-t
or is IU1;Qnlafkmd
Wbator is
Aquatic~ vagetati qn
- 'and.-cover
surrounding,.
lake
Switriing beaches,
Rosa. -
Cab le~
2-ý5-, mi 1&e
33
S. YL. Bahs
Crappie
Suailf ish
Landl~bded
Moder~kt41y
*abundaný
Pine and
har~dwo~od
,forest,
Tair
li-z 1T.t - Rmw IVAFt
WYilliams
30i-- '--
S. ML. B a s
L. -M., Bass
La'ndID"1ed
very ao~t
Sca~rd-o
Pinean.
bhardw~oq.
foreStj
Fair
Cable K
Cab 1e,
.1. 5. mile a,:_
.GOO&
L.& S.M. :Pass
W. E.& N.' Pike
Crappla
Perch
Medium hard
*Youn-gl-pi~ae ax
poppla-foreel
.cedar awtmp -
Fair
enry Ole
j 27pZS
Milesmle
&'S'aN. Pike ,
unf ish I Sunf ish
1arnUjoc~rd Landlockea
9WnM Clear
dedium Very soft',
Scarce
pine. '44dL.
swa~j PoppIle.
-Pl o.__ fo~ut
IYone . _ I None
Thuri et accoinmodatic Fair Pair Gc Fod
Fair
Ip, YL N 7p
15,2
44
3 5........
5r
hardwoods,
Go
Tourist accommodatio.
Fair
L_
od
To tagetic.
22.3Q-31,332
7 Cable
8 miles..
560
6
Perch _. - -'
Bullhead.:*
!Tnlet
Outlet
Brown
Medium t
Abundant
SHardwood
forest and
swamp
None
Town 44 North - Range 5 West
Atkins
19,20
-Grandview*
'12 mi1eB
2o6
61-
L.&.S,M,1&?3as,
N. Pike
~S1nf ish
.Rock Bass
Perch
L. M. Bass
$. .-Bas ,
Sunf i sh
"-Outlet
Clear
Soft t
Abundant
Hardwood
forest.-
Good
Coffea.-.
13,241
Grandview
"114. miles
Poor -
120
16
L. 14. Bass
Perch.,
. .... ..Bass.... -
S. M. Bass
Sunf i h
'Green
iledium hard
A~bundanit
Young
hardwood.
forest
None
,.Taylor'- 7,
S30
Grandview.
13 miles
1214-
15
"N,, Pike
'Sunfish
;Bullhead.
L. M.13 Bass
-Crappie..
-Outlet-
Soft
Scarce
Your, popple
and. hardwood
forest
None
'Bass
241
Grandview
14 miles
Poor
so
33
N. Pike
sunf is1i
Perch
-Bullhead
-.I.Bass.
.Crappie "
Landlocked
.Clear
-Medium har~d
Abundant
Young popple
forest and
spruce swamp
None
*Club
13
Grandview
14 miles
.Poor
48
N. Pike
C.rappie
Perch
Sunf ish.
L'.O . Bas
Landlocked
'Clear
'Very soft
'Scarce
'Youn
hazrdwouod
forest-
None
.Cranberry
314. , ... + \ .. ... *
A8 miles
"go
19 -
;L.M . ýBajss ..
N. Pike
W. E. Pike
Crappie
Sunf i sh
.Outlet.
Medium hard ": "
Abundýf
and varied
Hardwood
brush
None
Town,44 North - Range 6 West
Fair
Good
Poo~rT.,
Namxe of lake fake in section Trding point and. post off~ice Access Iilility- Area in acres Maximum epth in ft-, lake now Ftshsuaitable for planting or is landlockefd" Wter i-s *Land 'cver surounding leake Swimm-ingz beaches Touriust accom~modation Crystal 32 Cable !10 miles-. 'Good !72 1. M tS. M . Bass Sunf i s !Rock Bass Perch L. . ;ass-: "!$un-ýish ,Landlced Xlear ,Young popple land hardwoo~d ,forest. - :Good Diamond 29,32 Cable. -10 miles '315 L.& S.M. B-asE lullhe'a W. Pike' 1Sunf.sh Perch M. B~4ass ms. il. 'Outlet, Clear Medium hard ou.on andd mature -po-Dols Good Jackson ;33 Cable 10 miles Grood,, 176 13 IL.& S.M.-Bass Muskelwse'. N.& WT.I. Pike :Crappie VW. E. Pike "~Clear Medium hard, and varied Young and Snatiwe pine, and. popple - *ILothing 21,22 ,Grandview .. *8 mile~s ,Fair ,140 141 tanTito cke . sClear .S carc ......... .Young popple forest TPorcupine 17,19,19-,20 G'randview 8 miles- 1Fair '159 L.& S.M. Bass N. Pike Sunf sh -7own -I Medium . and varied, hardwo ....., forest * 11oAor -. Good Good Good h'atr pair Trapper '26,27 Grandview 9 miles .Good 80 Bass N. Pike Sunfish ;Rock Bass Terch ;L. M. Bas . :S. M. Bass Sunfish Outlet Brown -Mediuia -7carce. Young- .ar.... -wood f ore-st clered.fland: Fair-.- -F ir ;Good Good ,Fair-. Good
Town 44 North - Range 7 West
eWst .Lake
Cable
11. miles
Fair
48
Bass
Sunfish
'Pefdh
.L. , Bass.
Sunfish
"Landlocked
Clear
.. . Soft . . . .
"Scarce
'Young popple
forest
None,
....None
Bass - East Mill Pond Mud 'North East
15 54,55 55 26,55 25,26
Drummond Cable Drummond Cable* Cable
*7 miles 6, miles .5mile 7 miles 8 miles
Fair * Good Good Fair
48 168 '80
26 19 Very shallow 7 59
BaSs Bass Bass
Sunfish Perch Sunfish
Perch "Perch
"Bullhead Bullhead
S. LM..Bass Should have Good for ducks. S. M. Ba s s
regulatory dam Coontail -should
and a planting be planted
_ .. ...___,___of -duck food 'Landloc e d
Landlocked Landlocked Outlet -Landlocked Landlocked
Clear Clear Brown Clear
Very soft Very soft 'Medium hard Medium hard Medium hard
Scarce Scarce carce Abundant Fairly.
" __, _...._____" abundant
Hardwood and Yo.ung.pine &. Young pine Young pine. Young pine
pine forest hardwood for. and hardwood and hardwood and hardwood
'
& cleared land forest forest forest
Fair Good None
.Fair Good Poor
-.1L
Name of lake Lnke in Section Trading point and post office Accessib~Iity Area in acros Maximum depth in ft. Game fish in lake now 1Drimmond .and Cable 5 .mniles Fish suitable for planting Lake has *- ... . .. or is landlocked Water is Aquatic vegetation Land cover surrounding lake Swimming beaches loiwiat d to T2 97O" Ex"e 1596 L. -M. Bass S!M. Bass * E. Pike Sunfish--,*"* S., M. Base, W. E. Pike . Crappie Ou2tlet C:Lear Medi, n b.ard ant and. varied Fineand hardwood forest-.. - Good... . North 'Bow 25 36 Diummond 10 miles Eass, R. Pike Perch None,' )utlet Browne - :" medium" hard" Cedai , ad t, m:d a-, d a sw.mp !'Ione .. 25 Cable 5 miles [Fair 1.S 45 Bass Sunfish L. M. *Bass Sunfish Landlocked -- Clear Very soft Scarce Youfsg- berdwood-. Wil *ir . _._ Cable vrmilesý o4 ... 25, T 'VIrm+ S.......... . " * ,L , A . 4 . . . " . . . . . . .C L 'L :: IUri 'll .l 7 . : . . . . . . .. " . . r" Bony- Druimndzi * -miie ' Good-...... 220-- -. - 54 - 5 miles Good 68 59 L. M. Bass N. Pike Sunfish L. M. Babs Sunf'ish Landloodkd Clear, Very'soft Scarce' Young, Mrd&'d6d, f,'rest i!.. I -' - , 1 ^ Btulieac L. M. Ba6s SunfiSh Lan~diocked Clear,. Very soft Scarce, , and hardwood fG(rest . -6 .. L. M. Bass SuPe sh P~erch L. 19. Bass.. S-..ass Sunfish Outlet'. Clear Medium hard Alnundant- and vaied Y o u n g i o ,p e . .. and ha-fdwood forest . Good" L2.M. Ba . Pike Cirappie Sunfish v,; , ý 7T __1 - - "I I ý44-ýý -ý;- R7-9 W
Paui~ Claire
--Lower
V:1, 5U
4
lau Claire'
IMiddle
5,1(, U
Dr'wximond
Eau Claire
'Upper
2,3,9,10,11
"" Druý=nond '''
15 miles
"Goo&
529i:
L. U. Bass
Sunfi sh
Rock Bass
Perch
Crappie
Outlet
Clear
" Medium hard
Abundant
....and varied
-Young piliei
6nd"hardwood
foresst
Good.
Excellent
Mad
3,14,9
])rumniond
1PLmiles"
Good
:L;.' S.M. Bass
N1SrW.E. Pike
-Sun1fish
Rock Bass
Perch
l; E. Pike
Crappie
Outlet
"Clear .
'Me ditt hard
Abundant
and varied
Pine and
",a~rdwood
forest-.
Good
Pickerel
4,5
Drummond"
13 miles
Good
osb.8
N. Pike
Sunfish
Rock, Bass
Perch
L.& S.M. Bass
L. M. Bass
S. M. Bass
Outlet
~tlear
Me64ium hard
Abundant
Iand varie.d
Pine and
hardwood
forest'
Good
Excellent
Robinson
3,4
Drummond
15; miles
Good
i1
L., M. Bass''
N. Pike
Perch
None
Outlet
Spring fed-
Me di-=m
Scarce
Y6ung pine
and popple
forest
None . . .
Drumnmond"
15 miles''*'
96
38.
L. U. Bass'
S. U. Bass
N. Pike
Crappie
Sunfish
L. U. Bass
S. M. Bass
Sunfish
Landlocked
Clear
Soft
Scarce
Scrub oak
brush and
small pine
Pair'
"Drunmond__ -
"15'miles
lair'
35
"LM M. Bass
N. Pike
Sunfish
ock Pýss
Perch & Crappie
L. M. Bass
S. M. Bass
Crappie
Outlet
Clear
Hard
Abundant
Young oak
,and jack pine
!Torest
Fair
F -'. 'r
Name o f lake' Smi th' Sweet
Lake in. zction .2 ,2 "
Trading point Drummond . I.." ond ... rummond.
and post office .. miles . 14miles 1 ,miles
Accessibility alir Fair Fair
Area in acres -O .' ' 6 20
Maximum d~epth, inft; 9 39 1
Game fish in L.& S.M. Bass Perch --o report,,
lake now N.& T%.E.Pike Sunfish-
" " Orappie.- "Crappie
Perch- L.& S.M. Bass
Fish suitable
for planting
Lake has outlet . Inlet --and Outlet - Lndloked ,
or is landlocked' outlet,,. 'Spring- lake
Spring lake
"Water is I S Clear clear 'ear.
"Medium h1ard Medium hard Very soft
Aquatic vegatat16n Abundant, Abundant Scarce
Land cover Young popple Scrub oak Young jack
surrounding lake forest and young pine, forest-
Jack pine
Swimming beaches None None None
Tourist accommoatjqo N... e... No..e
23 3-
Grandview 'Granaview .
8 miles_ 9 miles
Good.T.. Good
o " 35
-31 25
L. M. Bas L.M Bass
Orappie N. Pike :..
SE. Pike
Sunfish
* Perch
L. M-.. Bas L. M. Bass
S. M. Bass. Grappie
Landlooked .Outlet
Soft*. Medium hard
Fairly. Abundant
abundant,
Young Young popple.
popple forest and
forest swamp
Fair Fair
N,,one None
Armstrong
19,20
Drummond
3 miles
Fair..
69
.. 14 Bass
Perch
Sunfish
Landlocked
Clear
Very soft
Scarce
Young
hardwood
forest J
Fair
gone
T 9N- R7 T
Bass No. 1
21
Drumond
2 miles
"Fair
S. . .. . .... .. .. 8 8 . .. ... . . .
58.
Perch, ,
TLandlocked
Clear
Very soft
Sc,
Young -
ýhardwood
forezat
Fair
None,
Bass No. 2
20 - 21
Druammond.
3 miles.
Fair
48'
L. MA. Bass
Sunfish h.
Perch -
Landlocked
Clear
very-soft
Scarced
i Yo1ng"
forest+
Fc ir
NJ >-2 1
Bass No. 3 |
15 - 16
Drumxnoid
4 miles "
Fair
43
49
L. KM. ass
-N -Pi,' W . ...
Crapp'ie
Sunfish ....
Perchli
-S. M., ,B ss
Outlet
Green
Ha rd
and vwried
Popple :
brush
,None
None
Bass No. 4 IFlynn
15 . 30
Drummond
5 miles
Fair
-64 .. . .. .
24
L. M. Bess
N.Pike-
Crappie
Perch
Bullhied,
S. :M. Bass
O outlet
Brown
HT rd
Popple
-brush
Noneý
Drumriond
19 rni-es
Fair
74
19
Bass
SunfishP
Perch
La-ndlocked..
Cle-ar
Very soft
Scarce
Young oine
and hard-
wood forest
None
N one
Millpond
29 -32
Drummond
1 mile,
Good
80 ,. .
17
N. Pike-. 77-
Crapnie
Sunfish
Outlet
Green
Medium
ha rd
Abundant,
not vwried
Young poopTl
forest t.,nd
*brushf .........
None
None
Perch
5-8
Drummond
6 miles
Difficult
72ý
36
Bacss ...
Sunfish
Perch
Landlocked
CleSr
Scaree
Young
ho, r d
!forest.,
None-
INone
4
Name of lake Lake in section Trading point and post office Accessibility Area in acres Maximum depth in ft. Game fish in lake now Fish suitnble for plenting Lake has outlet or is landlocked rater is Aqup tic vegetation Lend cover surrounding lake Swimming beaches- Seven Star 7 Dr ur, moni 5 miles Difficult 80 Not sounded No report Landlocked Young ard" zod fore~st None 9,. 0.1!,15 Drun-mondt 5 miles Fair 320 27 L.& S. M. Bass N. Pike Crappie Sunfish Perch Inlet Cies r CKeCaum hrr1 Abundant and v;-rieo Har'dtwood oitd roppfle br-sh IAlil T 45 N - R 8 W T 45 N - R 9 W Pigeon 26,27, 54,55 Drummond 4 mjiles Good 150 19 Perch Rock Bass Crappie W. E. Pike L.& S. M. Bass Landlocked Clear Medium hard Scarce Young pine and hard- wood forest Fair Ellison Drummond 15 miles Good 95 17 L. M. Bass W. E. Pike Sunfish Perch L. M. Bass Landlocked Clear Medium hrard Abundant and varied Jack pine forest Good Good Good Island 7,8,17,18 Iron River 16 miles Good 11l 47 L. M. Bass Rock.. Bess Perch L. M. Bsss S. M. Bass Sunfish Landlocked Clear Soft Scarce Pine forest Good vQfl -- Tourist accommodation Non'e Kelly 23,26 Drummond 10 miles Good 56 14 L. M. Bass Perch None Lvnelocked Clear Very soft Scarce Young pine and popple forest I a./ % i¸ LGood,
Pil.:e 1 - t,-.tka,,kk
-14 m 14. -iles
S. . .. .....F -air. . ....- . :-,
. .. ....
Perchki :
.1 M.-Bass.
S. M. :Bss
.Landlocked.,
:Cltear'
Me....r
Oak .. uý3r. ....
Town 40 North - RJnge 7 West
Bass
28,29
Delta
2 miles
QQQd
Fair... ....
120
Sunfish.
Perch:
L. - M. Bas
Indocked
Cleanr
.Medi ,. ....
IAbuicadrht
Oak .brush..
Spruce....
swamp and
popple
.F ir
Nc. I Dime __ _______
Bull head
8
Deltv
Poo r o
L M, .B ss
'. E. Pike
Percoh
..Keep..,pike...
Landlocýked
Cl ef,: r
Very6soft
Scarce
None
ne
Bullheid
None,...
Lnndlocked
Very soft
Sca'rce"
Young. pine...
and. hardwood
forest
None
4
Young.
hardwood
forest
None
Delta
1.7918
Camp-I
4~ 15
Delta
Diff'icult-
64
5 5 -..
L. M. Bess
Sunfish ..
Perch
L. M. B-ss
Inlet and
jbutlet
Brown
Very, -sft
Scarce
Good
* ' , ' * ' . *
Young pine
"and hvrdwood
forest
Good
Ut.,~ nFa i r
4
A
(rA
very ii.iac.
50
56
LK M. BPýs
Sunfish
Lnndlocked
"Very, soft:
S.rce ,
272
58
BPS$
N., Pike
W. E. Pike.
Sunfish
Perch
Crappie
Outlet
clear
Medium hsr '
Abundant
-L-L
Good
Ti r
None.
Delta
Delta
"l mile
.?opple
brush
A
#one
Name of lake Lake in section Trading point Pnd post office Accessibility Area. in acres Maximum depth in ft. Game fish in lake now Fish suitable for planting Lake has outlet or is landlocked Water is Aquatic vegetation Land cover surrounding lake Swimming beaches Tourlst aocommodcation Dollar 8 Delta 1. 5 miles Fair 6 Not sound 4 Bass Sunfis" None Landlocked Brown Medium Abundant Young pine and hardwood forest None .-Fir Everett 18 Delta 1 mile Good 32 50 L. M. Bass N. Pike W. E. Pike Sunfish Perch L. M. Bass S. M. Bass La.nd9cked Clear Medium Abundrnt Pine- nd popple, forest Good - Fair Kern 27,54 Delta 4 miles Fair 136 14 Bass Perch None Landlocked Clear Very soft Scarce Popple brush Fair Fair Long 29 Delta 5 miles Fair 80 52 Bass W. k. Pike Sunfish Perch S. M. Bass L. M. Bass Sunfish Landlocked Clear Medium Abundant Hemlock and hardwood forest Fair Fair Pantheon 6 Delta 2 miles Difficult 54 58 Bass N. Pike Sunfish Perch L. M. Brss S. M. Bass Sunfish Landlocked Clear Very soft Scarce Young pine and popple .forest Fair None Fair . Private - Spring (private) 19,20 Delta 2 miles Good 214 10 Trout None Inlet and outlet, spring fed, fish hole Clear Medium hard Abundant Young pine and hardwood forest
In In a, al W. + ~4
Ttowfl 45 iorrUn - -, rI-
S.. ..iiBa swood . .
S. . . Delta-
5 miles
S. Goo.-
Bpss
--N-. 'Pic
Sunfi~sh
Perch
p
inlet and
butlet..
,,Spring fed
Medium bard
Ab,,dant
Young
hardwood
-7 forest
None
Bell
Del'ta"
Fair <
Bass
N. -Pikte -
Sunfish
-Perc~h,
L. M. Bass-
Stnti~sh
SLandlocked
Very soft
Scarce
Hardwood
ýbrush
Good
Canthook
eHapi,1e)
elta,
7 miles
Bas"
Perch
SM. Bass
SL 1M4 Bass.
tdlocked
-Clear
Soft
unfish
LM. Bass
S. M. Bass
3unfish
andockod.
Young pine
and hardwoo
forest
Fair
Fair
lurry.,
.e..a- -
m.&ýles,
Fair
15,
Bullhead
NPxnch & Muskie
Sunfih...
Crappie
U.& W.9. Pike
L..& S.M. Bass
W. E. Pike
Crappie.
Muskie
pnlet Pand
Outlet~
Clear-t -.
Medium hard.',
Abundfnt .
Young pine
and hardwood
forest
fair
Fair
Ai 77.
Crappie
Perhch
Crappie
Outlet
Clear ...
Medium hard
Scarce
Hardwood
forest
Fair
5, mile'
4o0d
N---
BPss
N. Pike
Go-ed,
OUT'le ý,
Name of lake Swede Trout
Lake in section
Tradingpoint..
and post .'Office
AccessibITU'.,t..
Area in arfed;
maximum, depth:in.. ft..
Gtowf fish in--.
lake now
Fish stittbl .
for ri6ltingt-I
Loke ish o Pt-ee .t :
or is:, 1rdlked
Water is
Aquatic vegetation
Lýnd aovoV'
surrounding lake
Siming- bekCheS-
12
e eta
Fela. ir. .....
Fair
48*
20 .
Sunfishb
Roek Bpss .
Pereh'
Ti.ocBnss
LaIorlockedý
leyt
Very. $oft,
Stzrtce
bHarduhod
brush
'Fair"
Steel head)
9
Delta'.._..
6 miles
7."
Basse !.... .....
PeroW
j, Brok
t.rdldocked
.Very. aoft
Scar ce
Hardwood,
brush.
None -.
T-46 N -j{B_9
East 8 Mile
54
Iron-,iver
14 . j . :
of pike
LqQdl.remowkl
Ltfdilo.Cked
Clear t
Soft
sca-e!
Y R 7 1W
leer Lodge
2
:ron River-
.. miles
0)ific~ilt
U. M ' Bass
'erch:
Lr. M.ý Bass
Landlocked
Very soft
Sca~re,
jaz'dwood
brush
None
XXILb Flar.L oneLL qoe
Snag
19
,10 ilesi . ...
Fair
Lý! vM Bass
Perch -
Liý M. Bass
tunfish
Landlocked
Very soft
"birish
None
I None
pider
L5,22
rPn River
L4"miIt'
Good
26, '
U- M, Bass
N. ,Pike..
W. E. Pike
Perch-
L.M. Boss
Landlocked
Very soft
9,"rce
Firh
Fa ir
dr
'n P
ouriit
-
N
C e,ý,tr
Cl1ear'
Tom l4T North -- Range 8 West
Twin --ea
,-.Tro.- "
E..l- miles
L. Me Bass
Z ;d~cked
Very soft
S#a "
axd ja6.c
pine fOrept
O.0: 4 :: :,:
Wntv
Angus
Bass
33
aZ,-n River
3 ,42Le .....
L. Ii. 'Bass
La Me, Bass
Landlocked
Clear
Very,-soft-
Young oak
.aad ja.k
pime- 'forest,
pair
Bismarck
1-9 - 30
Iron River
Landlocked
Clear
,Soft,
-Scareb
Young pine
and hardwvood
N~one- "-
F air
Bu.skoy
aL -
IrQ. River
Cilea-
1017
spuc
swamp a
:roo ed..
2.-36
195 5
L3.. " .Bass
N. Pike
Sunfish, Perch
-AAY ge~w fi sh
.istable for..
WbR iver,-ý,-
OutlO-t
olear
.oung. pine.
ndlardwood
$cst
Goodi
'ive
>52 7-
Iron'River.
Iates
Fr~. r ......
1t75-- .. .. .
NIot-Soune,.
Very'.: oft
-Scarce
Y otn pine
,and haidwoo(
.forest-
None .
AA , - . -
loner- .:
F124-2
I
i
Iron. 1v-, -a
Perch
Clear . .. -
Very sor t
o, .:ug "p"
azd& haj0'awd
f6rest
kone
X ie of, lake
Lce .In. -sectit
Trading point
and post office
Accessibility
Atrea in acres
Geaz fisla in .
liIIe nowZr -
!ish suitable
for -planting'
or is- t1ndlckvd
Water i s
AqWlac* vegetation
LImd cover-
Touri",t aceoma00dati on
Long Millicent
Izo ný River
U. miles
Pair
.r -. Pike
W. fo riem
Snnfish
S.", M* Bass
I1doc~ked
Cleax
Abau~dntr
Yo~ug oak a.A'
pine forest
21 - 22
Iron River
5 Jiles
53
La Ia
-An game fish
-dui tabl e for
White'River
.O~itlet
_Cear_
Medium
4ndt an -
fTtinig pine
andi hardwood--
fcrest
Good,
Rath Spider or
i ialenhoff
Moon
17,18
Iron River
I mile
19
Perch
~ .Bass
Sunzfi sh
dockued
Scarce
Young pine
end PoppeIO
1041est
Exdea lent
31
Iron River
6 miles - ee
3e ar
Very scift--:,_..
Scarce
Yug pine#
l ioced L .
18,19,20
Iron River
3 miles
Ss M...ss
N, Pi e ;-./*::
outlet
Clear
Id t
Scarce
you* popple,.
jleclk pine,$*
,cleared -Ind
fl .' .- - - -
Twin Bear
33#3~4
Iron FB±sr
9 mile s
Fair
200
Same As
.Baskey
See
-_Buskoey
Cutlet
Qoar
-Mdi~um bard
Abuzdant
Yquug pine
Srhardwood
$cost
Fair
4
North - Re 9 West T14&N-6I
Wiehe or
EBf1e
Young rl'n2
and h-f1_'iCr)Lw14
forest
Good
, , , & , , , ,
tal
LL s
Iron :Id ve
5 T
Fair
56
Same as
Millicent
"Se e Ia ..
Cu~tle4i
Clear
Med... L ba'rd
OuAe'datt
-And
rpC1O
Deep
io0-
A. Pike
W, E. Pike
Perch
.A2jz~dant
Iron
Iron liver-
3 n
Good-
,VL .. 2 -.-
Le M. Bass
N. Piloe
Sunfish
,Perch
"L. M. Bass
Ia,¶-aocked
0 -7 soft
SSca ce . ..
brush
Good
Pest house
3 ifes
2~40
' i;Bass
N. Pike
Sunfish
'Perch,
L. M.: Bass
Citldt..
Browm stain
.-SQEV.
Abundant..
popple
for est
Good--,-
Sun or
Hostrase r Is
59
L.M. ass
Perch
* -, 4. Bass
Cear
,Very L-soft*
Scarc
:Yojjtj pine,
d Lexdwoo&
onreot
NVone
Long-
- I
S miles
5 iies. -; ...
Fair
"15.
SCr a.i
SL,. aCi sh
Perch
L. M. Bass
Landlcoked
Viyg oft -
,Scarceg
Spopple.
f or . st
$
* . .. . . . . .
C) .. . -i n. 9_' West
,,r , ...j
, " I
_ 111- .. .. . . - ... . ... .
T 49 N - R 6 It
I
14 f1
I..: ; ..
23, 5
_19,
-1 8 .. ... .,-. ..... .
L. Me. Bpss.p
Sunfish
Perch
L. M.; Bas ' -
S. M. Bass
Cloar.
Scarce
"!o."k.." :- ...:
andjack pine
0fore t - , I ''
IT "M
f'oed"
Good
N ame of lako Lake in section Trading point and post office Acces sibility' Area in acres.' Maxia de pthe in ft. Gam fshtun lake now Wish-suitable for stlanting Lake- has outlet-__ or is lamMd1'cked Water is Aquatic Vegetation ..,land cover su~rrounding-lake Swimming, becE~s Tourist accommodation Toung pine forest Good None T 44$ N - R -7 T Bladder 31 Iron River $ mile a Tair L' M.' Bass Perch, Lo Me Bass Ijandl cked Clear Very -sft t Scare Twin 1ake 36 Washburn 10 -miles 70. Perch Lo I.Bass S. Mo -Bass Landlocked Clear, , Young. pine fZi- and -hardwood bnrsh None -Young popple -fatest None . Sone ,T_ 50 N - R,6 w Lenewee 21ý Iron liv er 15.-miles Fair~ 23.- t;: . Bass SoxTish Perch LoIS Bas s Landlocked Clear V&ry scf t Scarce hardwood forest None None Perch Cornucopia 5 miles Fair L.t. i Bass Perch L. 11 Bass Sunfish Landlocked Clear Very soft Scarce Young hardwood. -forest -and sDrace Swe=m) Good Good. Siskowit 20,21 Cornucopi. . 6 miles 46od...; 336 X.,IS. Bass Perch L9 Ma Bass Sunfish Slight drainage Brown stain ,Very soft Scarce I
LOD FOR IMCBRATION-
Land belongs to all the people. Where great groups of pe6ople moveA
intoci-ties t work, they soon
begin to real e.- a opothing.within. tbimis .calling-1forland. - It,.may-not.
be for the same king. of
land, but the call is, there. The rippling brook of childhood- beckons for
a ret "with "od and fly to
match wits with the wary -rout. The chattering sqtirrel in his forest haunts
gathering his winter's
food, is ever a lure to small boys wha seek his storage of nuts, and grown
men sometimes with guns
challenge his right to.,the. lad. ".'.The buadding willows by the road
side-to-the-family- Itak&ng a ride"
announce that spring has returned. Theo hiker seekg-thd :--ways with vine
grown fences and7 friendly
birds. Even chipmunks are friendlyr tosuch places.:. Cth.rs seek the high
lands where sight has faf
range. The clouds and the shimmering haze over distat fields, thý
cattle in the pastureos and fields
of growing grain are, restful to the eyes, that daily' 6tnre at columns
of figures, black and often red;
or in the grimy noir factory tire-keeping machines working and materials
in place. - -Sme 'distant lakes
the home of the loon, calls alikew' the family from the densely populated
city and isolate& farm, It is
their lake for the day. The row boat .carries young.-and old over the rippling
waters. Some follow the
loon; others row to ,he beds of ,Imase:i, weeds; and why? Youth auimaiden
seek the 'lily beds, where
immaculate blossoms of pure creaW. white ride the water*s As the sun slowly
drops from-sight aZd the
twilight deepens over the lilies,.the trumpet note of the bronzed 'X-rog
on a nearby.. lily pA, announces
that this is his hoe, and the lovers tzlk of their home which is .yet to
be. What is this-, but recrea-
tion of that in the lives of people, which combined, these people cherish,
almost a' -uch a's life itself.
The past century has led to a deniided landscape, erosion by wind and
water, a lowered water table,
streams and lakes drying up, and. the gmwral disturbance, of plant and animal
life. The- r6cent years have
sobered people, so that now we .re'not: .thinking of :taking and destroying
but of conseerig and improving#,
and public jorests in Wisconsin where -ttck trails, fire towerd, and telephone
systemsi-ow malm it
possible to conserve against fire; rescaie fish stranded-by, floods .in
bayous and. ,wales#..ýaj with hay
and grain, protect deer and birds- from-he rigors of, severe cold and deep
snow, are restoring our
recreational lands. -
We are nw-boccibmaniti"gtelli l -sbf ttre r ei 6inI
I W - iiio0ecreational
land use, todayAy a jp1Ie th -h1~~i
J d h63er habi'rea iis-conzerved and
managed by maii and kept" at its best-. ITh s s'ow beii dono in Bayfield
County.
- -JFORESTS ANID L.AKES,
The importance of a forzest cover in - lake region, an not be over emphasized*.,
becaus#. it makes the
lake region more attractive for ca . az4 le.sene' the. evaporation ot..water,
.ths- inrea i the supply for
_game#. ands les spne the evprtono...r'
n 6 *U
lakes. This is particularly true in sandy regions, where many lakes have-driled
up. enti-rly. The thousands
of lakes remaining in Minnesota, Wiscqnsn and MichMoffer a variety of environments
for fish and game.
Observation of dacks on lakes indicate that the presence of cover, such as
sedges, rushes and wild rice is
as important for attracting ducks as is food. Some aquatic plants such as
wild rice furnish both food and
protection. Many lakes possessing abundant duck foods, such as the numerous
pond woods are not good duck
lakes because these plants do not furnish the necessary cover.
Lake improvement work on the following lakes in Bayfield County
is reported
_ by State wid Yedral lake.' Improvement Agencies.,
......... ..oved Sect on .,T wn an.d ý I a .
...ltP
.. ... .. . .. . . 16.- " BB . , .. -
R".th . 31"_La4 N. 1 -101.. ..: - -.0 "
.
SJe "Lakb 14 ... .. . - . .. go- 22 3. .
. . 23 125, 73 .250.
* .ý e 4N3q 7w *.2
..4W'' -34
Twi Be5 26 ,125:15
-...4.. .. ' 21 .3-. T.' 2- m
- . - .. S wJn -,ig e . . ... . . -.jii: p t stiobam ir r V om e u
Flork . hou
Nam-k'go :6 41N : "v -8 - -40-
Sso-2 -4~d 1o6,sosi.-
5Y 7-W.
UpperEau laii65N 9
.BAYFIEID- COUNTY
See "Deer Hunting in Bayfield County." Irven 0. Buss.
Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, February, 1911.
Vol. VI, No. 2. pp. 27-29
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T. 51N. R.frjW.- 1928.
- T51N R7W
IV,-
4'
Legend
Upad FEwl-d-
O Mile I
- Land Cover - I
--Cover Boundor4 A4-Tog-alderWillow, - Roads and Improvements -
--Shore I
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. 'W'
BogShoi
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or I-E--
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bonk Ii
some Conifers D4.Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road ,
Flat,du
CI-Popple withsome Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.e
White Birch 05-Recent Burn ....-Trail Il School St-Shoal
0l-Scrub-oak(most- O-Open Land (No Occupied House *JRural Church G
-Shoal
IlScarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House VPost Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm rSurnmer Home *ISummer Hotel C
- Shoal
El- R n-cherrg Crop Land ' TelephoneLine _-_ Power Line Y
-Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land +k++ Railroad -:'L Along Road b-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - -÷ Abandoned Railroad
R -Shoal
BZ-White Pine PP-Permanent Posture A Fire Tower c Saw Mill
C2-Norwa4 Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store ICreameru -
Aqua!
DO-.TacK Pine CO-Urbon Propertl; Logging Camp it Cheese Factorg P-Plonkt
A3-BlacKAshMape f-Commercial Ordhrd SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAbatWon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover F'P-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar edFarm Land o-3 A SP-Submei
C-Tamrack n of Stand 36Dameter Class
Density 6-1Z for Area, in Inches. EP-Rooted
O3-Spruceoko Waik] Fair Mi~um 1gr Etc.)
or Eme
WsDc0pt-of Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and Nat. Historqj SorveN.
N
mad Lae and
ban L. rid pin Pod
Lake Mapping -
Line L - Lake
re Line P- Beaver Pond
loft.wide -[. Bathing Beach
Oft, highle-
e to water recession 75ft
3ank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, GravellJ
Bottom, Stony
tic Veqetation -
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
lWater Plants with floamnc
rged Stems and Leaves.
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.N.R.5W. - 1928.
N
LCqnliU
oetwland
Fores I I Forest j
SLand Cover
.. -Cover Boundarl
Al-Hordwood w;th
some Basswood
B1-Hardwood with
some Conifers
C1-Popple with some
White Birch
DI-Scrub-oak (nost-
1qScarlet) and
some Red Maple
EI-Pin- cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
5?2-White Pine
C2-Norwoy Pine
DZ-3aeK Pine
A3-Black Ash, Maple
and Elm
53-White Cedar
C3-Tamaraook
03-SpruceElnowatdi-
A4-Tog-alder.Willow,
Red Dogwood, etc.
B4-Cat-tail Marsh
C4-Grass Meadow
DILeather Leaf
Bog
DS-Recent Burn
O-Open Land (No
forest growth)
C- Cleared Farm
Crop Land
C-Farm Crop Land
with stumps
PP-Permaofent Posture
aP-Stump Pasture
CY-Urban Propertj
I'-Commercial Orchard
A-Idle orAbandon-
ed Farm Land
Densitg of Stand
Fair Medium Poor
0 Mile
-Roads and Improven
- Improved Gravel
Crushed Stone R
Improved Dirt F
Unimproved Dirt
Trail i Schoo
l Occupied House Rural C
0 Unoccupied House Post Of
GlSummer Home 6Summer
Telephone Line s-s- Powe
+4.+ Railroad 12*5 Alor
- - - Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower ic Sw M
Rural Store I pCreamn
* Logcjing Camp F8Cheese
Diameter Classes of Forest
3-b 6 Average Diameter C
6-Ez ( for Area, in Inches.
Etc ..
Wisc.Deptof Agriculture in cooperation with the
nents
Sor
oad
Road
Road
hurch
fice
Hotel
r Line
ig Road
1ill
Facto rg
Cover
loss
- Lake Mapping -
-nore Line L-LaKe
-Shore L ine, L. - La ke.
-- BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
Az_ Strand lOft.wide -1-w Bathing Beach
.0
'- Bank toft.high
,Z9 Flatdue to water recession 75ft,
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B-Shoal Bottom of Muck
C - hoal Bottom of Clao
Y-Shoal Bottom of Sand
b -Shoal Bottom, Gravellh
R-Shoal Bottom, Stong
- Aquatic Vegetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP-Submerged PondWeeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floating
or Emerqed Stems and Leaves.
Geol. and Hat. History Survey.
I,'
I
I
J & d
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.52N.R;W. - 1928.
T5IN R3W
T52N R3W
Sec,31
NUPLAKE
f~SUPERIOR
I,
LAKE
SUPERIOR
I'
k
Upad FT nd
FForest
-Land Cover -
"* *-L~over tiounolaryj
Al-Hardwood with
some Basswood
BI-Hardwood with
some Conifers
CI-Popple with some
White Birch
DI-Scrub-oak (mst-
I4 Scarlet) and
some Red Maple
El-Pin- cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
82-White Pine
C2-Norwaj Pine
D2-3Jack Pine
A3-Black Ash, Maple
and Elm
B3-Wh'te Cedar
C3-Tamaraek
03-Sorulee[i=uat wk1
o Mile
I,
A*-Taq-alder-,Willow, - Roads and Improvements - - S--Shore I
Red Oogwood, etc, . Bo4Sho,
B4-Cat-tail Marsh I Improved Gravel, or 112- Strand
C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road ýt Bank IC
D4.Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road _1 Flat, du
Bag Uhimproved Dirt Road wide. E
DS-Recent Burn ---- Trail i School St-Shoal
O-Open Land (No IOccupied House *Rural Church G -Shoal
forest growth) OUnoccopied House iPost Office B -Shoal
C- Cleared Farm 12Summer Home GISummer Hotel C -Shoal
Crop Land 'Telephone Line Power Line Y-Shoal
3A-Farm Crop Land 4+-+ Railroad -=*= Alongj Road b -Shoal
with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R -Shoal
PP-Permanent P6oture A Fire Tower Saw Mill
dP-Stump Pasture I Rural Store IeCreamerg - Aqual
CV-Urban Propert4j * Logging Camp IICheese Factory P-Planktc
Y( Commercial Orchard SA-Submen
A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwei
ed Farm Land 0-3 'PSum
Density of Stand 3-6 Average Diameter Class SP-Submer
6-IZ (for Area, in Inches. EP- Rooted
Fuuir Medi.m d ...n t. .. * Iil
Wisce.Uptof Agric ulture in cooperation with the Geol. and Nat Historij 5urver.
Lake Mapping -
Line L - Lake
re Line tBP- Beaver Pond
lOft.widel-e- Bathing Beach
Oft.high
e to water recession 75ft
sank l0ft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
.ic Vegetation -
on (Lake Bloomning
ed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
T5ZN R4W
N
K
I
Fcir
Ur
I -
A I t i t J r
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.. WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.,51;N.R.4W. - 1928.
Le9ena
Lowlnnd
a n
5Tlr at I Frs Vm
~bnLn bd
0 Mile I
- Land Cover -
.-CoverBoundar4 A4-Tag-alder Willow, - Roads and Improvements -
- Shore
At-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc- w
BogShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or -.-
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road 0
Bank to
some Conifers D4,Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
Flaatdu
CI-Pipple withsome Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. E
White Birch D5-Recent Burn -- - Trail i School St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-ook(rost- O-Open Land (No iOccupied House JRural Church
G -Shoal
Iy9corlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House VFPost Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm Q*Surnmer Home Q Summer Hotel C
-Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land - Telephone Line I-=- Pbwer Line Y-Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land 4w+ Railroad e Along Road b
-Shodl
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
B2-Wh ite Pine PP-PNrnanent Pasture t Fre Tower l Saw Mill
CU-Norwag Pine AP-Stump Posture 0 Rural Store IlCreamerg -
Aquag
DE-TacK Pine CV-Urbon Propertjj * Logging Camp INCheese Factorg P-Planktt
A3-BlackAsh, Maple 'f-Commercial Orchard SA-Submeri
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
83-White Cedar ed Form Land 0-3 S-um
3-6 Average Diameter Class SP-Submer
CQ-Tamarack Density of Stand 6-1Z for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Sprucet" whab] Failr MSeum Wr lit..)
or Eme
Wiscept.of Agriculture in cooperotion with the Geol.
end Nat. Hi'storg 5urve.
Lake Mapping -
Line L- Lake
e Line BP- Beaver Pond
lOftwide l-e- Bathing Beach
ft.high I
e to water recession 75ft
lank lOft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clav
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
Jed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
S*ter Plants with floating
rgjd Stems and Leaves.
N
'I
K
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY--BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.50N. R.6W. - 1928.
N
I)
11%
Legend
F-Gp-onF Lwad
- Land Cover -
-.-Cover Boundargj A4-Tag-aldertWllow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Oogwood, etc-
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail harsh
EI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf
C1-Popple with some Bog
White Birch D5-Recent Burn
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No
IjScorlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm
El-Pin-cherrig Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
BZ-White Pine PP-Perm.nent P'sture
C2-Norwaoj Pine AP-Stump Pastur
DZ-3acK Pine. CY-Urban Propert4
A3-BlickAsh,Maple I-Commercmil Orchdrd
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamarack Densitg of Stand
D3-Spnxefwosbtik= l Fair M lum Pr
0 Mile I
-Roads and Improvements-
z Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
- - - Trail i School
mOccupied House 6 Rural Church
DUnoccuped House qPost Office
1S nmer Home USummer Hotel
' Telephone Line =-- Power Line
SRailroad - Along Road
. Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower i-.Saw Mill
1 Rural Store Ij Creamern
A Logging Camp wICheese raotorqj
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
°-6 Average Diameter Class
6-Eti1 for Area, in Inches.
Ltc.. )
SLakes and I
Ponds
- Lake Mapping-
- Shore Line L- Lake
W BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
AE- Strand lOft.wide --w Bathing Beach
to
ý Bank oft. high
,- Flat,due to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank loft, high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C -Shoal Bottom of Clao
Y - Shoal Bottom of Sand
b -Shoal Bottom, Gravelkj
R-ýhoal Bottom, Starn
- Aquatic Vegetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP-Submerged Pondweeds
EP-Rooted Water Plants with floatim
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY - BAYFIELIJ CO.. WISCONSIN.
rnpr qT AKin rnpM rn\/FR MAP - Tr kAl RP r/ - IQ7R
Legend
SL-a-ke-s and7_
I PondsI
0 Mile I
SLand Cover- -
-
"-.-CoverBoundaroj A4-To9-alderWillow, - Roads and Improvements
*-Shore I
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, ett. 4W
BogShoi
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Z Improved Grovel, or
t- Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road -
Bank II
some Conifers D0-Leorther Leaf Improved Dirt Road
Flat,ldu
CI-Pepple withsome Bog9 Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.E
White Birch D5-Recent Burn - - - Trail lI School
St- Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak(most- O-Open Land (No IlOccupied House JRural Church
G -Shoal
1lScarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House ViPst Office
B -Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Form WISummer Home Gl Summer Hotel
C - Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land 'Telephone Line - Power Line
Y - Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land 4++4++ Railroad Along Road
b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-Permanent Pasture A Fire Tower I*-Saw Mill
CZ-Norwag Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store IrCreamern
- Aquai
DZ-JacK Pine CV-Urban Propertg * Logging Camp IJCheese Factorg
P-Plankt
AM-BlackAshMaple I'-Commercial Orchard
SA-Submer
and Elm A-IdleorAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
FP-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 SP-Subme
3-Tamaraek Oensit4 of Stand 3-6 Average Diameter Class
C3-Tarucem~ora Dnst o t 6-lZ for Area, in Inches.
EP-Rooted
D3-Spru.noLe ] Fair Mjum .r Etc-
or Eme
WiscDept o Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and riot. Historg Surveg.
Lake Mapping -
Lne L -Lake
re Line BP- Beaver Pond
10ft.wide -9- Bathing Beach
ft. high
'e to water recession 75ft
3ank loft. high,
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck.
Bottom of Clau
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellg
Bottom, Stong
tic Veqet ation
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rg ed Pondweeds
\ Water Plants with floiainc
rged Sterns and Leaves.
N
IT__1 Id__
I
I
TL
P] FF-d,.
I Ur
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.5ON.R.1W - 1928.
o, 03
Legend
0 Mile I
"-'.-Cover BoundarJ A4-Taq-aldertWiltow, - Roads and Improvements
- Shore
At-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. -ow
Bo9Shol
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Z Improved Gravel, or 2P-
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road 1
Bank I1
some Conifers D04Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road 1.9,
Flat,du
CI-Pepple with some BoS ==== Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. 8
White Birch D5-Recent Burn Trail lI .chool St-Shoal
OI-Scrub-oak(nost- 0-Open Land (No NOccupied House iRural Church G
-Shoal
1yscarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House Post Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm GISummer Home Q Summer Hotel C
- Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land A Telephone Line Power Line Y -
Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land '+ Railroad -a*u Along Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps . . . Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-Permonent Fsture As Fire Tower l-- Saw Mill
5 Ca
CZ-Norwag Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store IMCreamerg -
Aqual
D0-3acK Pine CV-Urban Property 4 Logging Camp i.Cheese Factory P-Plankt,
A3-SlackAshiMaple Y-Commercial Orchard SA-Submen
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Ouckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 Averae Diameter Class SP-Subme
CS-Tomaraek Den~itgof Stand 3-6
ZDensity for Area, in Inches. EP-Rooted
03-Sporuce[lstl. o Fair Medmm P Et.r For F
Wisc.Detof Agriculture in tooperation with the Geol. and Nat. Historq Surveq.
ILakes and
. Ponds
Lake Mapping -
.ine IL-Lbake
e Line LP- Beaver Pond
iOft.wide[- -w Bathing Beach
oft. high 1
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft. hiqh.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stonv
.ic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
Jed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
#a*ter Pants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
N
ii..
)
Lowland
Forest
- Land Cover- I . -
'I
I
If,
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.49N.R.9W. - 1928.
N
Legend
I Forest - - Snnds
0 Mile I
- Land Cover -
"-"-Cover Boundarg A4-Togj-alderWillow, --Roads and Improvements
- - Shore L
Al-Hardwood with RedDogwood, etc. __W
BogShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or -ti-
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road ý
Bank 10
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road Z9
Flat,du
CI-Popple with some Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. 8
White Birch OS-Recent Burn ---- Trail iI School St-Shoal
Dl-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No mOcizupied House lRural Church
G -Shoal
IqjScrarlet)and forest growth) OUnoccupied House RPbst Office B -Shoal
somen Red Maple C- Cleared Form GSummer Home GSoSummer Hotel C -
Shoal
El-Pin-cherrij Crop Land Telephone Line - Pbwer Line Y -
Shoal
AZ'Hemlock with CA-Farrn Crop Land + Railroad J Along Road b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
BZ-White Pine PP-Permanent Pasture A Fire Tower Saw Mill
CZ-Norwaq Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store P =Creamery - Aquat
D0-JacK Pine CV-Urbon Propertj * Logging Camp ICheese Factory P-Planktc
A3-BlacKAsh, Maple Y'-Commercial Orchdrd SA-Submern
and Elm A-Idle orAbdndon- Diameter Cldsses of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
B3'White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 Averae Diameter Class
C3-Tarnaraok Densitof Stand 3-6 rP-SRomed
D3-T aruc ensityl Mack)nd 6-1Z for Area, in Inches. EP-Rooted
D3-Spnuceoouudi] Fair Medium Poor -to.) or
Eme
wtisc.Dept of Agricultre in cooperation with the Goel,
and Not. Histori .Surveg.
Lake Mapping -
Line L- Lake
re Line BP- Beaver Pond
lOft.wido - Bathing Beach
ft. high
e to water recession 75ft
lank l0ft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
Jed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
-ged Pondweeds
\,*ter Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
)
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.49N. R.6W. - 1928.
N
Leglend
'F_ -IFLE1ad - -
- Land Cover -
"-'-Cover Boundaro A4-Tog-aldeWillow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc..
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D04Leather Leaf
CI-Popple with some Bog
White Birch D5-Recent Burn
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No
lScorlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm
El-Rn-cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
82-White Pine
C2-Norwaq Pine
DZ-Jack Pine
A3-Black Ash, Maple
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C.3-Tamnarack
03-Spruiaii"hIwk)
Crop Land
A-Frarm Crop Land
with stumps
PP-Permoment Posture
AP-Stump Fsture
CV-Urban Propert4
'l'-Commerciel Orcherd
A-Idle orAbcandon-
ed Farm Land
Densit, of Stand
Fair Medium Poor
0 Mile I
-Roads and Improvements -
Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
- ....Trail II School
IOccupied House 3 Rural Church
Unoccupied House Post Office
*Sumrnez Home Summer Hotel
' Telephone Line I Power Line
EM,+ Railroad 2±-0 Along Road
- - - Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower l* Saw Mill
* Rural Store liCreamer4
: Logging Camp MiCheese Factorj
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
0-3
3-6 Average Diameter Class
6-iz (for Area, in Inches.
Etc..
FLakes and 7
1 Ponds
-Shore L
-,,w BogShor
-*0- Strand I
SBank 10
SFlat,dui
wide. B
St- Shoal
G -Shoal
B -Shoal
C -Shoal
Y - Shoal
b -Shoal
R -Shoal I
- Aquat
P-Plankto
SA-Submerq
FP-Duckwee
S P- Su bner
EP- Rooted
or Emei
Wis.Dept, of Agriculture in cooperotion with the Geol. end Not, Historq Surve4.
Lake Mapping-
ine IL-Lake
e Line BP- Beaver Pond
Oft.wide['..r Bathing Beach
fL high
e to water recession 75ft
ank loft.hiqh.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clay
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
ic Veqetation
n (Lake Blooming)
ed Aljal Vegetation
Id and like Plants
ged Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
K
ii
I
I'
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.49N. R.5. - 1928.
N
/i
K
Legend
0 Mile I
SLand Cover Y-
.-L-overuounaargj AR-iag-oiaerw, wH1ow, - Roads and Improvements
- Shore
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. Pw
BogShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Gravel, or t-
Strand
B1-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank 10
some Conifers D4,Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
Flat,du
Cl-Popple withsome Bog === = Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. B
White Birch DS-Recent Burn - Trail School St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak(most- 0-Open Land (No 111Occupted House Rftural Church G
-Shoal
ly5cartet)and forest growth) r'1Unoccupied House VPost Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm 0 uSmmer Home Q Summer Hotel C
- Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land ' TelephoneLine =-=" Power Line
Y - Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with Ct-Farm Crop Land *i. Railroad e-"'e Along Road
b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps ",-++ Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal I
82-White Pine PP-Permnahent Ptsture A Fire Tower Saw Mill
3 1
CU-Norwaij Pine AP-Stump Posture U Rural 5tore IUCreamerq, -
Aqual
DZ-3acK Pine CV-Urban PrFpert4j * Logginq Camp I ECheese Factorj P-Plankto
A3-Black Ash, Maple 'r-Cominercial orchord SA-Submen
and Elm A-Idle orAbaldon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe;
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 ý Average
SP-Submer
C3-Tomaraek Ontqof Stand 3-6 AeaeDiameter Class E-Roe
3-TDensityo t 6-1Z (for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
O3-Sprce~w.lietl Fair Medium Poor ctc.
or Eme
ad Laends
Lake Mapping
ine L- Lake
'e Line IBP- Beaver Pond
lOft.wideI.- Bathing Beach
ft. high
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelltj
Bottom, Stony
it Vegetation
in (Lake Blooming)
3ed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
'ged Pondweeds
%*ater Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leavea.
WiscDept.of Agriculture in cooperotion with the Geol. end 114t. Historgj
Surveg.
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.TN. R.4W. - 1928.
V
N
)
[TT1
LJZJ
I
I
cegena
- - I Les and
- -ra -ad I Ponds
0 Mile I
- Land Cover --
"'"-Cover Bounclary A4-Tag-alderWillow, - Roads and Improvements
- --Shore
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwoode4tc- -
BogShor
some Basswood 84-Cat-tail Marsh Z Improved Gravel, or A-
-Strand
B1-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road '
Bank I0
some Conifers D4.Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road ,
Flat,du
CI-Popple withsome Bog - == = Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. E
White Birch 05-Recent Burn -- - Trail &I School
St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak (nost- O-Open Land (No *=Occupied House Rural Church
G -Shoal
1l9Scarlet)and forest growth) OUnoccupied House Fbst Office 8
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm U Summer Home Summer Hotel C
- Shoal
EI-Ain-cherry Crop Land ' Telephone Line Power Line Y -
Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land - Railroad - Along Road b
-Shodl
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
BZ-White Pine PP-Permanent P6store A Fire Tower p ,Saw Mill
s uc
CZ-NorwaH Pine fiP-Stump Pasture 8 Rural Store xCrean-
Aqual
DE-aocK Pine CV-Urban Propert4 A Logging Campin Cheese Factory P-Plonkt
A3-BluckAsh, Maple Y-Commercial Orchoni SA-Submen
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Cldsses of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 3 Avera Diameter Class SP-Subme
QC-Tamarack Densiti of Stand 3-6 Are ia C lass EP-
Rooted
Density6-12 (for Area, in Inches.
03-Spruceq wask] Fidr Me ium Etr tc.)
or Eme
WiseDeptof Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
nd Noat, Histori Surveg.
Lake Mapping
sine L - Lake
*e Line BP- Beaver Pond
10ft.wide -e- Bathing Beach
ft.high I
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clay
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
ged Pondweeds
'Mter Pants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
5d0
M
L= T4AN R4W
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.48N.R.9-W. - 1928.
N
Legena
Upland - -Lakes and
- -ostds
0 Mile I
. "-CoverBounaarj A4-Tabg-aldelWillow, - Roads and Improvements
- - nore t
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. .
BoShoe
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or A
Strand
10
BI-Hardwood with C4-Gross Meadow Crushed Stone Road ý
Bank to
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road ,71
Flat,du
CI-Pbpple with some Bag ==== Unimoproved Dirt Road
wide. E
White Birch D5-Recent Burn ---- Trail I School St-Shoal
Dl-Scrub-oak(riost- O-Open Land (No flOccupied House Rural Church G
-Shoal
lyscorlet)and forest growth) OUnoccupied House VPost Office B
-Shoal
some IRd Maple C- Cleared Farm GlSummer Home GlSummer Hotel C
- Shoal
El-PMn-cherry Crop Land ' TelephoneLine - Power Line Y
- Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land - Railroad -=' Along Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoal
BZ-White Pine PP-Permanent Posture A Fire Tower ia Saw Mill
C2-Norwaq Pine lIP-Stump Posture U Rural Store ICreamern -
Aqual
DZ-JacK Pine CV-Urban Propertj * Logging Camp il Cheese Factory-
P-Plankti
A3-BlacKAsh,Moaplc Y-Commercial Orchard SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 A i SP-Submel
C3-Tamaraok Oensitl of Stand 3-6 Average Diameter Class
De y6- for Area,in Inches. EP-Rooted
Lake Mapping -
Lin L- Loe
re Line BP-Beover Pond
lOft.wide --w Bathing beach
oft.high
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Claog
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellg
Bottom, Stong
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
"rgd Pondweeds
SiWater Plants with flootinc
rged Stems and Leaves.
Wist[ptof Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol, and Not. Historil Surveg.
K
/,
- Land Cover - V -
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.,WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.48N.R.8W. - 1928.
N
K
Legend
- Land Cover -
-.-Cover Boundarn A4-Tag-alderWillow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.-
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
81-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf
C1-Popple with some Bog
White Birch D5-Recent Burn
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No
l9jScarlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Form
El-PRn-cherrJ Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farni Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
Be-White Pine PP-Permanent Pestute
CZ-Norwag Pine AFP-Stump Pastvre
DZ-JaocK Pine. CV-Urban Propert4
A3-BcKAsh, Maple Y-Commercial Orchard
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamarack Dsnsit, of Stand
D3-Sprtenieoxujti k &Ibdi] r MAImm Pjgr
o Mile I
-Roads and Improvements
Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
Traill i School
IHOccupied House lRural Church
DUnoccupied House FbPost Office
GOSumnmer Home Q Summer Hotel
Telephone Line = Power Line
+4+ Railroad - Along Road
- - - Abandoned Railroad
, Fire Tower M.Saw Mill
Rural 5tore ICreamery
* Logjing Camp IUCheese ractorg
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
o-6 ' Average Diameter Class
6-az for Area, in Inches.
Etc.)
LFJ Lakes !ondssn
- Lake Mapping -
-Shore Line L - Lake
. BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
A*- Strand l0ft.wide --w Bathing Beach
10 Bank i0fthigh I
L9 Flatdue to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C-Shoal Bottom of Clay
Y - Shoal Bottom of Sand
b-Shoal Bottom, Gravelly
R-S ýhodl Bottom, Stong
- Aquatic Vegetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP- Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floatinc
or Emeraed Stems and Leaves.
I
I
Lowland
Forest
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.. WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.48N.R.7W. - 1928.
L~eaena
- Lo- -n--
0 Mile I
- Land Cover --' -
--CoverBouncdar A4-Tag-alderWwlllow, - Roads and Improvements -S hore
L
Al-Hardwood with Red oogwood, etc.
40 BogShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or
e Strand I
B0-Hardwood with C-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank to
some Conifers D0,Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
, Flatdu
Cl-Pipple withsome Bog Unimproved Dirt Rood
wide. B
White Birch D5-Recent Burn - - - Trail li School
St-Shoal
Dl-Scrub-ock(rost- O-Open Land (No SlOccupied House lRural Church
G -Shoal
lj&Jcrlet)and forest growth) OUnoccupied House lPost Office
B -Shoal
sonme Red Maple C- Cleared Form 2 Summer Home 91 Summer Hotel
C - Shoal
El-PRn-cherry Crop Land '" TelephoneLine _ Power Line
Y - Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land t"- Railroad 2'±0 Along
Road b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal
52-White Pine PP-Prman"et Pasture A Fire Tower la Sow Mill
C2-Norwao. Pine AP-Stump Posture U Rural Store llCreamerij
- Aquat
D2-3acK Pine. CY-Urbon Propert4 t Logging Campri Cheese Factortj
P-Plankto
A3-Black8Ash, Maple Y-Commerciail Orchard
SA-Submerq
and Elm A-IdleorAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
FP-Duckwei
B3-White Cedr ed Form Land 03-6 Averagje Diameter Class
SP-Subme
C3-Tamoarak Densitq of Stand 6-6Z for Area, in Inches.
EP- Rooted
03-Sprucet]oseqlok Eir Medium Pr 6-1 fo
or EmeI
, -. in -p t -
W1scept-of Agriculture "in cooperation with the.
Geol. and Nat. Historg Survetj.
hd ILakes and
b n Ponds
Lake Mapping -
.ine L - Lake,
e Line 1P- Beaver Pond
IOft.wide[ - Bathing Beach
ft high I
e to water recession 75ft
ank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Much
Bottom of Claoj
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Grovelli
Bottom, Stong
Lic Vegetation -
in (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
led Pondweeds
Water lrants with floatin
rqed Stems and Leaves.
N
I
I
i
I U
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.48N.R.6W. - 1928.
Legend
p Lowland
Lakes
Forest I I Und
0 Mile I
SLand Cover --
- Lake -opping
" --CoverBoundar g A4-Tag-alder-,Willow, - Roads and Improvements
Shore Line L- pLnkg,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etrc. 0.
BogShore Line IP- Beaver Pond
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Grovel, or A'-
Strand tOft~wide[ Bathing Beach
10
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road I-
Bank iofthigh
some Conifers D4,Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road J7.
Flot,due to water recession 75ft
CI-Popple with some Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.Bank loft.high.
White Birch DS-Recent Burn -- -- Traill I School St-Shoal
Bottom with Debris
OI-Scrub-oak(most- O-Open Land (No *1Occupied House JRural Church
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
14Scorlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House iPost Office 8
-Shoal Bottom of Muck
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm U Summer Home GilSummer Hotel C
-Shoal Bottom of Clao
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land ='Telephone Line - Power Line Y-Shoal
Bottom of Sand
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land +-s* Railroad - Along Road b
-Shoal Bottom, Gravelly
Hardwoods with stumps ÷÷÷ Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal Bottom, Stong
B2-White Pine PP-Permoanent Pasture A Fire Tower F.- Sow Mill
CZ-Norwagj Pine IP-Stump Posture Rural Store IrCreamrer -
Aquatic Vegetation -
DZ-3"ack Pine CV-Urban Propert4 k Logging Camp JJCheese Factorg
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
A3-BlacKAsh, Maple Yl-Commermiol Ordard SA-Submerged
Algal Vegetation
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckweed
and like Plants
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 SP-Submered
Pondweed3
C3-Tamarack Desity of Stand 3-6 Average Diameter Class
&-iz (for Area, in Inches.
EP-Rooted Water Plants with floatinv
D3-Sprucef.tN Not] 6jar f.lgUim Wr Etc.)
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
Wisc.Dept of Agriculture in cooperation with the
Geolt. snd riot. Histortl Surveil.
N
)
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.48N.R.5W. - 1928.
N
I,
Legend
Lowland
I Forest
Lakes and
Ponds
0 Mile I
- Land Cover - I ye
-
"--CoverBoundaorgjA4-Toaq-aldeir,Willow, - Roads and Improvements -
-- Shore L
Al-Hardwood w;th Red Oogwood, etc.
-. Bogshor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or
J-0 Strand I
.0
81-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
J Bank io
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
,, Flat, du
CI-Pepple withsome Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.8
White Birch 05-Recent Burn - - - Trail li School
St-Shoal F
DI-Scrub-ook(nost.- 0-Open Land (No *Occupied House 6 Rural Church
G -Shoal I
i1jScarlet)ond forest growth) OUnoccupied House e Post Office
B -Shoal F
some Red Maple C-Cleared Farm G Summer Home G11Summer Hotel
C - Shoal
El-Pln-cherrqJ Crop Land ' TelephoneLine _-_ Power Line
Y-Shoal I
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land iWA* Railroad . Along Road
b -Shoal I
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal I
Ba-White Pine PP-Permanent PNsture A Fire Tower ia Saw Mill
C2-Norwao Pine AP-Stump Posture 0 Rural 5tore ICreameriu
- Aquat
DZ-ZcK Pine CV-Urbon Propertqj t Logging Camp NCheese Faoctorgj
P-Plankto
A3-BlackAsh,Maple Y-Commerciai omhord
SA-Submerg
and Elm A-Idle orAbAndon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
FP-Duckwee
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3
SP-Subme
C3-Tormarack Destqof Stand 3-6 Average Diameter Class
S-Sb r
DOnstj n 6-IZ (for Area, in Inches.
EP- Rooted
03-Spruceinw" mek] Fair M um Etr ctc.)
or Emei
Wi5tDept of Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and Not, Historq Survea.
Lake Mapping -
ine L - Lake
e Line BP- Beaver Pond
Oft.wide '* Bathing Beach
ft. high
a to water recession 75ft
ank ioft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sahd
Bottom, Gravellq
Bottom, Stong
ic Vegetation
n (Lake Bloomingj)
led Algal Vegetation
d and like Plants
ged Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rqed Stems and Leaves.
K
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.. WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.47N. R.9W. - 1928.
N
K
I
I
S- Ofrl U
Lo.wland Far d
Lkes and
Fort S p U
- Land Cover - ,
,--Cover Boundarg A4-Taq-alderiWilIow, - Roads and Improvements
S ---hore
At-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
Bogshor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Grovel, or 4
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank to
some Conifers 04-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road _1.
Flot,du
CI-Popple withlsome Bo9 Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.E
White Birch 05-Recent Burn I - - Trail I School St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak (most- 0-Open Land (No HOccupied House * Rural Church G
-Shoal
19Scarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House 9Post Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C-Cleared Farm 0 Summer Home Q Summer NoteI C
-Shoal
El-Min-cherry Crop Land Telephone Line " Power Line
Y-Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land + Railroad -e*e Along Road b
-Shodl
Hardwoods with stumps -- +- Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoal
B2-White Pine, PP-Permonent PNsture A Fire Tower ,- Saw Mill
3
CZ-NorwaS Pine AP-Stum Pasture U Rural Store ifCreamern -
Aqual
DZ-JacK Pine CV-Urban Propertj A Logging Camp lCheese Factory P-Plankto
A3-BlactAsh.Mapie I'-Comrnermial Orchard SA-Subenr
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwei
83-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 SP-Submer
C3-Tmarak of d 3-6 Average Diameter Class-
C-rDensityz o for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Sprucetn"Wai)] Pjr Mjpm ljr Etc.)
or Eme
WlscBi[of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Geol.
and Nat. Historl SurveU.
Lake Mapping-
Line L - Lake
e Line l8P- Beaver Pond
Oft.wideo-w Bathing Beach
ft.high I
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Much
Bottom of Clav
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
ic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ad and like Plants
-gad Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
I
4
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.47N.R.8W. - 1928.
- Land C
--Cover Boundary
Al-Hardwood with
somne Basswood
BI-Hardwood with
Some Conifers
CI-Papple with some
White Birch
Ol-Scrub-oak (nost-
j Searlet) and
some Red Maple
EI-Pin-cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
82-White Pine
CZ-Norway Pine
DZ-Jack Pine
A3-Black Ash, Maplc
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C3-Tamaraek
03-Spruce woatl]
over -
A4-Tag-alder,Willow,
Red Dogwood, etc-
B4-Cat-tail Marsh
C4-Grass Meadow
D4Leather Leaf
Bog
05-Recent Burn
O-Open Land (No
forest growth)
C- Cleared Form
Crop Land
CA-Farm Crop Land
with stumps
PP-PNrmanent PFsture
AP-Stump Pasture
CV-Urban Propert~j
'- Commercial Orchard
A-Idle orAboandon-
ed Farm Land
Densitg of Stand
Fnir Medhim Per
0 Mile I
-Roads and Improvements
Z- Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
----- Trail lI School
1Occupied House *Rural Church
OUnoccupied House 9iPost Office
G Summer Home *Summer Hotel
Telephone Line = Power Line
SRailroad -m±? Along Road
-- ÷- Abandoned Railroad
Fire Tower I- Saw Mill
SRural Store IhCreamerj
tLogging Camp IJCheese Factory
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
0-3
3-6 ý Average Diameter Class
"&-lz for Area, in Inches.
Etc..)
- Lake Mapping -
- Shore Line L- Lake
_W BOclShore Line IBP- Beaver Pond
0 Strand lOftwide -w Bathting Beach
Bank iOft.high I
j, Flat,due to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C -Shoal Bottom of Clay
Y-Shool Bottom of Sand
b -Shoal Bottom, Gravellj
R -Shoal Bottom, Stony
- Aquatic Veqetation -
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP- Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floating
or Emerged Stems and Leavea.
WtSc.Deptuo Agdrcultur,.in cooperaton with the. Geol. and Nat. History Surveg.
N
'I
I
I'
SL e$and~od
Tat
Forest
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.47N. R.7W, - 1928.
Legend
U~l-c -n
Forest =Srest --
C Mile I
SLand Cover- ,M --
".--overBoundarg A4-Tag-ailer, Willow, - Roads and Improvements
- ---Shore I
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. 4.V
BogSho
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or 0t_
Strand
B1-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Rood
- Bank Ii
some Conifers D4,Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road j8_
Flat,dc
CI-Popple withlsome Boe Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.
White Birch D5-Recent Burn ---- Trail Ii School St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No HOccupied House j Rural Church G
-Shoal
19Scarlet)and forest growth) OUnoccupied House lPost Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm 91Summer Home 13 Summer Hotel C
-Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crap Land ' TelephoneLine - Power Line Y
- Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land #ms* Railroad Mý- Along Road
b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps *---- Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-Iermanent Pasture A Fire Tower A- Saw Mill
C2-Norwag Pine IP-Stump Posture U Rural Store ItCreameru -
Aqua
DZ-3acK Pine CV-Urban Propertqj A Logging Camp IUCheese Factory P-Plankt'
A3-BlackAshMaple Y'-Commercial Orcmard SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar edForm Land 0-3 ý Average Diameter Class
SP-Submei
C3-Tamarack Densit, of Stand 3-6 Are ia c las EP-
Rootec
Density l6-12 ifor Area, in Inches.
and Lakes and
Lae Mo pI Fnds
-Lake Mapping --
Line jL-Lake
re Line lP-Beaver Pond
lOft.widen -w Bathing Beach
oft. high
ae to water recession 75ft
3ank loft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
gd Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Piondweeds
Water Plants with floating
.rged Stems and Leaves.
Wist.Deptof Agriculture in cooperation With the Geol. and Nat. Historgj SurveN.
N
K
/i
I~eIend
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.47N. R.6W. - 1928.
N
Leqend
I Forest
- Land Cover -
" "-Cover Bounaard
Al-Hardwood with
some Basswood
BI-Hardwood with
some Conifers
Cl-PIpple with some
White Birch
01-Scrub-ook (mst-
iy Scorlet)and
some Red IMaple
El-Pin- cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
2-White Pine
C2-Norwaj Pine
DZ-3Tck Pine
A3-Blhck AhMople
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C3-Tamara ook
03-Sprucelw4 Wadi
0 Mile I
A4-Taq-alder,Wllow, - Roads and Improvements - '- Shore I
Red Oogwood, ett. - BogShor
B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Gravel, or A0_ Strand
10
C4-Grvs Meadow Crushed Stone Road - Bank io
34-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road , iFlot,du
BoJ Unimproved Dirt Road wide. B
05-Recent Burn - - - Trail I School St-Shoal
0-Open Land (No lOccupied House Rural Church G -Shoal
forest growth) OUnoccupied House Poast Office B -Shoal
C-Cleared Farm 13Summer Home Summer Hotel C - Shoal
Crop Land I Telephone Line Power Line Y-Shoal I
CA-Farm Crop Land H+ Railroad -=*' Along Road b -Shodl
with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R -Shoal I
PP-Permonent Psture t Fire Tower .* Saw Mill
UP-Stump Posture U Rural Store ICreamerg - Aqual
CV-Urban Propert4 A Logging Camp IJCheese Factorg P-Planktc
- Commerial Orchard SA-Submeri
A-Idle orAbanhion- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
ad Farm Land 0,3 ' Average Diameter Class SP-Submer
Density of Stand 3-6 vrg iaee ls EP- Roioted
Fair__ M1.jm I~r 1 for Area, in Inches. or Eme
Wisrc. t of Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol. snd Mat. Histori
Survey,
Lake Mapping -
Lihe L- Lake
*e Line BP- Beaver Pond
iOft.wide - Bathing Beach
ft. high
e to water recession 75ftl
lank ioft.hiqh.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellj
Bottom, Stong
tic Vegetation -
on (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ad and like Plants
ied Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rqed Stems and Leaves.
I
I
-L.kes a-.n~d
Ponds
I J d
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO..WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.47N. R.5W. - 1928.
N
Ii,'
iuegena
[ [psd
Lakes and
0Forest [
0 Mile I
- Land Cover -34
""--Cover Boundarj A4-Tag-alderWillow, - Roads and Improvements-
6-Shore I
Al-Hardwood with RedDogwood, at.. 0__e BogShoi
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Gravel, or 1
Strand
0I-Hardwood With C4-Graoss Meadow Crushed Stone Road
- Bank 1
some Conifers D04Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road Z,
Flat,du
Cl-Popple with some, Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.
White Birch 05-Recent Burn ---- Trail I School St-Shoal
0-Scrub-ook(nost- O-Open Land (No *Occupied House JRural Church G
- Shoal
lyScorlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House #Post Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C-Cleared Farm OSummer Home laSummer Hotel C
- Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land Telephone Line Power Line Y
- Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CR-Farm Crop Land 4 Railroad . Along3 Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-Permanent Fsture A Fire Tower 1*-Saw Mill
C2-Norwa4 Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural 5tore ICreamerq -
Aqua'
DZ-3ocK Pine CV-Urban Propert4 A Logging Camp UCheese Factorj P-Plankt
A3-BlackAshMaple Y'-Commermiol Ordhenal SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
83-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 SP-Submei
C.3-Toamaraek of3 Stn - Average Diameter Class E~
C 3 - T a m r a c k e n s i t 4 l o f S t a n d 3 - 6 - "
Dens E 6-( for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Sprce=sti.] Fair 1leuram Pr Etc.)
or Eme
Wivo-Deptof Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and 1,at. Historgj Surveg.
Lake Mapping -
ilne L - ILaKe
re Line SBP- Beaver Pond
10ft.widel-*%w Bathing Beach
oft. high I
ao to water recession 75ft
3ank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clay
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellq
Bottom, Stony
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
Sahter Plants with floatinc
rged Stems and Leaves.
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.46N. R.9W. - 1928.
N
I
K
I
Legend
'WstFoes
Lakes and
Ponds
0 Mile I
Land Cover - ' -
.. *-CoverBoundarl A4-Tog-aldeWtlllow, - Roads and Improvements -
-5hor
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. Gr-l BogohrS
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Grovel,or 0 Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road - Bank
ii
some Conifers D4,Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road _ FlOat,du
CI-Pbpple withsome Bog === = Unimproved Dirt Road wide.
E
White Birch DS-Recent Burn ---- Trail lI School St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- 0-Open Land (No H1Occupied Houe IRural Church
G -Shoal
lIscarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House R~st Office B -Shoal
some Red Maple C - Cleared Farm l Summer Home Summer Hotel C - Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land ' Telephone Line 0_' Power Line Y-Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CR-Form Crop Land * Railroad a-=o Along Road b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R -Shoal
62-White Pine PP-Permanent PNsture A Fire Tower I-- Saw Mill
C2-Norwag Pine AP-Stump Pasture 8 Rural 5tore jICreameru - Aquai
D2-SocK Pine CV-Urbon Propertj A Logging Campo Cheese Factorg P-Plankti
A3-BlackAshlMaple 'v-Commermial Orchard SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
83-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 ý Average SP-Subme
C3-Tamarack ofDiameter Class SanSu-i
Density 6-IZ (for Area, in Inches. EP- Rooted
03-Sorucekol~hkdl Fir M~edium Panr Ctc. I nr Fm,
Lake Mapping -
.ine L- Lake
-e Line lP- Beaver Pond
1Oft.wide --w Bathing Beach
oft.high 1
ie to water recession 75ft
3ank loft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clay
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellt
Bottom, Stony
tie Vegetation -
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
IWter Plants with floating
.rged Stems and Leaves.
W"is.... t o .. Frtr in cet.. wt or.
. E
Wili.eptof Agriulture in aowperation with thý,Geoat
and Nat. Historg Surveg,
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY--BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.46N. R.8W. - 1928.
Legend
-;)n) ))r and Lakes and
I Swamp I Ira adI I Pn
-Land Cover -
"'"-Cover Boundlarg Aq-Tacig-oldlertwilow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
some Basswood 54-Cut-tail Marsh
BI-Hordwood with C4-Gross Meadow
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf
Cl-Popple with some Bog
White Birch 05-Recent Burn
Dl-Scrub-oak(most- O-Open Land (No
IyScarlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Form
E-Pln-cherrqj Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CS-Farm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
B2-White Pine PP-PNrmtnent PSture
CZ-Norwaoj Pine AP-Stump Pastwre
DZ_,JacK Pine CY-Urban Propert4
A3-BlackAsh,Maple Yl-Commercial Orchord
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
53-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamaraock Densit, of Stand
D3-Spruce-4mwt i Fair Mejsim ejr
- Roads and Improvements -
Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
----- Trail i School
mOccupied House Rural Church
DUnoccupied House 9 Post Office
i Summer Home tSummer Hotel
Telephone Line =-=- Power Line
+4+ Railroad - Along Road
. . . Abandoned Railroad
"A Fire Tower l..Saw Mill
Rural 5tore ICreamerg
* Logging Camp IUCheese Factory
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
3-6
E-tZ for Area, in Inches.
Etc. )
- Lake Mapping -
--Shore Line L- Lake
- BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
)&_ Strand lOft.wide J-*- Bathing Beach
S- Bank ioft.high
,8 Flatdue to water recession 75ft.
wide. Bank loft, high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C -Shoal Bottom of Clao
Y - Shoal Bottom of Sand
b -Shodl Bottom, Graveltl
R-Shoal Bottom, Stony
- Aquatic Vegetation -
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP- Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floatir
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
N
I
I
0 Milen I
I Lowlandors
I .... i t
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.49N.R.7W. - 1928.
Legend
- arest
Lakes and
0 Mile I
- Land Cover -
- Lake Mapping -
--CoverBoundary A4-T4g-aldetWillow, - Roads and Improvements --
- Shore Line L - Lake
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. Ow
BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pord
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or
0_¶ Strand 10ftwide -*.w Bathing Beach
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
'- Bank lOft.high
some Conifers D4.Lecather Leaf Improved Dirt Road J,.Flot,cdue
to water recession 75ft
CI-Popple with some Bog = Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. Bank lOft. high.
White Birch 05-Recent Burn - - - Trail ie School St-Shoal
Bottom with Debris
DI-Scrub-oaok(nost- O-Open Land (No *Octupied House Rural Church
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
lyScorlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House Fbst Office
B -Shoal Bottom of Much
some RedlMaple C- Cleared Farm ilSrnmer Home ISummer Hotel
C -Shoal Bottom of Clao
El-An-cherry Crop Land ...TelephoneLine s-- Power Line
Y-Shoal Bottom of Sand
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land 1sim Railroad -:'-T Along Road
b -Shoal Bottom, Gravelly
Hardwoods with stumps -.-÷ Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal Bottom, Stony
62-White Pine PP-Permanent Posture A Fire Tower I- Saw Mill
CZ-NorwaS Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store INCreamer"
- Aquatic Vegetation -
D0-SacK Pine CV-Urban Propertj * Logging CampliCheese Factorg
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
A3-BlckAshMaple T-Commemiol Ormhor L SA-Submerged
Algal Vegetation
and Elm A-Idle orAbondon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
BS-White Cedar ad Form Land o0-3 Average Diameter Class SP-Submerged
Pondweeds
C3-Tamarack Density of Stand 6-12 (for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted Water Plants with floating
O3-Spruce~ne hb] Fai._r MjIum Pn r Etc.)
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
WiscaDeptof Agriculture in cooper4ton with the Geol.
and riot. Historg Surveil
N
'I
k
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP T.49N. R.8W. - 1928.
N
I)
FLowand
'Foret I I Forest
K
I
I
Legend
0 Mile I
- Land Cover- q -
-
-.-Cover Boundary A4-Taq-alder,Willow, - Roads and Improvements -
-..- Shore
At-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, rtv.. 4GW
BogShoo
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh z Improved Grove[, or A
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank ii
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road ,A
Flat,du
CI-Pbpple withsome Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. E
White Birch D5-Recent Burn -- - Trail i School St-Shoal
0D-Scrub-oak(nost- 0-Open Land (No lOccupied House iRural Church G
-Shoal
ly5scrlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House FPbst Office B
-Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm GlSummer Home Gll Summer Hotel C
-Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crap Land Telephone Line - Power Line Y
- Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land + Railroad aL Along Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoat
B2-White Pine PP-Permanent Pasture A Fire Tower l* Saw Mill
CZ-Norwa4 Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store IICreameru -
Aqua
DZ.-acK Pine CV-Urban Propertj : Logging Campl Cheese Factory P-Plankt
A3-BlacKAshMaple T-Commercial Ormhri SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 Average Diameter Class
3-6 vr3 iaee ls SP-S5ubmei
Q-Tanarak Desitqof Sand 3-6
C3-Tamarack Densityl of Stand 6-1Z for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Sprucei. wag] Fai__r Mluram Ir Etc.)
or Eme
Wisc.Upt of Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and Mot. History Survejg.
Lakes and
Ponds
- Lake Mapping
Line L - Lake,
re Line BP- Beaver Pond
l0ft.wide -*w4 Bathing Beach
oft high I
e to water recession 75ft
Rank lOft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clay
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
Jed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
I Water PlMnts with floating
rged Sterns and Leaves.
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.,WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.50N.R.1}W. - 1928.
ii
Leqend
Si Lakes and
I Urban Lii"idi I Ponds
- Land Cover -
"*-L-overBoundary M-Taog-older, wilow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
Some Conifers DD4Leather Leaf
CI-Popple with some Boa
White Birch 05-Recent Burn
Di-Scrub-oaK (nost- O-Open Land (No
hjScarlett)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C-Cleared Farm
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Form Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
82-White Pine PP-Permanent P6sture
CZ-Norwa4 Pine AP-Stutmp Posture
DZ-JacK Pine CV-Urban Propertj
AM-Blaickthsh,Maple Y'-Commetmial Orcmard
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamoracek Density of Stand
03-Sonrwelittititfik Firb- Mpd.m P.inr
-I-- " .---.
0 Mile I
- Roads and Improvements -
Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Uninproved Dirt Road
Trail I School
mOccupied House Rural Church
oUnoccupied House qPost Office
* Summer Home 13Summer Hotel
Telephone Line "-- Power Line
++ Railroad 2L0 Along Road
÷++ Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower I- Saw Mill
l Rural 5tore IACreamerg
* Logging Camp iCheese Factory
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
6-iz (for Area, in Inches.
tc. )
- Lake Mapping
SShore Line L- Loke
8.oShore Line [P- Beaver Pond
A0_ Strand lOftwidel - Bathing Beach
'" Bank lOft.high
SFlat,due to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C -Shoal Bottom of Clay
Y - Shoal Bottom of Sand
b-Shoal Bottom, Gravelly
R-Shoal Bottom, Stony
- Aquatic Vegetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Sibmerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP- Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floatin
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.,
Wisc.Oeptiot Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol. 4nd iot. Historij
Sorveg.
I LolnForest
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.50N.R.7W. - 1928.
Legend
Lowlnd-
Foet I oet-
0 Mile I
SLand Cover - I'
--L-over Boudaarg A-Ta4J-alderpWillow, --Roads and Improvements -
-hore
Al-Hordwood with Red Dogwood, etc- _ _
BogSha
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh I Improved Gravel, or
Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank 1i
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
, Flat,dl
Cl-Pepple withsome Bo== Unimproved Dirt Road
wide.(
White Birch 05-Recent Burn ---- Trail & School
St-Shoal
Ol-Scrub-oak(nost- 0-Open Land (No flOccupied House JRural Church G
-Shoal
lj4icarlet)and forest growth) OUnoccupied Hou3e 4Post Office B
-Shoal
som Red Maple C- Cleared Form 0 Summer Home la Summer Hotel C
- Shoal
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land 'Telephone Line - Power Line Y
- Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land lmtb Railroad a'T Along Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps --- Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-PNrrnonent Pooture A Fire Tower l Saw Mill
CZ-Norwag Pine AP-Stump Pasture Ws Rural Store irCreamer --
Aqual
D0-,TacK Pine CV-Urban Propertg A Logging Camp IvCheese Factorg P-Plankt
A3-Bla sNkohMaple T-Coomercial Omhrtrl SA-Submer
and Elm A-Idle orAblndon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Ouckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 SP-Submei
C3-Tamarack Densitj of Stand 3-6 Average Diameter ClassE- Root
6-IZ (for Area, in Inches.
03-Spruceintlswludl Fair Medium Poor e.tý.
orEm
Lakes and
Fonds
Lake Mapping -
Line L - Lake
re Line BP-Beaver Pond
lOft.wide -*- Bathing Beach
oft.high I
ae to water recession 75ft
3ank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellij
Bottom, Stong
tic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rqed Pondweeds
W W*ter Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
WisDept of Ariculture in cooperation with the Geol. end N1t. Histor4 Sorvej.
N
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY--BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.46N. R.1 W. - 1928.
N
I ForestI
- Land Cover -
--Cover Boundarj A4-Tog-alder, Willow,
Al-Hardwood wlth Red Oogwood, etc.
some Basswood B4-Cat-tall Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf
CI-Pipple withsome. Bog
White Birch D5-Recent Burn
Dl-Scrub-oak(nst- 0-Open Land (No
lyScarlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Form
EI-Pln-cherrq . Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Fairm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
BZ-Whits Pine PP-Perman-ent FPutUre
CZ-Norwao Pine AP-Stunp Pastue
D0-TacK Pine CV-Urban Propert4
A3-BlackAsh.Mcaple Y-Commercial orchair
and Elm A-IdleorAbandon-
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamarack Densitq of Stand
D3-Spruceejmu hiek] ir Mdium Poor
211111
K
Legend
-L and
Swm Urba Land] Ponds ,
0 Mile I
- Roads and Improvements -
Improved Grovel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
Trail i School
IOccupied House jRural Church
DUnoccupied House t Post Office
91 Summer Home Q Summer Hotel
'Telephone Line Power Line
+&H i Railroad - Along Road
. . . Abandoned Railrocd
A Fire Tower I.Saw Mill
* e Rural 5tore IpCreamerui
* Logging Camp I UCheese Faitoru
Diameter Cldsses of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
6- (for Area, in Inches.
Et. .
- Lake Mapping -
SShore Line L- Lake
SBogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
SStrand IOft~wide --w Bathing Beach
SBank ioft.high
,Z9Flat,due to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank a0ft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C -Shoal Bottom of Claoj
Y-Shoal Bottom of Sand
b-Shoal Bottom, Gravellqj
R-Shoal Bottom, Ston4j
- Aquatic Vegetation -
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP- Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floatinc
or Emerged Stems and Leaves. ,
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.46N. R.6W. - 1928.
C1 . 0-3 ...
iC
3. A
)
.=Mwlc
Fowland
I Forest
0 Mile I
- Land Cover - k
_
--Cover Boundarj A4-Tao-aldeeWillow, - Roads and Improvements S-
- Shore L
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. '"
BolShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or A0_
Strand I
8I-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road t
Bank io
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road .,
Flat,du
CI-Popple with same Bog = Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. B
White Birch D5-Recent Burn - - - Trail I School St-Shoal
Dl-Scrub-oak(most- O-Open Land (No SOccupied House * Rural Church G
-Shoal
lqcarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House Wost Office B -Shoal
I
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm *Summer Home U1 Summer Hotel C
-Shoal I
El-Pln-cherrJ Crop Land ' Telephone Line Power Line Y
- Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CR-Farm Crop Land +t4* Railroad -=* Along Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-Permanent PFsture A Fire Tower Fi Saw Mill
CZ-Norwaq Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store IECreamerg -
Aquat
DZ-3acK Rne CV-Urbon Prlpert; 4 Logging CampIUCheese Factortg P-Plankto
A3-BlackAshMaple Y'-Commercial Orchard SA-Submerg
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes-of Forest Cover FP-Duckwee
3-White Cedar ed arm Land 0-3
3-T Cndaraek of Stand 3-6 Average Diameter Class SP-Submner
D3enit, 6-1z (for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Sproce~osk" w] Fairk Rar1 m PMAU r W Ctt.)
or Eme!
WiScGDetof Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and Not. Historij Surve4.
ý a Lakes and
I Ura Lad I Pnds
Lake Mapping -
ine j L - Lake
e Line lBP- Beaver Pond
Oft.widel-.-. Bathing Beach
fL high
e to water recession 75ft
ank loft.hilgh.
Bottom with Debris
Bottomn of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Claog
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, GravellI
Bottom, Stong
ic Vegetation -
n (Lake Blooming)
ed Algal Vegetation
id and like Plants
egd Pondweeds
Water Plants with flootnj
rged Stems and Leaves.
I..
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY -BAYFIELD CO.. WISCONSIN.,
FnRFqT Amnf FORM (Y)VFR MAP - T4AW_ R-W - lq;)A-
Legeind
Fores
aoetUbnLni Fnda
-Land C
* -Cover Boundor4
Al-Hordwood with
sonme Basswood
BI-Hardwood With
some Conifers
CI-pbpple withsome.
White Birch
D1-Scrub-oak (miost-
lScarlet) and
some R~ed Maple
El-Pin -cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
BZ2-White Pine
C2-Norwa4 Pine
DZ-3~acK Pine.
A3-Black Ash, Ma pie
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C21-Tamaraek
0-5- rucr---, -1
over' -
0 Mile I
A4-Tag-aIdet;Wmillw, - Roads and Improvements - Sh-biore L
Red Dogwood, etc- -wr Bog Shor
B4-Cat-tail Marsh Z - Improved Gravel, or JZ- Strand
C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road Bank 10
D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road I.Flat,dlu
Bog Unimproved Dirt Road wide. 5
D5-Recent Burn Traill School St-Shoal
0-Open Land (No 11111ccupied Houe Rural Church G - Shoal
forest growth) DlUnoccupied Hou. s Ofice B -Shoal
C- Cleared Farm 2 Summer Home ~Summer Hotel C -Shoal
Cro p Land Telephone Line FbPwer Line Y - Shoal
CA.-Farm Crop Lond 444+Railroad Along Road b -Shoal
with Stumps - - .-- Abandoned Railroad R -ShoalI
PP-Permanent Pasture AFire Tower Saw Mill
AP-Stump Posture URural Store I Crearnerg Aquat
CV-Urban Property f Logging Camp I Cheese Factory4 P-Plankto
tr-Coimemeril Orchoni SA-Suktmerg
A - Idle or Abandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe4
ed Farm Land 0-3 PSum
DrstofSad 3-6 Average Diameter Class S-ure
Denit ofStnd 6-I (for Area, in Inches. ElP- Rooted
Cir M~gj~um Wo~ Etc. or Emei
Wisc.Dept of Agriculture in "ooperation with the. Geol. and
Not. Historil Surveil.
Lak~e Mapping -
!mLie BLP- Bkeaver Pond
eOf~t,widno '.-w Bathing Beach
ft.highid
a to water recession 75ft
ank ioft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottomn of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom Of Clag
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stony
ic, Veget ation-
n (Lake Blooming)
pod Algal Vegetation
ad and like Plants
led Pondwifeds
Water Plants with floatinc
rqed Stemns and Leaves.
N
ii
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.45N.R.9W. - 1928.
N
ii
K
Leqend
aPnds
o Mile
- Land Cover - I -
* "-CoverIoundmar 4 A-Iaq-alalderWHlow, - Roads and Improvements
S hnore I
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etcp r
Strand
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Gravel,or
- Strand
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank 10
some Conifers D4Leother Leaf Improved Dirt Road
Flat,du
Cl-Popple withsome 809 Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. B
White Birch DS-Recent Burn Traill School St-Shoal
DI-Scrub-ook(nst- 0-Open Land (No l0ccupied House Rural Church G
-Shoal
I9Scarlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House Post Office B
-Shoal
swni Red Maple C- Cleared Farm GISummer Home ISummer Hotel C
- Shoal
E.l-Pin-cherrq Crop Land Telephone Line -"Power Line
Y - Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land 4 Railroad E±F- Along Road
b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoal
82-White Pine PP-Permanent Posture A Fire Tower I-* Saw Mill
Ca-Norwag Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural 5tore p Creamera -
Aqual
DZ-3acK Pine CV-Urban Propert;4 A Logging Camp EiCheese Factortj P-Plankt
A3-BlackAshMaplc '-Conmercial Ordiard SA-Submen
and Elm A-Idle orAbardon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0- ' Average Diameter Class SP-Submer
C3-Tamarack Densityd of Stand 6IZ (for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Sprucel"twlkik] Fair Medium Poor Etc.
or Emem
Wisceptof Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol. and hat. Historg Survag.
Lake Mapping -
ine L - Lake
r Line SP- Beaver Pond
lOft.wide --w Bathing Beach
ft. high I
8 to water recession 75ft,
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelli4
Bottom, Stang
tic Veqetation -
on (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ad and like Plants
r~ed Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves.
I Forest
j *
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.45N.R.8W. - 1928.
Legend
FZ7,_d_-
- Land Cover -
. -Cover Boundary
Al-Hardwood with
some Basswood
BI-Hardwood with
some Conifers
CI-FPppte with some
White Birch
DI-Scrub -oak (nost-
I9 Scarlet) and
some Ied Maple
El-Pin-cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
BZ-White Pine
CZ-Norwao Pine
DZ-Sack Pine
A3-Black Ash, Maplc
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C3-Tomara ck
03-Spr9ce[ w q
0 Mile I
A4-Tag-alderWillow, - Roads and Improvements - - Shore I
Red Dogwood, etc- ___W BogShor
B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Grovel, or A0- Strand
C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road Bank fl
04-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road r, Flat,ddu
Bog - == = Unimproved Dirt Road wide.E
D5-Recent Burn Trail Ii School St-Shoal
O-Open Land (No *Occupied House j Rural Church G -Shoal
forest growth) DUnoccupied House ost Office B -Shoal
C- Cleared Farm 3Sjrnmer Home Q Summer Hotel C -Shoal
Crop Land Telephone Line - Pbwer Line Y - Shoal
CR-Farm Crop Land +9+ Railroad I Along Road b -Shoal
with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R -Shoal
PP-Permnent Pasture A Fire Tower - Saw Mill
NtP-Stump Pasture 1 Rural Store rC reamor Aquai
CV-Urbon Propert4j * Logging Camp Cheese Factory P-Plankt
T'- Commerciol orchard SA-Submer
A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwe
ed rm Land -SP-Subme
ed fa nd 3-6 Average Diameter Class
Density of Stand 6-Iz for Area,in Inches. EP-Rootec
Fair %iurm UPar Et.. ) or Eme
WisVBei.tof Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol. and Nat. Historil
Surveg.
and L.akes and
Lake Mapping -
Line L - Lake
-e Line BP- Beaver Pond
lOft.wide -*-.w Bathing Beach
ft.high I
le to water recession 75ft
3ank loft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stong
tic Veget ation
on (Lake Blooming)
ged Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
qed Pondweeds
l\ *ater Plants with floatinj
rged Sterns and Leaves.
N
I
I
I w o
I Ur
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.45N. R.7W. - 1928.
)
N
Legend
Lowland
Lakes and
I~~~~~~~~ ~ ' oetIIFrs -m ra ad ond
0 Mile I
- Land Cover --
.-CoverBoundar4 A4-Taq-alder,Willow, - Roads and Improvements - Shore
L
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, ett. -- BogShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or 0 Strand
I
BI-Hardwood with C4-Graoss Meadow Crushed Stone Road ' Bank
I0
some Conifers D4.Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road JL. Flat,dui
CI-Papple with some Bog - Unimproved Dirt Road wide.
B
White Birch DS-Recent Burn -- - Traill School St-Shoal
I
Dl-Scrub-oak(nost- 0-Open Land (No *Occupied House Rural Church G -Shoal
I
ijscarlet)and forest growth) OUnoccup.ed House Post Office B -Shoal
I
some Red Maple C- Cleared Form G1 Summer Home Summer Hotel C - Shoal
I
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land '-Telephone Line " Power Line
Y-Shoal I
AZ-Hemlock with CS-Farm Crop Land + Railroad -~e Along Road b -Shoad
I
Hardwoods with stumps - -- Abandoned Railroad R -Shoal
I
Ba-Whit, Pine PP-Permanent Pasture A Fire Tower .a- Saw Mill
C2-Norwa4 Pine AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store pr Creameri - Aquat
DZ-3aCK Pine CV-Urban Propert4 * Logging Camp ECheese Factor4 P-Plankto
A3-BlacKAsh, Maple I-Commerciol 0rcherd SA-Submerc
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwel
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 SP-Subme
C3-Tatnarack Dniqof Stand 3-6 Average Diameter ClassSPume
Densit n 6-iZ (for Area, in Inches. EP- Rooted
03-Spruce"qwaq] Eair Mpum Wr Etc..)
or Eme
Wisc.De.po{ Agriculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and Nat. Historil Surveg,
Lake Mapping
ins L- Lake
"e Line BP-Beaver Pond
lOft.wide l-w Bathing Beach
ft. high
a to water recession 75ft
ank ioft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelltj
Bottom, Stong
ic Vegetation
.n(Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ad and like Plants
led Pondweed3
Aoter PlaFnts with floanti
rged Stems and Leaves.
I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.45N.R.6W. - 1928.
Legend
For -wland
Lakes and- I
I Ponds _
- Land Cover -
--Cover Boundaro
At-Hordwood with
some Basswood
BI-Hardwood with
-some Conifers
Cl-Pipple with some
White Birch
Dl-Scrub-oak(nmst-
ly Scarlet) and
some Re.d Maple
El-Pin-cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
BZ-White Pine
CZ-Norwaj Pine
DZ-Jack Pine
A3-BlackAsh, Maple
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C3-Tamaraok
O3-Spruc[oa Mad]
0 Mile I
A4-Tog-alder,Willow, - Roads and Improvements - -- Shore I
Red Dogwood, etc. A' BogShor
84-Cat-toil Marsh - Improved Grovel, or -0- Strand
C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road Bank 10
D4.Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road n Flat,du
Bog Unimproved Dirt Road wide.e
D5-Rece"t Burn ---- Traill School St-Shoal
O-Open Land (No *Occupied House Rural Church G -Shoal
forest growth) -Unoccupied House Post Office B -Shoal
C- Cleared Form G*Surnmer Home 61 Summer Hotel C -Shoal
Crop Land 'TelephoneLine _-_ Power Line Y-Shoal
CA-Farm Crop Land HEM Railroad -a*o Along Road b -Shoal
with stumps -.-÷- Abandoned Railroad R-Shoal
PP-Permanent 1Psture A Fire Tower .* Saw Mill
AP-Stump Pasture U Rural Store IjCreatnrj -- Aqual
CV-Urban Propert~j * Logging Camp riCheese Factory P-Plankto
'-Commeral orchard SA-Submren
A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwei
od Form Land 3-63 Average Diameter Class SP-Submer
Densijty of Stand 3-6 EFP- Rooted
De 6-1z for Area, in Inches.
Fair A.ija For Etc..t or Eme
Wisc..Dept~o Agriculture in coopeation with the 4ol. and Nat. Hlstorii
Surveg.
Lake Mapping -
Lfne IL- Lake
e Line laP- Beaver Pond
toft.ide -*-w Bathing Beach
ft. high L
e to water recession 75ft
lank ioft.high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Moar
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelly
Bottom, Stongj
ic Veqetation
on (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rled Pondweed3
NAter Pldnts with floatinm
rqed Sterns and Leaves.
N
)
I
11
o Mile I
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.,WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.45N. R.5W. - 1928.
LoFwland
'ýFrot Forest
Lakes and
Ponds
0 mile I
SLand Cover -
""--CoverBoundarq A4-Tog-aldetWillow, --Roads and Improvements
- -Shore
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
'" BogShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Gravel, or -s--
Strand
81-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road '-
Bank Io
wone Conifers D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
L Flot,du
CI-Ppplt wlthsonm Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. 5
White Birch 05-Recent Burn -- - Trail i School St-Shoal
0l-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No mO1cupied House Rural Church G
-Shoal
I4&Arlet)dnd forest growth) rUnoccupied House 9 Post Office
B -Shoal
some Red Maple C- Cleared Form ESummer Home 11Summer Hotel
C -Shoal
El-PRn-cherry Crop Land Telephone Line - Pbwer Line
Y-Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land +4 Railroad e:'-o Along Road
b -Shoal
Hardwoods with stump3 - ÷ - Abandoned Railroad
R -Shoal
B2-White Pine PP-lirmanent PRuture A Fire Tower -'- Saw Mill
CZ-Norwaoj Pine AP-Stump Posture 0 Rural 5tore Creanrg -
Aquat
DZ-Jack Pine, CV-Urbon Propert4 & Logging Camp ECheese Fattorj
P-Planktc
AZ-BlockAshM aple 't-Commermiol Orcherd SA-Submetn
and Elm A-Idle orAbindon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover FP-Duckwei
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land 0-3 ý Average Diameter Class
SP-5ubme
C3-Tamarack Oensitj of Stand 3-6 A D
etsZ for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
D3-Spernoceloo ] a_ M =j rn I r m kI..)
or Eme
Wlscept.of AgHculture in cooperation with the Geol.
and Nd. History Surveti
Lake Mapping -
Lne L- Lake
e Line IP- Beaver Pond
IOft.wideVle Bathing Beach
f,. hight
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellj
Bottom, Stnti
ic Vegetation
on (Lake Blooming)
1ed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
led Pondweeds
ý*tsr Plants with floatim
rged Stems and Leaves.
N
ii
K
Open
Swomp
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.,WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.44N. R.9W. - 1928.
N
ii
1 nForest
- Land Cover -
"*.-CoverBoundarj A4-Taq-alderWillow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D04Leather Leaf
C I-Ppple with some Bog
White Birch 05-Recent Burn
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No
19Scarlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C-Cleared Form
El-Pin-cherri- Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with Cit-Farm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
Bf-Whits Pine PP-Permonent PeAture
C2-Norwag Pine AP-Stunip Pasture
DZ-jack Pine CV-Urbon Propert4
A3-BlackAsh, Maple Yt-Commercial Orchard
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
53-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamarack Densit, of Stand
D3-Spruceiooo hWk] Fair Mpum Poor
K
Legend
- iFi onI a ind i Ponds
0 Mile I
- Roads and Improvements -
z Improved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unim*roved Dirt Road
Trail I School
U Occupied House & Rural Church
oUnotcupied House Post Office
G Summer Home GSummer Hotel
'Telephone Line -- Power Line
ilb Railroad - Along Road
. . Abandoned Railroad
,A Fire Tower .ia.Saw Mill
* Rural Store IPCreameru
* Logging Camp aICheese Factorg
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
6-Et (for Area, in Inches.
Etc.. )
- Lake Mapping -
-Shore Line L- Lake
-.e BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
' Strand lOft.wide -w Bathing Beach
- Bank toft.high
T, Flat,due to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Much
C-Shoal Bottom of Clao
Y-Shoal Bottom of Sand
b -Shodl Bottom, Gravelly
R-ShoaI Bottom, Stony
- Aquatic Vegetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
5A-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP- Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floating
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
YZ
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELO CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.44N.R.8W. - 1928.
Pd
LegenO
I owad
-l 5,ijarC j Ira nd od
- Land Cover -
--Cover Boundarg A4-Tag-alderWillow.
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
131-Hardwood With C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4,Leather Leaf
Cl-lNpple with some. Bog
White Birch 05-Recent Burn
D )-Scrub -oak (nost- 0-Open Land (No
l~jScarlet) and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm
El-Pln-cherrq Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
B2-White Pine PP-PermwAnnt Pwture.
CZ-Norwoq Pine AP-Stumnp Postture
92-3aeli Pine CV-UrbOn PrOptrtj
A3-BlackAsh,Mople Yl-Commerciol Orchard
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
53-White Cedar edl Farm Land
CS Tamraock Densiftt at Stand
D3-Spnhcefneatijh'A] Fa~ir Mi~im Poor
-Roads and Improvements-
Improved Grovel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimroed Dirt Road
Tril li School
*O111ccupied House Rural Church
oUnowcupie4 House tPost Office
Q Summer Home ! Summer Hotel
-'- Telephone Line '-~ Power Line
+m4+ Railroad '_-L Along Road
--Abandoned Railroad
AFire Tower S~aSw Mill
*Rural 5tore Ihramr
:1 Logging Comp I Cheese ractorig
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
E-t ( for Area, in Inches.
- Lake Mopping-
-Shore Li"e L - Lake
-W Bog5hore Line BP- Beaver Pond
,E2- Strand l0ft~wide ~--Bathing Beach
'o
ý'- Bank loft, high
SFlat,dlue to water rec essi on 75fit,
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Mart
B -Shoal Bottom af Muck
C - Shoal Bottom of Clog
Y - Shoal Bottomn of Sand
b -Shodl Bottom, Gravellaj
R - ShodaI Bottom. Ston4
- Aquatic Vegetation-
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP-Subnierg ed Pondweeds
EP- Rooted \Ahter Plants with floating
or Emerged Stemns and Leaves.
N
K
1.
0 Mile I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY--BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.44N.R.7W. - 1928.
N
I
I
Legend
0 7 Famanandke s in
- wm ra Lan] Pnd
- Land Cover -
-.-CoverBoundarg A4-Tao-alder,Willow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf
CI-Popple with some Bog
White Birch 05-Recent Burn
0D-Scrub-oak(most- O-Open Land (No
IqScarlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm
El-Pin-cherry Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Foarm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
62-White Pine PP-Permanret Pesture
C2-Norwaj Pine AP-Stump Posture
IDf-JacK Pine CV-Urbon Propert4
A3-BleckAsh, Maple Y-Commercial Orcdird
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
B3-White Cedar ed Farm Land
C3-Tamarack Densitj of Stand
03-Sprucnm work. Fai.__r Medium Poor
o Mile I
-Roads and Improvements -
Improved Grovel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
Trail li School
H Occupied House jRural Church
OUnoccupied House Post Office
G Summer Home GISummer Hotel
-Telephone Line Power Line
4#,* Railroad -=*' Along Road
- - - Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower ElSaw Mill
S
0 Rural 5tore jrCreamerg
A Logging Camp *Cheese Factory
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
6-Ez (for Area, in Inches.
Ltc. )
- Lake Mappin9 -
- Shore Line L - Lake,
-.r BocShore Line . BP- Beaver Pond
-' Strand 10ft.wide --w Bathing Beach
I- Bank loft. high
75 Flat,due to water recession 75ft
wide. Bank loft. high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B-Shoal Bottom of Muck
C -Shoal Bottom of Clao
Y-Shoal Bottom of Sand
b -Shoal Bottom, Gravelli4
R-Shoal Bottom, Stony
- Aquatic Vegetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP-Submerged Pondweeds
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floatinc
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
I LolnForestI
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY--BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T44N. R.6W. - 1928.
N
Legena
For - - rw_ oo s and
Urban -dd - PondsJ
Li
-Land Cover -
.. Cover Boundarj A4-Tag-older,Willow,
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
some Basswood B4-Cat-toil Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf
CI-Popple with some Bog
White Birch D5-Recent Burn
DI-Scrub-ook(most- 0-Open Land (No
js5carlet)and forest growth)
somn Red Male C- Cleared Farm
El-Pin-cherrJ Crop Land
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land
Hardwoods with stumps
62-White Pine PP-Permanent Psture.
CZ-Norwaq Pine AP-Stump Posture
D.-JocK Pine CV-Urban Propert,
A3-BlacKAsh,Maple Y(-Commercial Orchard
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon-
B3-White Cedar ed Form Land
C3-Tamaraek Densitq of Stand
03-Spruncuetltwah.] FaLir M=Wjm Poor
0 Mile I
- Roads and Improvements -
SImproved Gravel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
.- -- Trail i School
lOccupied House JRural Church
DUncwcupied House Plost Office
* Summer Home Q*Summer Hotel
Telephone Line ý-- Power Line
+w'+ Railroad -aL* Along Road
- - - Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower .-.Saw Mill
* Rural 5tore jPCreamerg
* Logging Camp NiCheese Factorj
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-6 Average Diameter Class
6-lz (for Area, in Inches.
Et)
- Lake Mapping -
--- Shore Line L - Lake,
-vw BogShore Line BP- Beaver Pond
,E, Strand lOft.wide -.w Bathing Beach
10
SBank iOft.high
,Flatdue to water recession 75ft
w ide. Bank lOft, high.
St-Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
B -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C-Shoal Bottom of Clao
Y - Shoal Bottom of Sand
b -Shoal Bottom, Gravelly
R-Shoal Bottom, Stong
- Aquatic Veqetation
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP-Submergaed Pondweeds
EP- Rooted \ahter Plants with floating
or Emerged Stems and Leaves.
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.44N.R.5W. - 1928.
N
Leqend
Lr2-tJ
0 Mile I
- Land Cover -
..-CoverBmoudary A4-Taq-alderW1llow, - Roads and Improvements -
N -Shore L
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc. -
Boqjhor
some Basswood 54-Cat-tail Marsh z- Improved Gravel, or _1-
Strand
ol-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank 10
some Conifers D4Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
a Flotdu
Cl-Pipple withsome Bog ==== Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. B
White Birch DS-Recent Burn - - - Trail I School St-
Shoal
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- 0-Open Land (No lOccupied House Rural Church
G -Shoal I
yScaorlet)and forest growth) DUn0ocupied House Post Office
B -Shoal I
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm 3 Summer Home Summer Hotel
C - Shoal I
El-Rn-cherry Crop Land ""Telephone Line Fl Power
Line Y - Shoal I
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Farm Crop Land 44* Railroad . Along Road
b -Shoal I
Hardwoods with stumps -÷- Abandoned Railroad
R-Shoal I
B,-White Pine PP-Permganet Pasture A Fires Tower i.a Saw Mill
C2-Norwaj Pine AP-Stump Pdatue Rural Store I 1Creater
- Aquat
D2-3"acK Pine. CY-Urban Propert4 A Logging Camp ECheese Factorg
P-Planktc
A3-BlackA3h,Maple T'-Coman.al Orcoan SA-Submen
and Elm A-Idle orAbandon- Diameter Ciasses of Forest Cover FP-Ouckwei
B3-White Cedar ed Firm L-and -3 - Average Diameter Class SP-Submer
C3-Tamarack Densitq of Stand 6 r EP-Rooted
6-1Z for Area, in Inches. E-Rod
03-Spnicel..o E gik Fair 'A&m zm r Et,.)
or Eme
Vftc.Dspt.of Agriculture 'in caoopation with the
Geol, end Not. Historyj Surveti.
Lakes and
Ponds
Lake Mapping
in L - Lake.
.e Line 13P- Beaver Pond
lOft.wide -*,-w Bathing Beach
f.high I
e to water recession 75ft.
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clay
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellt
Bottom. Stong
it Veg.etation -
in (Lake Blooming)
1ed Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rged Pondweeds
Water Plants with floating
rged Stems and Leaves."
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.43N. R.9W. - 1928.
0 Mile I
- Land Cover - , O
--Cover Boundarj A4-Tao-alderWlllow, - Roads and Improvements -
6-Shore L
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etc.
w BoqShor
some Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh - Improved Gravel, or -'0-
Strand I
51-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank 10
some Conifers D$4Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road
nat,du
C1-apple withsome Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
wide. B
White Birch D5-Recent Burn - - - Trail lI School St-Shoal
I
DI-Scrub-oak(nost- O-Open Land (No *Occupied House Rural Church
G -Shoal !
Iyl.arlet)and forest growth) DUnoccupied House Post Office B
-Shoal I
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm 2Smmer Home !Sunmmer Hotel
C - Shoal I
El-Pin-cherry Cxop Land 'L-TelephoneLine "Power Line
Y-Shoal I
AZ-Hemlock with Ce-Farm Crop Land "44o* Railroad -Lo- Along Road
b -Shoal I
Hardwoods with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad
R-SShoal I
BZ-Whit. Pine PP-Permnnent Pasture t Fire Tower t* Saw Mill
C2-Norwao Pine *P-Stumnp Pasture U Rural Store l9Crearneru
- Aquat
02-3acK Pine CV-Urban Propert,4 A Logging Camp SCheese Factory P-Plankto
A3-BlackAsh.Maple I-Commercial Orcdrd SA-Submers
and Elm A-IdleorAband-n- Diameter Cldses of Forest Cover FP-Ouckwei
53-White Cedar ed Farm Land o.- ý Average Diameter Class
SP-Submer
C3-Tamaraek Density of Stand -6-(for Area, in Inches. EP-
Rooted
03-Spnctrr t4e * h] Fa._.r ILim Pr Etc..)
or Fime
Wis5].pt. of Agriculture in cooperation with the
Geol. end Nat. Historg Surveg.
Lan .,kes and
ban Lnd I Pond.
Lake Mapping --
,ine L- Lake
eLine BSP- Beaver Pond
Oft.wide-,,.r Bathing Beach
ft~high/
e to water recession 75ft
ank I0ft, high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clao
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravellg
Bottom, Stony
ic Vegetation -
n (Lake Blooming)
lad Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
qed Pondweeds
X*ter Plants with floaing
rged Stems and Leaves.
N
ii
S
I Fowresd
I F irmUr
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.43N. R.8W. - 1928.
Legend
- Fbres
0 mile
- Land Cover --
.-CoverBoundarg A4-Toa-oldeiWllow, --Roads and Improvements
6hors L
Al-Hardwood with Red Oogwood, . et.. .Boqhor
some Basswood 84-Cat-tail Marsh Improved Gravel, or K_
Strand
81-Hardwood with C4-Gras3 Meadow Crushed Stone Road
Bank io
some Conifers 04-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road ,.L
Flatdu
Cl-:bpple withtsome Saj -Bog Unimproved Dirt Road
w;de. 8
White Birch 05-Recent Burn - - - Trail i School St
- Shoal
Dl-Scrub-oak(nmot- O-Open Land (No *Owccupied House iRural Church G
-Shoal
l9Scarlet)and forest qrowth) O1naccupied House Feet Office B
-Shoal
bome lRd Maple C- Cleared Form R,.nummer Home lSummer Hotel C
-Shoal
EI-Pin-cherry Crop Land ' TelephneLins"I*- Pbwer Line
Y -Shoal
AZ-Hemlock with CA-Form Crop Land H Railroad I L Along Road b
-Shoal
Hardwoods with stumps - . Abandoned Railroad R
-Shoal
B-White Pine PP-permanent Pasture A Fire Tower .a- Sow Mill
C2-Norwaj Pine -St~ump Pastur Rural Store lCreamer4 -
Aqual
-NarcK Pine CV-Urbon Propertr * Logging Camp riUCheese Factorij P-Planktc
AM-BlackAshMople Y'-ConmeciaI Orhard SA-Sublmet
and Elm A-Idle orAbaidon- Diameter CIlses of Forest Cover FP-Duckwei
B3-White Cedar ed Ahrm Land 0-3 Average Diameter Class SP-5ubme
C3-Tomarack Densitj of Stand 3-6 Are DaerCs
0Oenstto E-,z (for Area, in Inches. EP-Rooted
. ,]Fir Mgm 12&r Etc..)
or Eme
W13seOpt of Agriculture in cooperation with thle
Geol. end Hat, History Sorytit.
F-pi __ a n FLakes aind-I
I Swmp jI LrbanLandI I Ponds
Lake Mapping -
Ina L - Lake
e Line lEP-Beaver Pond
lOft.wid 4ý*.w Bathing Beach
ft. high
e to water recession 75ft
lank Ioft.hiqh.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Clog
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Gravelli
Bottom, Stong
tic Veget ation -
on (Lake Blooming)
aed Algal Vegetation
ad and like Plants
-god Pondweeds
Witer Plants with flootimn
rged Stems and Leaves.
N
S
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO.,WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.43N. R.7W. - 1928.
N
L.egena
forest Fc,"t I
epUba adPnds
n Mile I
Land Cover - - = - Lake
Mappinq
.... -Cover Boundary
Al-Hardwood with
sone Basswood
BI-Hardwwod with
some Conifers
Cl-Pfpple with some
White Birch
DI-Scrub-ook (nmet-
hj S4carlet) dnd
some Red Maple
El-Pin- cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
62-White Pine
CZ-Norwa4 Pine
DZ-TacK Pine.
A-Black Ash, Mapl
and Elm
83-White Cedar
CS-Tamarack
-3I-ee.. wk
A4-To4-aldeWillow, - Roads and Improvements- -Shore
Red Dogwood, etc. W BogShoe
B4-Cat-teill Marsh Improved Gravel, or ' Strand
C+Grnas Meadow Crushed Stone Road * Bank 10
D4-Leather Leaf Improved Dirt Road o Flat,du
Bol Unimaroved Dirt Road wide. E
05-Recent Burn ---- Trail I School St-Shoal
O-Open Land (No mOctuped House lural Church G -Shoal
forest growth) DUnctupied House iP;st Office B -Shoal
C- Cleared Farm U2ummer Home 13Summer Hotel C -Shoal
Crop Land a Telephone Line le- Power Line Y-Shoal
CA-Forrm Crop Land lRailroad =-o Along Road b -Shoal
with stumps - - - Abandoned Railroad R -Shoal
PP-Pemnonent olsture A Fire Tower iL Saw Mill
dP-Stump Pasture E Rural Store jrCreamerg - Aqual
CV-Lrban ProeprtS A Logging Campi CKeese Factorgj P-Plankti
Y -Ceomercil Ordwrd SA-Subrnen
A-IdleorAbandon- Diameter Classes of Forest Cover rP-Duckwe
ad Fare Land 0-3 " Average Diameter Class SP-Subme
Denit of Stand ."6.(for Area, in Inches. EP- Rooted
nih M*M UoHr Etc. Ior Eme
WVABpt~of Alrcuhtairt in cooperation with the Geol. end Nat Historij
Survey4.
.dne L- Lake
e Line IBP- Beaver Pond
loft.widefO--o Bathing beech
0ft.high /
e to water recession 75ft
lank loft. high.
Bottom with Debris
Bottom of Marl
Bottom of Muck
Bottom of Cloy
Bottom of Sand
Bottom, Graveil4
Bottom, Stong
tic Veget ation-
on (Lake Blooming)
god Algal Vegetation
ed and like Plants
rijed Pondweeds
kter Plants with floating
rged Stemrs and Leaves.
0-ao roei U..0;-"7--
'Re
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY--BAYFIELD CO.,WISCONSIN. FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.43N.R.6W. - 1928.
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY- BAYFIELD CO., WISCONSIN.
FOREST AND FORM COVER MAP - T.43N. R.5W. - 1928.
Leqend
S°nj.,, d
IF ores
- Land Cover -
'--Cover Boundary A4-Tag-alderWillow.
Al-Hardwood with Red Dogwood, etC.
somne Basswood B4-Cat-tail Marsh
BI-Hardwood with C4-Grass Meadow
some Conifers D4-Leather Leaf
CI-Pp1#e with some Bog
White Birch DS-Recent Burn
OI-Scrub-ooko"st- 0-Open Land (No
ly5carlet)and forest growth)
some Red Maple C- Cleared Farm
El-Pin-cherry
AZ-Hemlock with
Hardwoods
Ba-white Pine
CZ-Norway Pine
DZ-JacK Pine
A3-Blac 1 A Mople
and Elm
B3-White Cedar
C3-Tamarack
O3-Sprucelotl =Unk]
Crop Land
CA-Farm Crop Land
with stumps
PP-Permanet Pasture
AtP-Stump Pasture
CV-Urbon property
'Y-Commercial Orchard
A-Idle orAbaodon-
ed Farm Land
Density of Stand
Fair Medium Poor
0 Mile I
- Roads and Improvements
Improved Grovel, or
Crushed Stone Road
Improved Dirt Road
Unimproved Dirt Road
Traill I School
IHOccupied House jIRural Church
0 Unoccupied House iPoPst Office
lSummer Home EISummer Hotel
-Telephone Line -a Power Line
444A+ Railroad -E*L Along Road
- - - Abandoned Railroad
A Fire Tower ! Saw Mill
M Rural Store IrCreamerg
A Logging Cam p UCheese Faoctorg
Diameter Classes of Forest Cover
3-' Average Diameter Class
"z-67 for Area, in Inches.
Etc..
WiScDpt;.of Agriculture 'n cooperation with the GeoL and Nat. Ni
Lake and
Pqonds
- Lake Mapping -
Sa- nore Line 1- Lake
SBocShore Line ISP- Beaver Pond
SStrand 10ft~widel-4w Bathing Beach
SBank iofLhigh
SFlat,due to water recession 75 ft
wide. Bank hoft. hiqh.
St- Shoal Bottom with Debris
G -Shoal Bottom of Marl
8 -Shoal Bottom of Muck
C-Shoal Bottom of Clay
Y-Shoal Bottom of Sand
b-Shodl Bottom, Gravellh
R - Shoal Bottom, Stony
- Aquatic Vegetation -
P-Plankton (Lake Blooming)
SA-Submerged Algal Vegetation
FP-Duckweed and like Plants
SP-Submerged Pondweeda
EP- Rooted Water Plants with floating
or Emerged Sterns and Leaves.
istorti Surve4.
N
)
ii..
I
I
1A
0
88
A
-4n
"T"
C)
C-,
C
C
(b
:>
z
0
Town of Chase
0" C
" " L SKI:
0
"A, I.
ones1
Town of Lit. Suamico
N T
0
00
00
;~emo~ r= eMri .
Zao 0* 27 Is
0 ,
,,= LA D
FNZ.LJ
- _ I 9
* z ' 30 , ,
R HS
I
U M E T
Town of Brllion
TOWN ROADS- -
T*AILS -
COUNTY LINES
TOWN LINES- -
SECTION LINES
RAILROADS S-
- ELECTRIC INTERURSAN
88 -00 R--21--E
M A N IT 0
Town of Maple Grove
-- ---------------
Dairy Plant (Cheese Factory or Creamery) - - -
Commercial or Municipal Field -- ----------- -
W O c
Town of
Franklin
STATE REFORMATORY- -
COUNTY INSANE ASYLUM
& POOR FARM -------
WAYSIDE PARK -- --------
MAP OF
BROWN COUNTY
MARATHON FORMS
MAP SERVICE
SCALE * MILES
Aooleton Wis.
U
I
I
/
0z
-4
0
m
L
'OUNI
0GHWA
w
0
/
LYS
BROWN
3
all 11 111
- ý 1i111F-
ormi0i
14 13 Ns"
- 12-
Cr.
2
67
0 B A T-
14
23 19 19
-'E De
4ti
q
I
Western Duck Sickness (Botulism) in
the Green Bay Area
By F. R. ZIMMERMAN
Wildlife Biologist, Game Management Division
We do not know exactly when the first
outbreak of Western Duck Sickness or
botulism occurred on this continent. Early
settlers in the region of Great Salt Lake,
Utah, tell of the death of thou.ands of
waterfowl in that area in 1893. It has also
been reported that an epidemic occurred in
the Tulare Lake Basin of California in the
1890's. The California Fish and Game Com-
mission reports that the first recorded out-
breaks took place in 1907 and 1908. In 1898
an outbreak of the sickness was reported
among geese at Bitter Lake; northwest of
Watertown, South Dakota.
Western Duck Sickness gained wide-
spread public attention in 1910 when a very
severe epidemic occurred at Salk Lake. This
epidemic and subsequent outbreaks took a
toll of millions of birds, averaging 200,000
to 300,000 in one year. There were severe
outbreaks in California from the period of
1910-1930, and during 1940 at the Tulare
Lake Basin, California, 1,285 birds suc-
cumbed. Four thousand one hundred and
fifty-two rescued birds recovered.
Minor outbreaks have taken place in
Oregon, Idaho, North and South Dakota,
Nebraska, and in the Canadian provinces
of Alberta and Saskatchewan. It might be
mentioned, although the figures are not
available, that outbreaks of varying in-
tensity occurred in North Dakota during
the summer of 1942. Mr. D. H. Janzen,
director for the Fish and Wildlife Service
in this region, also advised me that ap-
proximately 400 black ducks died the same
summer from botulism along the Fox river
in Illinois, just over the state line from
Kenosha county.
Although epidemics. of botulism must
have taken place in Wisconsin in years gone
by, only three outbreaks are known to me.
In 1938 an occurrence of the sickness was
noted on Horicon Marsh. A very dry sum-
mer which caused lower water levels, ex-
posed mud flats, and aquatic vegetation be-
came decomposed. High temperatures made
it ideal for the botulinus organism to grow
and excrete its deadly toxin. During the
month of August that year, a number of
mallards, black ducks, blue-winged teal,
muskrats, and marsh hawks were found.
U. S. Game Management Agent E. T'. Carter holding a male Baldpate which
is in the early stages of having western duck sickness.'
(Publication 332, A-47. Reprint from Vol. XI, No. 12, the December, 1946,
issue
of the Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin)
The marsh hawks evidently contracted the sickness because they occasionally feed on carrion. In 1936 the sickness was found to be prevalent in 'the Green Bay area in the same general location of the 1942 epidemic. These epidemics will be discussed later in this paper. Western Duck Sickness, so named because it was first studied in the western part of the United States, is caused by a bacterium, Clostridiuw botulinum, type C. This organ- ism was first discovered by van Ermengen in 1896, and the type C strain was first isolated by Ida A. Bengston of the United States Hygienic Laboratory in 1922. In 1930, Giltner and Couch first isolated the bacterium from dead ducks and mud col- lected in epidemic areas. Kalmbach and Gunderson showed conclusively that the bacteria could actually produce duck sick- ness in the field. With the outbreak of the s~vere Ufah epidemic in 1910, Alexander Wetmore began to study the cause of the sickness. Many theories had been advanced that industrial wastes, lead poisoning, gases, parasites, toxic algae, and toxic alkali salts, were the causes of these re- occurring epidemics. Wetmore came to the conclusion that the sickness among ducks was caused by certain toxic alkali salts. Subsequent outbreaks showed no correlation between the actual outbreaks and the pres- ence of alkali salts, so that further work was carried on by Kalmbach and Gunderson in 1927 with the proof that this particular bacterium is the cause of duck sickness which is a form of food poisoning or botulism. The organism, Clostridiuin botulinunm, type C, is a large bacterium which is found naturally in the soil. It is present more frequently in virgin soil, but is widespread in its range. Like many other species of soil organisms, it produces spores which are able to withstand extreme temperature and moisture variations. The spore-forming species of bacteria are able to live indefi- nitely under natural conditions, and can be killed only with the use of powerful chemicals or by high temperatures. One of the most important characteristics of this organism is that it is an anaerobe-mean- ing that it cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. It grows very well in the presence of either dead vegetable or animal matter, and so is known as a saprophyte in con- trast to a parasite which lives on living matter. The organism also prefers alkaline conditions to a media of acidity. Under favorable environmental conditionc, which include moderately high temperatures, ab- sence of oxygen, and abundant dead organic matter, these organisms grow and multiply in enormous numbers. The excretory prod- uct given off during their life history is a deadly toxin. This toxin is one of the strong- est poisons known. It is stronger than the toxin produced by the bacterium causing lockjaw, Clostridium tetani. In the labora- tory, Batson, working in South Dakota, has been able to kill pigeons using 1/1,000,000 of a cubic centimeter of this deadly toxin. Ducks killed by botulism prior to burning on "Botulism Island" in Green Bay. 0
Batson says that under natural conditions
it is believed that the organisms themselves
are harmless to birds and mammals, but
that sickness and death occurs only when
the pre-formed toxin is taken in during
feeding. The absorption of this toxin from
the digestive tract is very rapid, he says,
and symptoms of sickness and even death
occurs within a few hours. This toxin has
a low resistance to moderately high tem-
peratures, sunlight, and the action of cer-
tain chemicals, such as potassium perman-
gaxate.
Botulism cannot be called a disease in
the true sense of the word, but should be
called an intoxication, as the sickness re-
sults from the ingestion of the toxin rather
than from the organism itself.
The first symptoms appear to be a gen-
eral muscular weakness. The duck affected
loses its sense of balance and throws its
full weight upon its toes. The bird shows
extreme leg weakness, and is unable to walk
with any sense of balance. The wings can
be used, but sustained flight is impossible.
During this first stage of partial paralysis,
the birds seek cover several yards distant
from the shoreline. The paralysis spreads
to the wings, and finally to the neck region.
The neck is sometimes stretched along the
ground, and has earned the name of "lim-
berneck" for the sickness. Advanced stages
of the malady show the birds gasping for
air. A watery discharge appears at the
eyes and nostrils, and a greenish diarrhea
can be noted.
The heart action is slow, and the body
temperature becomes subnormal. When the
bird reaches this stage, it is doubtful that
recovery is possible. Birds have been found
drowned because it was impossible for them
to hold their necks above water. If the
birds become prostrate upon land, they soon
die due to exposure to the sun and lack of
food and water. Many times birds are
found with the nictitating membrane or
third eyelid partially or wholly paralyzed.
The first serious outbreak of duck sick-
ness that came to the attention of the
conservation department occurred in the
summer of 1936 during the months of Au-
gust, September, and October. When the
presen-3 of dead waterfowl was first noted,
the c-iuse was unkonwn. Doctors J. L. Ford
and P. M. Clifford of Green Bay success-
fully determined that the sickness was
caused by the botulism organism by isolat-
ing the bacterium in their laboratory. Ap-
proximately one hundred ducks and some
shorebirds succumbed to the outbreak. Dr.
Ford informs me that practically all vari-
eties of waterfowl common to the Green
Bay arca were affected. This included the
mallard, blue-winged teal, coot, mergansers
of various species, and the Wilson's snipe.
Dr. Ford estimated that approximately 40%
were mallards, 40% coot, and the remaining
20% was made up of mergansers and snipe.
The latter part of August 1941, the con-
servation department received a call from
Mr. Emmett Platten of Green Bay to the
effect that a number of dead and dying
ducks were to be found around a small
island just off the Green Bay Yacht Club.
Dr. Hartsough of the State Experimental
Game and Fur Farm made an investigation,
and determined that botulism was causing
the death of these birds. On September 11,
16, 17, and 18, the waterfowl management
research project with local Conservation
Warden Hayner, Mr. Resler of the game
farm staff, and Mr. Carter, federal game
management agent for Wisconsin, investi-
gated the area where the outbreak occurred.
The focal point for the malady was found
to be a small island created by the War
Department in keeping the ship channel
dredged out. This island is about one-
quarter of a mile out from the Green Bay
Yacht Club, and covers an area of ap-
proximately 11/2 acres. Around the north
end of the island there was found an ex-
cellent growth of sago pondweed and wild
rice. It was here that most of the dead and
dying birds were picked up, although sev-
eral birds were gathered at other nearby
islands; namely, Grassy and Frying Pan
islands. The epidemic was well into its late
stages, as was evidenced by the number of
dead birds picked up, most of which were
in a bad state of decomposition. One hun-
dred and fifty-six dead ducks, and a few
miscellaneous species were picked up.
Eighteen ducks suffering from the sickness
in its various stages were taken to the
game farm for possible recovery. The nos-
trils and throats of many of the birds found
were infected with leeches which further
tended to aggravate the situation. The birds
taken to the game farm were as follows:
Mallard ------------------------1
Black duck ----------------------8
Baldpate ------------------ 3
Pintail -------------------------2
Blue-winged teal 3
Lesser scaup --------------------1
Total
--18
Out of this number, one black duck and
one drake baldpate survived. The 156 dead
birds picked up were disposed of by soak-
ing in gasoline and then burning. The total
number and species of birds that died of
botulism were the following:
Species Number
American bittern -----------------2
Mallard -----------------------18
Black duck -- -- - 58
Baldpate 5
Pintail -------------------------2
Green-winged teal ---------------12
Blue-winged teal ----------------53
Lesser scaup --------------------1
Coot --------------------------14
Solitary sandpiper ---------------1
Herring gull --------------------3
Red-winged backbird -------------2
Total -----------------------171
As mentioned previously, the botulinus
organism grows and thrives in the presence
of either decaying animal matter, or vege-
table material that is undergoing decom-
position.
It was absolutely necessary to dispose
of these dead birds, many of which were
almost completely disintegrated, by saturat-
ing their bodies with gasoline and burning.
The charred remains were then buried.
Leaving the bodies of these ducks in the
area may produce large quantities of toxin,
and thus create a menace to other birds.
Stirring the water with an oar or with
the foot also helped to dilute the concentra-
tion of toxin. Biologists with the Fish and
Wildlife Service informed me that for an
area of six feet around one duck carcass,
the water is saturated with the toxin from
this bacterium-so saturated that a duck
drinking the water in that area, or eating
any of the dead organic material, will con-
tract the sickness.
It is known that botulism affects other
species of birds and even mammals. Al-
though many muskrats inhabit the areas
visited, none were found dead or dying.
Gulls probably contract the sickness by
drinking water in the vicinity of infected
duck carcasses. Herring and ring-billed gulls
were present in the area in considerable
numbers.
Several studies which would be of far
reaching importance could be carried out
on the aftereffects of botulism on water-
fowl. Are ducks more susceptible after their
first attack of botulism in again contract-
ing the sickness? Does botulism affect fer-
tility? Ducks that have recovered have been
banded and released in California, but we
need to know more about these recoveries.
The basic cause of these botulism out-
breaks in the Green Bay area appears to
be due to the pollution of the Fox river
and Green Bay by wastes from the sewage
disposal plant and the paper mills. As I
understand the situation, the city of Green
Bay reclaims the solids from their sewage,
but dumps the liquids into the bay at the
mouth of the Fox river. The paper mills
along the Fox river pollute the waters with
sulphite paper wastes. These liquids have
a high affinity for oxygen, and soon re-
duce the dissolved oxygen in the water to
a point where the botulinus organism can
grow. The warm temperatures of August
also are conducive to the growth of this
organism.
The current of the Fox river is very
sluggish, and as it empties into Green Bay
the water is almost stagnant. In fact, the
current is so sluggish that at times a slight
wind from the northeast will force the river
to flow backwards for several miles. The
small islands created by the War Depart-
ment in their dredging operations aid fur-
ther in retarding the current in its normal
course out into Green Bay. The shifting
winds coming in from the northeast create
a tide which is very noticeable around these
government mud dumps. When the water is
down, mud flats are exposed to the sun,
and the decomposing vegetation makes an
ideal media for the duck sickness organism.
The island where most of the birds were
picked up was named "Botulism Island."
The liquids from the sewage disposal
plant contain much nitrogen and phospho-
rus which help to make plant growth
luxuriant while the sulphite liquor wastes
tend to cut down the growth of plant life.
The beds of sago pondweed undergoing
some decomposition in mid and late sum-
mer were very attractive to waterfowl
looking for food. The bacterium found a
good host in these plants, and the feeding
ducks soon contracted the sickness.
No relief from duck sickness outbreaks
can be expected in Green Bay until such
time as the paper mills install equipment
which will remove at least the major por-
tion of the oxygen-consuming material in
the waste sulphite liquid that is discharged
into the lower Fox river. The government
should refrain from creating these small
islands which are products of their dredg-
ing operations, because such islands harbor
beds of aquatic vegetation, and exposed mud
flats, caused by tides, become focal points
for this sickness when other factors are
equal.
Acetylene gas exploders helped to frighten
the birds away from infected areas, and
should be used pending the removal of the
basic causes for these epidemics.
Literature Cited
Batson, H. C. 1940. Western Duck Sickness
(Botulism) in South Dakota. South Da-
kota Conservation Digest. July, 1940.
Ford, J. L. and Clifford, P. M. 1936. Deter-
mination of the Causative Factor Con-
cerned in the Deaths of Wild Fowl on
Green Bay Unpublished manuscript.
Kalmbach, E. R. and Gunderson, M. F.
1934. Western Duck Sickness a Form of
Botulism. U. S. D. A. Tech. Bull. 411.
May, 1934.
Mays, Alfred S. 1941. Observations on Duck
Disease at Tulare Lake Basin, 1940. Cali-
fornia Fish & Game, 27(3): 154-164.
July, 1941.
Wetmore, Alexander. 1915. Mortality Among
Waterfowl Around Great Salt Lake, Utah.
U. S. D. A. Bull. 217. May, 1915.
Wetmore, Alexander. 1918. The Duck Sick-
ness in Utah. U. S. D. A. Prof. Paper,
Bull. 672. June, 1918.
N' EA E A U
CP E P I CLAIRE
R--13-W R-124W R-11W R..1-W
Town of Durand Town of Lima Town of Albany Town of Drammen
I1 I 160S
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BUFFAL COUTn L h
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RAILROADS__
EILECTRIC INTENUHUN
BUFFALO
COPLEY AMORY
1811 Q STREET
WASHINGTON,D.C.
January 9, 1941
Mr. Aldo Leopold
1532 University Avenue
Madison, Wisconsin
Dear Mr. Leopold:
I am glad to receive your letter of January 5 and
reciprocate your kind messages. It may be interesting to
you to know that Mr. Edward R. Dewey, of 370 Lexington Avenue,
New York City, has been engaged for several years past in the
study of cycles as applied in the world of industry, and that
he and several associates, of whom I am one, have organized a
"Foundation for the Study of Cycles", which aspires to set up
a directory of all those interested in cyclical research in
the United States, Great Britain and Canada. We also hope
to get together at a luncheon, perhaps here in Washington, in
April, something less than a score of persons who have been
or are now engaged in directing cyclical research, to the
end that our little Foundation may acquire a standing among
men of science and a modest income, and, if all goes well
and the war in Europe permits, it would be our purpose to
have a general conference either in June or October. The
response of those directing research and of the researchers
themselves to our effort is surprisingly favorable.
I will keep you posted in the general progress of
our effort, but, better yet, it would be, if you are in
Washington, to call on me and let us discuss the matter, for
of course we hope that your university will not only furnish
others besides yourself as interested parties, but will re-
cognize our performance when and if we merit it.
I have asked Elton to help us with getting up the
directory in England, and I have recently written to Rowan
asking his help in other respects.
My reaction, I am sorry to say, to your story of
the grizzly bear is that it is a pity that the race is being
exterminated. I would rather see them continue as wards of
the Government in Yellowstone Park and elsewhere, even if they
deteriorate in strength and vigor, as our Indians have done.
I presume there are plenty of grizzly bears left in the moun-
tains of British Columbia, but I should suppose very few in
our country.
I made a trip through Wyoming and Montana in 1896,
with Owen Wister, and grizzly bears were plentiful, as were
-2-
also the crosses of all the other bears--black, cinnamon and
brown.
I wish I knew more about your Duck Research Station
in Manitoba.
Please do not forget me when you come to Washington.
Sincerely yours,
CA/s
Alma, Wis., January 4, 1941
Mr. W. E. Scott
Madison, Wis.
Dear Sir:- In reply to your favor of yesterday, allow me state that being
almost eighty two years of age, my memory is naturally somewhat clouded
and yet it seems that it is only recent events that I fail to remember
and that I usually have no trouble reclling the most trifling incidents
of my younger days and yet I have not the slightest recollection of the
"bear story", in question or of having sent anything whatever to
Mr. Cory.
I was at that time the publisher and editor of the local paper, The
Buffalo County Journal and if any information of that kind was obtained,
it was from that source. I ran in that paper a column entitled "looking
Backward" and perhaps an item re-told therein may have inadvertantly
been
taken for current news put that is only a conjecture of mine yet seems
probable since the items re-told in that column were 33 years.old.
The only dead bear, killed by a hunter in this county, that I ever
saw, was one bagged by a farmer (Casper Reuter) near the head of the
Waumandee walley. That was when I was a lad in my early teens. He
had the animal packed in marsh grass and stopped on his way to town,
where he hoped to sell the carcass to a butcher, for some ice to
re-pack the carcass. Copies of the paper are on file with the State
Historical Society, where I have also filed some historical pamphlets
referring to early life in our county viz;-
(a book) Kessingers History of Buffalo County. "Pioneer Life in
Buffalo County", by E. F. Ganz and also "Reconstruction Period
in
Buffalo County and Exodus to the West by E. F. G. Mr. Kessinger's
History was written by a highly educated man who went into every
phase of the natural history, in regard to both the flora and fauna
of the county and state and may prove of interest to you. In my work
on pioneer life is included a short sketok of a buffalo or bison herd
kept here for some time and I nay add that Huber Bros., who owned that
herd, among other wild beasts, also kept a bear, which was later
slaughtered in the Alma meat market and furnished the first and only
bear steak that I ever tasted and that was before 1908. Should a bear
have been killed by a hunter, in this county, after the turn of the
century, it would have been one driven here, by fovest fires or some
other cause from the pineries, which were but twenty miles distant
from the northern boundary before their devastation. However, if that
occurred, I am at a loss to recall the fact. Trusting that this may
furnish the information you desire, I remain
Yours respectfully
Is/ E. F. GANZ
E. F. Ganz
COPIED
1/10/41
January 3, 1941
Mre General
Mr. J. B efra
it. F, v.
Ana (Cream), WIsoonsin
Pear Mr. Brea:
We note in Charles B. Cory's " amals of Illinois
and W1,onsin", which was published by the Field Musem
of xatuar 'Aistowy In 1912, a referene to the faet that
you reported to him a bear rhich was killed In Buffalo
county sone time In the years of 19, 1909, or 1910.
As this is a most unusual recor and we therefore
have been forced to doubt Its authenticity, we would
greatly aprilate vPrd frm you as to the details re-
garding the killing of this bear. We rotdd like to have
any Information that would assure un it was a ild. antmal
and not one released from some local zoo.
Thank you for your oonsirleration In this reg .
W. F, Scott
14, E. 300t
Superv1ior, Cooperative
Game Maaement
IfZS: LAB
GC 0: Prof. Leor-olet
georg C, eoJ
Jarn.urs, 3, 1941.
mr. E F. cnz General
i54onsin
Dear Mr~. Ganz:
¶Je note In Charle,-s B. Cory's "t mas of Illinois
and Wieonl which was pubioshed by the Field museum
of Natural Histor In 191., a reference to the fact that
you reported to hi a bear which was killed In Btffalo
County soye time in the years of , 199, or 1910.
As this Is a most unusual reco , and we have the-re
fore been forced to doubt its authnticity, we woild
Fatly a'preciate word from you as to the details re.
garln; hekilling of the bear, W1e wouldl like to have
an or mation that womid assure ue it was a willd animal
and not one released fro some local zoo,
Thank you for your consilderation In this regard.
FOR M'. DICO
By
W,£,o3ott
Supervisor,' Cooperative
GGeorge Canacemezt
Oeptm feW' ~W
bi 8tb, Wns., te4 RI 4 Netrie mprtl*Z 0. 0,,
~Ia. 1s, P_: I at mstha t tz G0"0wrl 5tV.*
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t As sa mo b. the sY w .t sl4e o.1 b8 b.t t s e
if Iawvew es) 4~tvee gve m*h aitIus 4ws~l.
oLloyd
If~~~~~a We 0 0.ie e,2
II N.. L
wusmm --WI ii, f PL ,AN ra
200urw mapI1 HIwtOT 1 Ba -*8t au idLf Me 0latalDt
Ohiw oo Prja Is mWtsed a* rp ~pas and timbr lwA. it to
rswdbo ler =o or Stbix bad to sumw a 4vl supm sand prdes
-=m* wid2M cro. Inm ntaca h lb. eftet msioc~ frog wI16
We Mu be grae t~w lb. pnn Iad u*
T. .seeml1*~ Wish fetrran mo Sth a n4wro of
Selil @iinwmtl1 Seve I* ih M= Reek Pv$w to to *wee
thePrsent pr~eeau bet~ lbs If- bad a*" Is mill ultbmte*
sif a remUca Inor lan ando inem In both pam and wooi.d
So ad~m o retw tatMO work soo cal) OV1ro v, steb
be* af# n add ao~w left frm sotwwopm fo nsteln
epwtdt fr wi1dif mm.
?h. minlUf --p In Uwo Cham Rook Frjoot will hm-
as Its ~ot1wte th Uw eig
I. Tho mlsaf Inf aso pemible of act dermaal to
2. Th .oreltion or wildlife moeagmet wrwd with ~sroi
5The eaost1m of feea n goammi pub1. to a bvttw
amseatonof tw 1 *mora v st owidlaife.
spcts ta will roe to mimsoo in a dosired mn,
5. so Stama Id x ur wiwlb th Uw of
46. Va Prmf of 1160oea in fomm and gry. to tok the
Idimitiw In th us. of ui~lifh ma-igpl,:mto&
To acm hthe "a~n &S.otwee ft will be neosy
1.To be wel Luame at .3. tium ou the vavin phaes of
2, To manw weuy opotui to o.rr ca uiIldlif *du
~*To kn th lif hIistr of eshspce in Iae proje
and thi mewtio to Us prsn eurmoto
14#T dterito th lINdtiRg ft~ of e*e aseele to be
5.To *ewft vrihSate and oter ~vU Interete lu
VIIM~fe aocftieii.
i iiQl co , il
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p . - . .- - :-
* 'Ummm m m,
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Histor so Prsn Status a Wildl~t. - Within the past eight
Piez4i hoCimWRo -re am be warlated to ma o his we. of
the lande ft gatter fis naw Int th am thWfd an orirm
Dow* ftsasm Pioa J*e Rbbit*, Sqm1..s, Boor a few Elk, and sm
The first, -ww -ow Lut., te &aaond1%o 1855. ft
m~wer to owy h histor of wi1dt midd Uw. s Into the ,nej
Tibe iste earl perid me Ulmtod mstly to poplar and
scru okvdt a fo pads of nafe ts loasted in th *0 aln
Omto uw~ith *0ovtywsfii~ypp~ to Urat~ fir*
eantrle ir as a estraw's faat w me*poably ol~iimatd by th0 I&%
ud~Io ieco W9OO. iht rnt th *Ua prawtid -ain for =y
deftt. wo Udr t*0 ui~t ma gebttl in *0g w is no wSMULA
It Is eaelo Oat settles oftm go fir" forenlrgn bb
pe*e to -q~ -at% modtosad to clea land Wt firie
VMt*0 WrVIo the0 frt4 sotlwato 188 0 th ui Inustry
In ft am a grai farib Mwa -a# th pnmin orp m , *.o
inwou of the 4hm b~ug and ubet rut u*Ioh grdvl edm yields,,
msda abu tmti yrd~o of Vat n fa u to rdsmo
foo fo lvitk.t swi I r~~1r
of land eg to be uti1aed arbwivl for arp e.d kflWUfmin to
Uni tb, r oco~Ions Ar v1411fes
Nslbly th periodf~ 1855 to 2900 becftIe rxt Pfla wd
sedo 2d weweat z Ibtwupasbg of ofwtye andt. foos*
Wh~w qw11 .ev~ In th mars beor settlers avd to XU
OWWS As firee proab~y Iw a floo partieso ld open It see Vdt
Sto qw1 in th rat In M* O. F~uM to th prat tim &
earw fthei padtion dost a h It to be of the Irrrv type
to se a flo arow sf stck, Wmars bu14A an feagfc o
bog to 1,tWawws~toe.Hwvr It1I eajetml If th reb
im vt ofat Ux hm vtsalrumbw - not .fft4 S#fat or to *
vermi exwt In evlatqwbws qvA1 am abut fowto resot to
met In aea did* u to *4wai 1S~te n~era Vw. ow be elvo
abl food an, *oe. tr the vitw -as probbl In th peat-
RufdgowI I" wr rq * as wre r oty Limted
to *. lly bw h grnA pi of atime grow. As f. en
fzwaweas the rufdpuerwg yotbIW t~ of at r* It to
Maly tht thei poplwio 1.4muo in 4e prprin Whethr*Vol**
vae *feclaoI 4e1t pouaios Inth past vswt dstsm14.
Ow14d be hew1 In tringg this q"I" b~ to An IMPwrtMt 9=0 bdv
we WW~t =tU 1900* Am tb b to lhi tv m lmfly dL~eorpy
-rvio owel~ shotlg but nw 1 thi oWy de to a slight aes*ti.t
In~*h o~winlly ow in the vdte mcts Unobel xesv
and mate lan ooem.
go paso~ p4smin a plentiful x1gret to the ara andin
Jae rabbits wo plawt at the tbw of sotea but beu to
dellne wm 187.Jut sta thr sttu vas at tht tins is meertais
Th w hitdto a 3Sdodexmmb *prtan prbal funsed*
Coteo~. raJ~vbbits e rbal o wrebw4 Ise the ars wfis
settlem Thyvr e In lMu~te4 numa In IWO but 414 no *t~f to
1wres =All 386g. with the emato fWotg erthiW bawe Increa
with- etoa and axe qvte ab a sit the prees tbw. Due to a minoll
of -r 4Is~le Sa te are b=U x~ewl.Te so" swt at
an aattcIntrw a am Imoran *a a ufe pels
Ver little Wbfnmtio me 40.louedt roat to sqires Bwt -
an mw sq rls ow prsn when this ma wa first settled1. It &sa
libely tha th cenral of bwain and -wi opentios bwm Incresed
their popultic. To a lesser wru tbo rabbitsuh re impotn fo
Reprt omfLot soewht to the abundmos of fone In the are
rufdgruo wee im rpoto tothe stands of available timber -.W
Tbo wa abu za In3W, WIa a ,rmfsscai trappe beg oprtlow
in th ara. Howw, *w.to intnsv trppn their wmer wa*asdr
ably dslae but o the ore -eore as gmully smbig ba* to abn.
-300 "hw hmm w v been.une emtonily for sport, TheIr abl.! Inotam
iU on **&I*a well asa etetcVus
Bat dew and berwa reore as bou plntful but b ~ to
disimara eatlan I14e. Very f~,wr seen aftw 1806.
El semArn the area, at least. twoi* am In 186 and ag~ai
A*taps bmwr been nae to plant tw a 1.t #n birds Iu thema.o&
in 1921* th Rod sad Gu Club released thre pairs of Hmu~rim
Pextide Th xermn resulted In inplate failur as the birds did not
beamo esalsec hta the ftlu w&& due to a deialema In the %se
Th frt hasn planting bog in 128 and *a*Au d to 1933.
The Vlloi to a, brief Misto of plni~s,
29 -Prt ntred phaat puoae fte a lineal gam fb
and release by the Indadaa Rded Gun Club.
199- hbr matured psemus release man 100 e~ itiuo
to locl fowee bY tho Rod and G~ Club.
1L930 -~ 4b mauedPeaats rolewooa mand oM qs distibuted
-06-
to lol sfw by the Red and Ow Club.
P- t matre phommi -r v)ma4, and 10~0 egs sfbu
to lowl fhrm. bv h af lolitI 1~. 1. Red a rnd Club.
2W Fv- ude *M distr~ibuted to Iowa *now* U7 t~w
Indeends 3 Ro aid @r Club.
M3 Five hude egg ditibuted to laeal tbrmws byth
Rod and Gum Club,
Dsto e 1Mum pnIn o this spt..es an h fa ht %Ar
Ppu1etico to Owa*1ty boletwe hoghbrsst"s 4 the 3lse
SO fm#it is 2Impsaibl. to doemnt *u~lv inosshfl establhUit ft
ths par of th *& tesma.rmj At ~to prsi tiwthe ar quit*
plenih1 (abot am Owmtfrsw y 60 a-s) m4 ar ww.6 xrtwevol
far sprt The we aso Im ataf for their *ig aoaw ale A for
WOWm In th. ara hw emlained of dm4 don to cros by pemfs
bu It S.MI .*tttl It the ~ r*ti ais t no oagnmtod by U.iz high
frt~ settlers arvi*4. The frt sig at *wt appegd In 19M jh
tefirtauthnti p~xgo itrou oosuge. Cotiml pwi bmv
tow maeutil roo ts. JJ to Mil In the strom -d th alooriq
au asui of ithi traw are no m m~ 1 ps .nt . A few smal
tru am -M awh In the am an the =W be~ wo to hav a reawfti.om
fta n uo Aug 3 M3t- SW 20 1934-*w 9
Q*~.iai Umetwy mm Th Q WRoam Ui. *.Uly in th
In Ike Nloooic peio ft ara me gutm4~ bomth ap oesma.
d *. t 4topet, abane in Its deth meimf WW dooitd La
v" 1w44 dem. This Ulstmooouam mok **mlaewl as m.11 ma md
It Is rathe a i&1=to.
fmtWOe amow to a pom" or gr 6w dgmef by tb. dlums. This
toko as th FI.I*.om period md my b. sai to be #tin in pain.,
Lee" ~ dpoted bymd"us Luth are to a l~atod vm
Gra~~~~~~ml~m labeto e*cw h ocmb o h rsit bottualmd
r*IS:U0 -'d ate blsIdes. Pmeism1l a1 at j Sw ftpANL
lletoeIn thmarea bL ibmpwv & to oveanfaro. A fWmwqw
-oc in the exra awhrs em smthmt *V of th prje
AW is
Dgmof Ieeloa -~ *Sh.t erosin s l5 vt* M all cuglwtivte
slpe at ove five pw aes. Newt of fto m2ulmtib slo.ew rang ftim ta
to twAfr .p t bu Vt Is Is no1rwa to we. slpe v to forty per
osbad euRltvation AMy of th so 1p* epoiabll2 the steeper onsar
shr an -reua, but eims of t I*~m slopes mr quite lmg a~n salted
to stri OMPp1g.
ft rbe of gually erosio in tisret -t serious. Threw
I*l shesrnggllie. and gulle atk alal bf&s34a h vadill
nlosstste InemauWe strctues. Stro beak eroio Is qute itensml
-lf the drl~wy in th ra. In a $rtt numbe of plaaw th ak
arefrm few to eigh fet In heigt and .vdm on an theousid of o~v
Un awmea loss of hlgbly rdcie a~~~, In manyg in e theat
'Vit biglmy andbrdges am being muetaio by this type of eroida has
srted a hlbx1 Prabloa. (T~ frm 'Ouliat of Project Waf Pr~m by
'" so ýw
.*11 4
in the wasa~ ts*" sise of t. for" b.iWg abut10m
Abou fitwe to .wa-bmp mt of ~.tthfoms r moqeI $Mts.
Thseas tn of lese tomst emnw talinrd by the &".tnWpe.
NkUfr w~uti fa P roject Wwk rPvým by JonR. Bo2UinW.)
Usdt Ote rjft - Sv.s. pro~jet b" bee divided into fiv lv. 14u
TjW. ml4. - vtoop V$ oln as*,sd. ot m4as - oom in each
ors n 1oaicnt. A small ara of ride p m is found In tM exrn suh
wont anu otma fe of th met Th flw Irn phase Is reticte to
Omvplly wlldlif. is not ocnfled to W sige anlt tb~ rahe .h
opprtitesIv maae* Wea selectio Is baedi upo desrablity as
veUaswmi"I inoratm anmngmn of tbe.. spoiev. Both thi
Wite Is usa of ny saifa~lto mangnx proes4wi for them po
Reaeaimsl fhilitie ofter~ by the pbasot mc8 manaent of
thi -pce desrabl. Mwbe ma-,em moth will be .tf.alve with
p)easmt i hs par of th *uiflemw are is no nwnaxer--
wakidt ba.do birds shml be vawae to esabis th*. veso
ftlmot reen pIlantr.s
3% 14 felt tb* rrg4w methd for th three apses.. cge
bird *14d will also be boeftetal to Usrqiem of oterwildlife
qspo.e in Vie ovm.
ýW 39 40
415 ~poetem orS9r'c,1~r
/~ on
- .. L3- N
* --.-- 36
63. 24. 126 -
a /V o ?c A13
9 /0~ 7
133 a 5a
'Mts - nt Now I., or bott~m Am.es -mar to a greter or loses
-xen In s* sectio of the project. UVtwtin an this *pe of 1amd
,eamate osty of mars gra, weeds, a& i cerai w loa IO tleB, dene
sttis of aldw.r. Pratically th only us made of this land is patr.
Mos of the bottm Isw t bor~wsd by either the lw1evelo rolln ph&**,
but in a fw irtao th *Wep pbae run ino the botto Undo The avg Us
o~jested to floigi Imt spir and~ 114 *1 pelot
Oruh h *wime phaat aps to be the only ga birdI ~te
uti1iso tile t wesaly The are mainly realict to area whe
alders Wea an pasurin Is kep to a zuimm. A1*othwood~ seeds are
avolablo in limted qwtit.7 thog most of te winA- suths pbmmuts
mo to be forced to deen largel upo vt grai aroudfr bui1Aizig to
car thm eve sevr cold periods* Pks we .in2Ii' lnoate along the
oeges of tie bottm lmd aMd phaat aeaqie the babit of reglalwy
feeding from this source The position of fam In relation to the botbo
-ow appear to b# a dito facor In th vae distribution of pbowawW.
Alde *tbot sam so wowing airs for pbast In the W1ri o ithye
aA amIpotn to Us Oecs l mating ofthis speces.
- ilomet orthisara manl higs n tie relative vau bt
-atr aMd a cro of phaens Intwaf 1wiles of the bottm pbsN
pF-swe eanlidns a*po ~enog to vw" up for A1dld1ite.
YAagmatnhd-S flr h bota ph * shol cnismlt of IMt
vxdmlrgamtof ars b ~wiftr .mrw mudrod
ftstngcoercodtion my be Improvd tbrug the restrictio t
gmin- Whom pasur value to x1gtsira t o ,wer emandtlins should
be natk by Plantin vlown aMd ote suiltabi. woody species.
As mos of the bottm ox is dissovWby eboj4sx el plantin will
'015 4W
mm'r tb d"I Pap~ of wiWUt 009"~.p v~m
moa of stbb arin arm.
sbulA be befaoftil tu 4erestg the wintr w t&j mwtmM Oe % psto bas
pre-tio of weakee bird tbow wta4mi an thei * tu~ing tw
prtcieew x.Ato&fo p.atos ha m roed intiftly aeu
-mn kno *Isti ma.e Me eawr wilm ating wariin *M*~ of
gri and dtfaetnUwdas of planir to doams tht ofiam &*14
U umatkn Mwre -glur ewit atU be Vegryto g~pj~t by
Rt Is prswo tba* Wit may be.a possble ftw 1* *0 wib
xSLt~ of -hau4 bw. -tefe a o endotL7*t~s~
this Ar* 2t -eo highly destua to Act atfw ~Amms tbo*grtm
-,r'A 2K tbedfe month to "ert~ai *.o trf of thIs prormi=.
fttb qWA] me i*1%ued fr lh bottom phas by vi*
time of in* iexs In no ku 'No Vis foun on this ph" thog
th ldt f L9560but t~w have bee rewtod &# *Sspi ii pb&
finely. A posbo e4Qwtio may ads in the 1ak Of g*jb&U rood,ro
Mm amsn rav nd&lI adv1.si to UMMaw~ x mM prIot thM
Cf- V1 -""r P" ftM -w asdbh"a
-ooe~n of *U ara for pesons *w)4 be p* ~ bf.
to etk1 rabits end Possibly qlL.
Unt No.2. or Irni pbse is rotisa ft #aft "lies b II aa
ft botina so ro@11g pbse. Pretml~y 41 at lb. ara Is use as amp
&WMXK I&I- plrl-mal orp is gbaoTh sno Ua chra m In witr I
alos a mm~oe absew of *~ lmroadml som ghoo* a",
lef in th filstbog the ~wines In th aue thm*vr Is liz~d
to grai or" ma small portio or Cemen woods alorw the .dom of
Crft fn eM e Am~s ma m*Ieins.m is in 1u tht. sa r a1~ndit t
Us* by wi~ldifeo .this area somflly ocurw s inth ypring. sme,
and Vreab3 tall WIa. Phasnt, eatta~al ftb1~s, *ad, to a Irnwm
to grf -d amet utilis tm grasac meM w slW roasiesan eM~
of fields for ,mg Duo to libitodo md~ last of a11nmmi vilhfos
qWl ar. ýfr
Mmetm mmithes *r thi area will uessevmi2y be, otitda
ft IS" is hihl V*W~d fr 1h r~to at ers Frne ro planhug
soss~ of dumib m vtfo wil be ** mel inonaat proceure H----,,
odd aorwsa vweL4 or ullea mill be utilized wIth either foo or earop
puizgo Food p~ee shoul be a~tttd m tis5 ara as in bntg. 1,
Eductiaoml wokto twch.no wiw al of 1eragw ~stonin or &o*e4 am
thoghh witrsol be 1-*m
Deeopo of %Ait No, 2 should Imeom t m ge vt~ sis
for Oemns e~aUtnt rabits, and qml.
VnR No 3 or relv urn.e rns Is if a&s* ti of the prja
and borers the step pha an uI4 m4d* and eh -th bott or IrnI -hA
at te opositeo Ut of fte land 1a In .roe Prbably the mas"mv
OVU divided b*Um bW and Pai. Iwine 9o~tion in this maram
SWI toUit No* 2, 1ove, d * Ine ft ,fUo or hj~ aMd ejm ws
and ~ I Ow rw n& almg for eMw an mamdvtis m Is fairly
movlly begin -run the ul. ofAm
UMAW. los th area m* 1wal In If. sprtxg saw mad fall
peiod&, Pirly its chief valv~e toIn the main ftaiUltie Waved by
ba) eop and me ed grwh Pheum# e refm tnisix I lou the edpe of
bay 4.4.s and In mob w~ees as v~x Inwtt)o giat mod. sand &ou 40**
Qwl, ud~btdl, us tise am for ameti but 4ws to Nwv hLmted svbrý
so nest bhe been lmotM.* Food* wnis itooy of Ijmosie, vwe eedss azA
Via n h spria iawr and ft peiolds. Winter fiend U. p tioally
limited to vast gri n"o4 fm bulint
Opprl1ble 1r smsagiet In thisor to res 5tetd due to1t.
hi* ixi~w br cro leand Establi~ t of foo ;ataea sud pl~u odd
owners fame r man gal I" toe om a mA we ill be, th vas swogmnt
1W ? Itst possible t~t ratn nar.IV a be b4%in 1his aw due
to th amtt of bay r o Nestin stto should be mada* san sn admo
=40 to edwat. ft r to th of dm o epoolos. awsome, or
*& this area mnuag z mehos *Auld be 4ao d to onag the aea
of Vinte hbitat for plam amd qnle to UWa ..mn aind food *o1timw
b. N, 4s or atw phase is mostly timbrd sand laed. psued
mixd ar~od,,the o* bWiC 4ubma, Th ov- a RIs qit extesiwo Isiss@
man osomr in .~h section of th ymXt rtIs avmrosdo on oil aldes J
the rollm phass Tnimiew grasin of hiwt*xk haj *~nn a 4t e
of tkaUme In thswe, Food I. bn .t tw f buds* &Asr man a 11al
sp*4* are th. qvxi and extent of ~wine foo and .v
It udl1 b. retire frm gmine m4 reoot
- 11=thods fr ruf fedgo* qull *a phat S*owM
Avdestto of bilU*idoa
3. IMUaMI or th.4ec verege rfw.tW*Ao ofti vdi* a .urda
4. b0=690 t f~itn saqtb aud ~np.
UO PWOG of nommo intiara isE r 1to c I *wor o =a hod
Atimhvt all vdMlift.n to Drst beto ehvv am pboats and
-Sta -omA ruffe. gouo
Vkdt No- .~ or u1d. led, isao limited in art tht it is r~tbw
='V ftr wildlife. O026tIc vdl~tiv to eOVrj, food an lan w
or sl1wa to the rollingpm Dug to & hIgý14 *Ivtln phfat g
viteo utar soatly rotiee to th Oajfr or rook I. ede*~ of sh1*wr
In vi1b qui are wed to fee twin vao gmi wrun Umf f buildings.
W nefod stblaw to th oln wow r- wý fmod r
.0 V go
tMS OW40*
Soay- raiM5.afims are tbjt tMe amt seiam 11wti, teto c
VO-r l wIt1 q..e "Lo IneetW ok ara am ** notea~b2 *~shaug at
mwoIs b* of sufon " In the winte, nesin tave fw ruffe gross
an*Q moutabie t~ of rae forpeasnt *f 1m.Wlv~
Rt shml be the &* of th olCnevto Seve *o w..*Ityf
thes *=tion b7 *~w food plantin an 1he vrms vult an ev
tiwdw* with cooenwu. Factors that uva qattoab1.j but mW be
-~abu In Unitin k, prdainof wildlife, sbould be a..ra'ined by
Altov¬ix has bee stated eaoswmg hxtCas a tkto I ts,
gm. =mama*~ pr a it some highly destab)l to pot ell fom beIo~ng
to wild]ife oopraes PoI ts exetd o ny to benfit ooprtr
tha the f ~ ~ hasauhoity to w*tro wildlife, produsim mhis Isa
Wildlife .snme should be mado replaly to 4oteuni. the O"NM
or mlw.r ofr nagn methods.
-0is-w
'vfdI We Camrvt io Plan twr P~oy a'se-. go Dept 0 Agftvt1tw
N4W Y4=t
Avgst#1933.
"Wild Lift Hadbok ,edo Ni" et fArwlus U, S., ?crea
Sarr
FAVseosi" b R C. Cas% Ph. D.
0j
APP
ITI
WF,
w rA
,I
,,3P.m.
Empty
Folder
OUTAGAMIE CO.
Appleton R-18-E
q
PAVE9D ROAD
LOW TYPE 31
GRAVELI
- rTm
OUTAGAMtE CO. BROWN CO
TOWN OF BUCHANAN
R-19-E
BROWN CO.
R-20-E
TOWN OF HOLLAND
TOWN ROADS - -
"TRALS-.-.... -- -- --
COUNTY LINKS- - --- - - - - - -
TOWN LINES ------..
SE C T IO N L IN E S - --.. . .. ....... . . . . --- - -
RAILROADS-----
ELECTRIC INTERURBAN
STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
OF WISCONSIN
STATE OFFICE BUILDING, MADISON, WIS.
SCALE MILES
ImUlO
T-20. N
I 57
R R17 JI. 11 1 N~ 132
7'
4 2419t 1o1
Cl Q
br--dg- ---- ------
0i
"U 3C
71
VI. TOWN OF CALUMET
FOND CO EM CO. FOND OU LAC CO- a
S
-- -
1 _ _ _ , ~ M A P O F -
C ALU H-MET COUNTY A.,RooN
D-OWNOF
T-18-N
L a_._ l..
T-17.N
COUNTY PARK___
CALUMET
I
+
m
T-19-N
Empty
Folder
Empty
Folder
A D A M S M A ý, R
Q U E T T E G R E E N
L A K
R.,6s- R-.7sE R--E
R-9..E R4.04 R iI-E R--2 -E
Town at Dell Praine Town of New Haven Town of Dougles"
Town of Moendville 'Iowa af Buffain Town ot Kingston
Town of Manchester
135
H
I osin * ~
- - a
-6I .f~ I
. a
Bel n tain,
-------
&o
T' 'own of faiekma
33
o at Prakieidu SaC . W E-
lawn at Rexnboy Town of Dane lawn
at Vienna Tbw at Windsor Town ot Bristal Taw at
York
D A
TIOWN ROADS
-
w... ... TRAILS -
- -
[ ........ C ¢OUNTY
LINES -- -
TOWN UN m
-- CgJt,4ed
j44 RAILROADS- _
.-Lvj n EETRIC INTERUREAN
N E MAPOF
LEGEND COLUMBIA COUNTY
- .STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION
.ji:,WAY C OUNWV OF WISCONSIN
PAVED ROADS. STATE OFFICE RUIPING, MADISON, WIS.
LOW TY-E------- L W - DSCL IE
GRAVEL. -D_
EAR ... - -s
/ qN t9 e SaccS l, 11A,04
E
L1
d43-30'
T-12.-N
l0
ST-10-N
lown
Mlet Jkrabbits
Col~umbia Co. '
Zan., 1935--Bsa Liltur, U~-1/2 mi. W. of Arlingt~n (Columbia Go.)
rabbit in midwinter, 193~4, out in. his pastuz'. Thiis is the first
has seen in this vicinity. Hs has lived the"o abwt 4 y~ears.
saw one Jack-
jakrabbit he
J. 0. Mi.1ks, 4 mi. S.W. of Ppsnt~te, saw his first jackrab~bit Octobsw'3lt
Md.
saw them wvral times daring Dcme, 1934, In a field of cornshoaks. This Is
the first time he has seen jaakwbbits, in this vicinidty and hs has lived
there
uine* 1693.
rree ZiMUa~M
11/24 0 a0 2 3o o o
11/25 1 '1 6 t 0 0 0
11/26 3 oI=T ics- a 0o0 0 0
11/2T 5 (Ald-J0$yd.) t ' 0 10 0t 0100 100
1u*sA.(Ailbao y..)
cC r
. LtAbWV? ot
Rlbo leo oi'*ý
ZOOLOGICAL SERIES
OF
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Volume 29 CHICAGO, OCTOBER 26, 1944 No. 14
A NEW HARVEST MOUSE FROM WISCONSIN
By HAROLD C. HANSON
ASSISTANT GAME TECHNICIAN, ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY
The discovery of a harvest mouse of the genus Reithrodontomys
in Westpoint Township, Columbia County, Wisconsin, was an
unexpected highlight of a small-animal census made in the fall of
1941 on an area of seven square miles near Prairie du Sac. This
work was done while I was a Research Assistant in the Department
of Wildlife Management at the University of Wisconsin. This
mouse had not been known to occur within the borders of the state,
and a study of the specimens collected indicates that the Wisconsin
population represents an undescribed race of Reithrodontomys
megalotis. I believe it may be a preglacial relic in the driftless area
of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Hamilton (1943, p. 264) reports the
harvest mouse from La Crosse, without indicating the collector and
without comment.
I am indebted to Dr. Hartley H. T. Jackson for the loan of
specimens from the Fish and Wildlife Service collection in the
National Museum, and to Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood for permission to
examine the Field Museum collection under his care and for advice
during the course of the study. I have also discussed the taxonomic
problem involved with Dr. Donald M. Hatfield of the Chicago
Academy of Sciences.
Reithrodontomys megalotis pectoralis subsp. nov.
Type from Westpoint, Columbia County, Wisconsin. No. 53840
Field Museum of Natural History. Adult female. Collected
October 18, 1941, by Harold C. Hanson. Original No. 448.
Diagnosis.-Wisconsin harvest mice may usually be distinguished
by the presence of a buffy pectoral spot between the fore legs.
205
No. 564
206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY-ZOOLOGY, VOL. 29 Thirty-three out of forty-one skins and alcoholics examined show at least an indication of this spot, but it is present in only two of twenty-five specimens of Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei from North and South Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. Three specimens taken near La Crosse, Wis- consin, show the buff spot, while two trapped across the Mississippi River near Hokah, Minnesota, lack it. Measurements fail to reveal any significant differences between the new race and dychei. Range.-In so far as known the race pectoralis is limited to the driftless region of Wisconsin and Minnesota. All specimens to date have been taken either in the driftless area or in the immediately surrounding country. The north and south limits of the range of the subspecies in Wisconsin are not known, but that it occurs freely over much of the driftless area is implied by the ease with which specimens may be trapped in Columbia, Sauk, and La Crosse counties. Surber (1932, p. 68) states that he took seven harvest mice of this species at Homer in Winona County, Minnesota, and Dr. Donald M. Hatfield informs me that a skull of Reithrodontomys was dis- covered in an owl pellet found at Caledonia, in Houston County. The latter record was confirmed by two specimens that I trapped near Hokah, also in Houston County. Measurements (average of fourteen males and fourteen females). -Males: total length 128 (119-145); tail 62 (55-69); hind foot 15.6 (15-17). Females: total length 149 (120-151); tail 64.2 X51-70); hind foot 15.8 (14-17). Skull: Males: greatest length 21.3 (19.9- 22.2); breadth of braincase 10.5 (10-11.5); length of nasals 7.7 (7.3- 8.9); length of toothrow 2.9 and 3. Females: greatest length 21.6 and 20.4; breadth of braincase 10.2 (10.1-10.5); length of nasals 8 (7.6- 8.3); length of toothrow 3.1 (3.1-3.2). Specimens examined.-R. m. pectoralis: Westpoint, Columbia County, Wisconsin, 29; Prairie du Sac, Sauk County, Wisconsin, 7; La Crosse, La Crosse County, Wisconsin, 3; Hokah, Houston County, Minnesota, 2. R. m. dychei: West Newton, Nicollet County, Minnesota, 1; Atlantic, Cass County, Iowa, 1; Thayer, Oregon County, Missouri, 1; Oakes, Dickey County, North Dakota, 2; Cannon Ball, Sioux County, North Dakota, 3; Batesland, Bennett County, South Dakota, 4; Onaga, Pottawatomie County, Kansas, 3; Verdigre, Knox County, Nebraska, 1; Neligh, Antelope County, Nebraska, 2;
A NEW WISCONSIN MOUSE-HANSON Milford, Seward County, Nebraska, 1; Cherry County, Nebraska, 5; Boulder, Boulder County, Colorado, 1. Remarks.-Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood informs me that many kinds of rodents show a spotting of buffy fur in the pectoral region, FIG. 26. Map showing ranges of Reithrodontomys megalotis dychei and R. m. pectoralis. usually in correlation with humidity. Races inhabiting the humid part of the total range of a species often possess a buffy pectoral spot that is absent in races occupying the less humid or arid sector of the range. Certain rodents in Chile, Phyllotis darwinii for 1944 207
208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY-ZOOLOGY, VOL. 29
instance, show this tendency. The genus Peromyscus may be
compared with the Wisconsin harvest mice, as a number of its species
exhibit this relation (Osgood, 1909, pp. 116, 148, 150, 170, 243, 246).
The accompanying table shows pairs of subspecies (with and
without the pectoral spot) with the extremes of the annual precipi-
tation in their ranges. The California harvest mouse (Reithro-
dontomys megalotis longicaudus) is included in the table as it parallels
the Wisconsin race in having a strong ochraceous buff on the chest.
RELATION OF RAINFALL TO PECTORAL SPOTTING IN
PEROMYSCUS AND REITHRODONTOMYS
Annual Annual
Races with precipitation Races lacking precipitation
pectoral spot in inches pectoral spot in inches
Peromyscus Peromyscus
leucopus leucopus ......... 45-55 leucopu8 noveboracensis .... 30-40
(30 over greater
part of range)
truei gilberti ........... .20-30 truei truei ................ 10-20
(over greatest
part of range)
boylei attwateri .......... 35-50 boylei rowleyi..........10-20
Reithrodontomys Reithrodontomys
megalotis pectoralis ........ 30-32 megalotis dychei .......... 10-30
megalotis longicaudus ..... 20-80 (over greater
part of range.
40 in Missouri)
A number of localities just west of the driftless portions of
Houston County were trapped. Two trap sites near Spring Grove,
in this county, and another fourteen miles southwest of Preston,
Fillmore County, failed to yield harvest mice. It thus seems likely
that the range of pectoralis is isolated from that of the nearest
population of dychei. It is noteworthy that the harvest mouse was
not secured by Dr. Sherman Hoslett (1940) of Luther College,
Decorah, Iowa, during an intensive five-year study of the mammals
of northeastern Iowa (Winneshiek and Allamakee counties).
A possible explanation of the apparently discontinuous dis-
tribution of the harvest mouse rests on the hypothesis that it may
be a preglacial relic in the driftless region of Wisconsin and south-
eastern Minnesota. That a small mammal could thus survive
isolation by the Pleistocene glaciation seems possible in view of the
occurrence in the driftless area of a number of western plants that
are interpreted as preglacial relics. The leguminous Psoralea
esculenta (pomme de prairie) may be cited as a plant having a dis-
A NEW WISCONSIN MOUSE-HANSON
continuous range that closely resembles that of the harvest mice.
Other theories could be advanced to explain the presence of the
harvest mouse in Wisconsin; for example, it may be an interglacial
or an early post-glacial prairie peninsula invader; but a more care-
ful exploration of the range of the species in the midwest is needed
before speculation on the problem is justified. If the subspecies
has been isolated since the Pleistocene it has had sufficient time
for the development of distinctive characters. According to Mayr
there is valid evidence that endemic races of Scandinavian birds
have become differentiated within the last 10,000 to 15,000 years,
i.e. since the last retreat of the continental glacier. He points out
that speciation proceeds most rapidly where animal populations are
well isolated and removed from the retarding influences of post-
Pleistocene population-mixing (Mayr, 1942, p. 222).
REFERENCES
FASSETT, N. C.
1939. The Leguminous Plants of Wisconsin. xii + 157 pp., 24 pIs., 46 figs.
University of Wisconsin Press.
HAMILTON, W. J., JR.
1943. The Mammals of Eastern United States. Handbooks of American
Natural History, 2, 432 pp., 184 figs.
HOSLETT, SHERMAN A.
1940. Mammals of Northeast Iowa. Doctor's thesis (unpublished), University
of Michigan.
HOWELL, A. H.
1914. Revision of the American Harvest Mice. N. Amer. Fauna, No. 36,
97 pp., 7 pIs.
MAYR, ERNST
1942. Systematics and the Origin of Species. xiv+ 334 pp., 29 figs. Columbia
University Press.
OSGOOD, W. H.
1909. A Revision of the Mice of the Genus Peromyscus. N. Amer. Fauna,
No. 28, 285 pp., 8 pls.
SURBER, THADDEUS
1932. The Mammals of Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Conservation,
Division of Game and Fish. 84 pp., illus. St. Paul, Minnesota.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1941. Climate and Man. Yearbook of Agriculture, Part 5: Climatic Data,
pp. 664-1222.
209
1944
Columbia Co. folder
Wis. Conservation Bull. 1946
Portage, 1835. (Pioneer trails and
traditions.) Wis. Cons. Bull. XI:6:18-21.
(June 1946)
:"I;
Now 36i8 13il41
July 6, 193~4
Ron. C. W. Hana
Hu of lis res ativos
Washinton C, C,
Dea Ur. IUeey
I am glad to kImow of you interest in th Portag#
I wouc be glad to talk thin over with y'o~u in
0%zaon, The a.pofications for what the federal gvret
wants to Wxy ers still so unoortain that I have u~o way of
making a guess as to the chances for th'I. area.
Touws sincera.W,
Aldo Leopold
In Chrg, Gaeesac
A!Ilh
Jun 19, 193
mai ReportoWn
This ~ 1~ are wa xmndo 11 sa th ro.wt of ft. Uom, voýo
of
Formeo 1w BoI.r n oat mdDr Jaws Ne~Wr of Who Potg Co0Zsetvai
It lies. on tha Wtscns bottoms* east bak o beortgo and ompiee
about 20100 iwns.
The reus ni to no ** a ~mom of the Pro.04at a os ttto, buit
*in* * th .nitto. Is -ow dissolved and m reomes.atio woul be coi.o
thrug th Conseratio De et. ia W evet. this repor is sub1tt04
to 00orwl LI11,
Rggg~tijjj Th am includs land no being dwro.pod as a ga robg
by Mr. Gletload. It i largey Ube wd~ usfl, heaviy bm. An ownrsip
map Is atahd Ouy 2 or 3 fari r oaapios It to on of Us, wildsot
lov-Y1uetactmos in mo4ata Wiscosin. It lies. &boy.* theh of "o
Prait*
JA. Tho to In so- stock of door, phaat qd1j, and rufse grose,
eam (allgo) a few chces Da Co ok Is ai to offer relodn positbil-
Moo., bat *4e obu be Y.rttt04 %V s Iw ag r Mwriver carie fish
=d4 wa waefw -ta migratmion
Po4 ptdhos, fire yrtoott~,and reat ooding of sutbo "nto (not yet
veriftod% -pactcal) wmt enabe this lan to car oyadvaried
atan of gm. The ram, *11l* Uoll, woul hav grt value If develope
as a wa I.,io reo~, sboating 'fsin, -O eain gr . Anyprklk
derelo mos wul be. in n7 opinion. a wsaIs.*
q
ZkjL..Mwflov~ hadt*go of tk powr ~pww might b#'o$aiuo tfro
ofahat vabjoot to *ietgwate $*its I ha*o v 'y to
Possible, coits of OW raew ,"
SurW moe W 1dpucassi Wi~scosi, thi &"a to wartb of ov
detz.Ue oSm~ixaiot
Aloo Leopold
fttntro isAi
6CO
h" 2% 192
Pet. N. C. )asett o t* lot ay Departat of the UAiversity
has dantif1d the pats we ooc4to in Mud Zak$ estarday, and a sbeat
listing thom is attao*h
T follwin i au4 showi their 4strbutilon 'b snus, may
nabio you to 40scri b the lake to the Sioloieal S-vey so as to gt tbMt
advice on muskrt amm n capmlit,
Ve th-
Zones
: i
o
.1
A
I
g
1
/
'A
11b
fe.
a-
L.
If -
v, 'Vi
/
ki
40Ca0 res;C -,
t
IN MA EIM AE M i
fr
I-
'i (11,
L
I
-9
U natata
Podwe Deso masses.
3. Y Rhyllf IaRSAuIMAt Wa4.tor .foil, Des a sss
4., povwtnl~s Pond*w.4 Thin#. btt widespread bad thogtu % or*
5.~ j a p? Small water lily. Scattering.
6. jjWata Spotterdock. Seattering specimens.
7, EMy apt 3Bwrr4reed. Seattering *v&1 bed**
Pojla. apt P l.ckr1lsiio4, 0
Gaga Ia lub E2&.water lily. Inner edg of Zone 3.
ZOU A,
10. S ufllmsh or Tuls. Outer ed~e of saoe A, occupying
perhaps 1/3 of it.
*11. TpAltf Cattail.. Dense u1saa4.a occu~pying perhaps 1/3 of zone
A.
12. aaiai Wf1& Duck potato. Scat tere in iwner hal~f of Zoe A,
CUIMD.
13, P27I sp? Smarvtae4 Specimens in zon D.
Gerzcmm Sedge,
15. iligg t also 10 and11 in mtter places.
ZONE 1
16. grgog*dst~&
1.
,424 ?v rsit V Plaee
Augut 26, 19
Mrs. Dadley V*onoer'y
2215 Van Rise Avonue
Ulaison, Wieeasin
Dear Josephine:
Here is Catesnbsen's report on the 4ssq property.
Be gres with a that the chan for re.stblishinl a
prairie are very goo, but he says in effect that he can only
act as technical a4d'1eor to the actua~l opertions, end4
cannot supervise or execute the, Zn other words, he has his
hands full oa the Arboretum.
The gist of the report is in iteu t. Tc &.t started tVis year
your oranisatioi, =st ewploy a laborer ib cun do the work on
the ground. This would inlde gatherin seed, moving plants,
mowing fire lanes. The laborer shvvl. lave a ear s that he
cQul4 ccmc dcwn to the Arboretum oc&siomlly for instruction.
We eazA donaoe &L o~caeloiAl trip by CateLsen to look over
the work, Later on. a ore laborate operation be
uvertaen, we might have to *.t up so8s special provision
for Arboretum ezpeas. The seed and plants needed are by and
large all availablu wl).14n Live miles of the area, You-r uan
would first have to learn what the plants are. We ea tell
him whon seed is ripe, and to an extent at least, where it ic
obtainable nearby. Uay seeds ripen during September.
If you or Mr. bglish can spot such a =an, I will be SlA
to help ywA plan further details.
With best regads,
Aldo L~eopold
*a Kra. Kobart Johnson
2Uport o AMezay House Are
Ald. Leopold
Aýt the re~iost of Mr. Spohn aMd Mrs. lMont "um.r, a brief
tnspOtift
of this am was mse an July 23.
A.I cannot intetr sulaort .Masma for vW furthetr delov.1.At
a. a bi rd or mrmal refh.
su~p'ports ph ýatts. deer, Fat4 ýTuall in suixcr,
but the nalY
bInsh for vite rag il hUG a rirth eosu-e, .an heice would ve ao
winter vwrlue, t south-facliv-natal Us&, mviId win-tr qcul if alomI
to be b2tr but thc un1 authorities wý1d probblW object. There
mvtt bh a md chanc for attmatin prairie chiokene but for the powr
line, w-'
3o "Taub= sAnks of ;a wtidopena view.
4. "The KtASIsL vo.,14 not 1,avs p,ý,nt-4 e)*s if owrInn1
micn had
'been avaiLable.
Ts ehaas for restorin prairie flora to the uplaud are excptil ly
good becwuziRk
1. The -oil is sa-iWy hence doe rot wa&k t leae a sod of b1rsso
quaclit, or ot c. axoti grsss
2. tý)aek -,xthes ar- saowse. Qý k is the wart cometitor
of mtive
7. ,or. are few rock to Interfere with *Itivation.
4. The marsh,, wt&l ,-d awl conrvtitute a oomp1ot. fiibrk should
it 1enq.z at thq riZh I an te ir for ~ p5~
p~rant~Ind as a4,minnt grass.
5.~o~ a~ti ato-k. if s,* * Plet0se ),.-Are1Y pres-I~t in the
b,-stivn is to make pruirie p1.autins nrojad the hý.tsa
aMA let
Vo!- r-e~ o~it ",,m their own .t."ea" Th@, Sals of thýt~
azitiug could
be fitted to the Pvailable tuands.
echn, quea for plaath, .oai. 30-iO pmirie spe. bays been vw e4.
out oA the Universitt Arboretum..
'Me next step to to ask Proflms%,r John Oartis, A4borotum mireator of
Plant Ro-aearo , and John C,-ten~uxa, ýroretmx Biologist, to look
at the
propety, and to maks plans and estimtes If they are willing. 11lans
wbould Inaluds provsion for p~io 1s4 Aspection &M gu4an.. by a pralrio
Al). t* if mIrittt be of dionbtful feasibility, but for RSporitontsMe
ft~lih, vlo has both kmmledge sad enthaslaaa in this field.
3
Mant. Miura inao far a I w able to over it, is to
" "sdoiterorp-t to offer t iedlate pmp.t of rot ti o. It
dit'-i.V1*n evdnl pasturod to a blueemms st ,t~he.- burned to
Vx nttle atae aM hha now w4eoo#ve to the oldod s ta.. I
n plets wvrtt ,ientioak. bt st thin Is to prtoct it awl lit it
or best it *.
cU. Mtilo y lloa
M'r. J31n. ^Curtls adIfr, Jfoshn C. ~i*
LAW OFFICES
SPOHN,ROSS.STEVENS & LAMB
WILLIAM H.SPOHN FIRST NATIONAL ISA14K BUILDING
FRANK A. ROSS
MYRON STEVENS MADISON,,WISCQNSIN
FRANCIS LAMB
GILBERT MCDONALD July 28,1942
Mr. Aldo Leopold
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Re: Agency House
Dear Sir:
Under separate cover we are sending you a
blueprint of the Agency House premises prepared by
the City Engineer of the City of Portage which you
desired in connection with a report which you are
making in connection therewith.
You will note that I have sketched in red
pencil a revised line of the Fox River. The line of
the river prepared by Mr. Flanders is erroneous as
appears from an aerial survey made by the Wisconsin
Power and Light Company. Unfortunately this at pres-
ent is a restricted document, so that we cannot furn-
ish you with a copy thereof.
With much respect, we remain
Very truly yours,
SPOHNIROS ENS & LAMB
MS MILM By
Empty
Folder
XZbrarp of
Rlbo leopolb
A Phenological Record for Sauk and Dane
Counties, Wisconsin, 1935-1945
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
University of Wiseonsin, Madison, Wisconsin
[Reprinted from ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 17: 81-122. January, 1947]
I
A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE
COUNTIES, WISCONSIN, 1935-1945
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION ............................................... .....................
83
P URPOSE .............................. ...........................................
83
SOOPE .. ...........................................................................
84
STATION S .........................................................................
84
L ife Zones .......................... : ........................................
85
Elevations ....................................................................
85
L and U se ....................................... ............................
85
S oils .........................................................................
85
W aters .........................................................................
85
W ildness .............................. ......................................
85
OBSFa ERS ........................................................................
85
PIIENOLOGICAL TABLES .............................................................
85
Standards and Terms, Nomenclature ...........................................
101
Selection of Item s ............................................................
102
L abor ....................................................................
102
Sharpness ................................................................
102
Commonness ..........................................................102
Visibility or Audibility ...................................................
102
R ecurrence ................................ ...............................
103
Continuity ................................................................
103
Evidence of N ewness ......................................................
103
D istant Factors ...........................................................
103
Abnormal Items ..........................................................
103
Populations vs. Individuals ....................................................
103
Sources of Error .............................................................
104
Difference between Observers .... .........................................
104
-Intensity of Observation ....................................................
104
Anim al Behaviors .....................................................
104
Bird M igration ........ ..............................................
104
Plants ......................................................
......105
Town vs. Country Error................................... .............105
Form of Records .........................................................
105
General Discussion of Errors ..............................................
105
PLANT GROUPS ....................................................................
106
W oods Flowers ........................... ...................................
106
Prairie and Sand Plants ......................................................
108
W eeds .......................................................................
108
H ayfever W eeds ..............................................................
108
M arsh Plants .................................................................
108
W ild F ruits ...................................................................
109
A NALYSES ........................................................................
110
Year to Year Variability of Species ............................................
110
Decline in Deviation......................................................
111
Length-of-Daylight Species ...............................................
111
The Character of Seasons .....................................................
114
Interpretation of Phenographs .............................................
115
Phenograph for 1945...................................................
115
Phenograph for 1944 ........................................ :
............ 117
Cold, Frost and Snow Effects ..................................................
117
Drouth, Temperature, and Flood Effects ........................................
117
Drouth and First Bloom ..................................................
118
Drouth and Length of Bloom .............. ...............................
118
Temperature and Length of Bloom .........................................
118
Flood Effects ............................... .............................
118
Comparison between Stations ..................................................
119
Eligible Dates ............................................................
119
Sauk vs. Dane Stations ...................................................
119
H opkins ' Law ............................................................
119
Comparison of 1880's and 1940's ..............................................
120
Henry's Phenology, 1881-1885 .............................................
120
Hough 's Phenology, 1851-1859 .............. ..............................
121
SU M M ARY .........................................................................
121
R EFERENCES ...................................................... ; ...............
122
[ 82 1
A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE
COUNTIES, WISCONSIN, 1935-19451
INTRODUCTION
Each year, after the midwinter blizzards, there
comes a thawy night when the tinkle of dripping
water is heard in the land. It brings strange stir-
rings, not only to creatures abed for the night, but
to some who have been asleep for the winter. The
hibernating skunk, curled up in his deep den, un-
curls himself and ventures forth to prowl the wet
world for breakfast, dragging his belly in the melt-
ing snow. His track marks one of the earliest
dateable events in that cycle of beginnings and ceas-
ings which we call a year.
From the beginnings of history, people have
searched for order and meaning in these events,
but only a few have discovered that keeping records
enhances the pleasure of the search, and also the
chance of finding order and meaning. These few
are called phenologists.
The events comprising the annual cycle are in-
numerable. Wisconsin, for example, has about 350
species of birds, 90 mammals, 174 fishes, 72 am-
phibians and reptiles, 20,000 insects, and 1,500 higher
plants. The life of each of these 22,000 species con-
sists of a sequence of events, each a response to the
advancing season. No one phenologist can hope to
recognize, much less to record, more than a very
small fraction of this prodigious drama.
Many of the events of the annual cycle recur
year after year in a regular order. A year-to-year
record of this order is a record of the rates at which
solar energy flows to and through living things. They
are the arteries of the land. By tracing their re-
sponses to the sun, phenology may eventually shed
some light on that ultimate enigma, the land's inner
workings.
Yet it must be confessed that with all its weighty
subject-matter, phenology is a very personal sort
of science. Once he learns the sequence of events,
the phenologist falls easily into the not-very-objec-
tive role of successful seer and prophet. He may
even fall in love with the plants and animals which
so regularly fulfil his predictions, and he may har-
bor the pleasant illusion that he is "calling shots"
for the biota, rather than vice versa.
Phenologists are a heterogeneous lot, and have
found shelter under diverse intellectual roof-trees.
Thoreau (1906), the father of phenology in this
country, scorned any roof-tree but his own, hence
his records (for the period 1850 to 1861) remained
unpublished for half a century. Hough (1864) was
a doctor of medicine, and the Bureau of Patents
published his tables. Henry (1881) was an agrono-
mist and a dean; the Board of Regents published
I Journal Paper No. 8 of the University of Wisconsin
Arboretum.
his reports. Hopkins (1918) was an entomologist;
the Weather Bureau published his findings. Among
contemporary phenologists are botanists, foresters,
game managers, ornithologists, range managers, and
zoologists. Phenology, in short, is a "horizontal
science" which transects all ordinary biological pro-
fessions. Whoever sees the land as a whole is
likely to have an interest in it.
Phenology is more ancient than the "vertical"
categories which it transects; its first paper, pub-
lished about 974 B.C., cuts across three sciences,
then not yet born: meteorology, botany, and orni-
thology:
For, lo, the winter is past,
The rain is over and gone:
The flowers appear on the earth;
The time of the singing of birds is come
And the voice of the turtle is heard in our land.
(Solomon, 2:12)
PURPOSE
The purpose of this paper is to assemble a com-
posite phenological record for the wild plants, birds,
and mammals of the region, with at least a sprinkling
of items relating to other animals, waters, crop
plants, and plants used in landscaping.
Such a record is useful for two main purposes.
First, it permits one to interpolate, for any given
event or any given date, a background of con-
temporaneous events. For example: a game man-
ager learns from the literature that in Dane County
the most frequent date of first egg-laying in pheas-
ant is May 6. What else of possible importance to
nesting pheasants is going on at that time? A
glance at Tables 4 and 5 shows that spring grain
[63] has been seeded two weeks ago and should be
well up on May 6; that Franklin ground squirrel2
[91.] has already emerged; that bluegrass [142] will
head out in eight days; that alfalfa hayfields [200]
will be ready to cut in 38 days, which just about
equals the time necessary to complete the clutch (12
days) and incubate it (21-24 days).
The second main purpose of a phenology table is
to permit one to correct for early or late seasons by
translating calendar dates into phenological "dates."
Assume, for example, that the same game manager
needs to find some pheasant nests, but that the sea-
son is very early, hence the average date of May 6
is invalid. How much earlier shall his search begin?
A glance at Table 5 shows the following contempo-
raneous first blooms; sugar maple, chokecherry, win-
ter cress, lousewort, white trillium, Jacob's ladder.
2 Scientific names of the animals and plants referred to in
the text are given after the common names in the phenology
tables. Numbers in brackets are serial numbers in the phe-
nology tables.
84
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Lilac has been blooming three days, wild crab will
bloom in three days. With these "cross shots" on
his problem, the vegetation will tell him in any year,
early or late, about when to begin his search.
It is strangely difficult to arrive at such correla-
tions by comparing specialized publications. To
facilitate them, we have merged all of our events-
plants, birds, mammals, insects, and weather-in one
common sequence (Tables 1-12).
It is not to be assumed, of course, that the se-
quence of averages repeats itself^exactly each year,
and still less that the average sequence for our region
is identical with that for other regions. Indeed the
whole concept of a sequence of average dates is in
one sense an abstraction, for it can never be found
in toto in the field. Nevertheless it exists, and it is
an important characteristic of the flora and fauna.
The reasons for this will appear later.
SCOPE
No attempt is made in this paper to derive the
correlations which are its principal purpose. They
are so numerous that the reader can best derive
them for himself, if and when needed. An attempt
is made to suggest how to select items for phenologi-
cal recording, and to deduce some responses of ani-
mals and plants to weather.
It is unnecessary for a phenologist to record as
many species as are given in this paper. A smaller
number, well assorted as to site and season, would
be equally valuable.
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Our arrival dates of migratory birds are confined
largely to a few common, easily recognized species.
Complete lists of average arrival dates for the Dane
Station have been published by Schorger (1929,
1931), and for southern Wisconsin by Barger et at
(1942).
The phenology of birdsong is largely omitted, and
will be covered in a separate paper. The phenology
of leaf-fall is omitted because it is difficult to define
sharply, and there is excessive variability between
trees.
References to the literature cover only the region
studied, plus a few nationally-known papers that
have influenced our work. The writers are aware
that there is a large European literature, and that
many important American papers are not mentioned.
STATIONS
This paper records some 328 events at two stations,
herein called "Sauk" and "Dane." The first includes
two or three square miles around the Leopold shack
in Sec. 33, T. 13N, R. 6E, Sauk County. The second
is an area of similar size including the University
of Wisconsin Arboretum, and adjoining parts of the
city of Madison and University of Wisconsin cam-
pus, in Dane County. The Dane station is 33 miles
south and nine miles east of the Sauk station.
In a few instances, a scattered date from outside
one or the other station has been included in it with-
out specifying the exact point of origint Such dates
are considered eligible only when they fall within
the following geographic limits:
East to West
North to South
Sauk Station ................. Portage to Wisconsin Dells Summit
of Baraboo Hills to Wisconsin
(20 miles)
River (10 miles)
Dane Station ................ Faville Grove (Jefferson Co.) to Poynette
to south line of County
Prairie du Sac. (40 miles)
(30 miles)
Whenever all of the dates for any item originated stations is taken mainly
from "Climate and Man"
elsewhere than Madison or the Leopold shack, their (Anonymous 1941), and
is based on 17 and 40
point of origin is specified.
Climate. The following comparison of the two years records, respectively.
TEMPERATURES
Sauk Dane
Sauk is:
(Wis. Dells Station) (Madison Station)
Mean annual .............. 440 -450F. 450-460]F.
1 degree colder
January average ............. 16.0oF. 16.70F.
0.7 degree colder
July average ................. 71.60F. 72.10F.
0.5 degree colder
FROSTS, GROWING SEASON
Last frost in spring .......... May 11 April 29
12 days later
First frost in fall ............ Sept. 27 October 17
20 days earlier
Growing season ............... 139 days 171 days
32 days shorter
PRECIPITATION
Average annual .............. 30.78 ins. 30.60 ins.
0.18 inches wetter
The only large difference disclosed in these data
is in the length of the frostless period or growing
season, which is 32 days shorter at the Sauk station.
During the decade here reported (1935-1945) the
growing season at Sauk was only 13 days shorter
[see items 79 and 323 of Tables 1-12].
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
LIFE ZONES
No attempt will be made to describe our stations
in terms of the biotic provinces proposed by various
conflicting authors (Merriam et al, 1928; Weaver
& Clements, 1938). Both stations lie in the general
region of confluence of prairie, oak-hickory forest,
and coniferous forest. The first two categories are
represented within the area of both stations; the
third occurs only within the area of the Sank sta-
tion. The Sauk station exhibits certain southern
species like red birch, red bellied woodpecker and
prothonotary warbler, but it also exhibits certain
northern species such as red squirrel and the three
native pines. All of these species are absent, or
only casual, at the Dane station.
ELEVATIONS
Lake Mendota at Madison is 849 feet above sea-
level; the Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Dells is
815 feet. The more southerly station is thus 34 feet
higher.
LAND USE
The Sauk station and that part of the Dane station
comprising the University Arboretum are alike in
that both consist of reverted farms on which old
fields, woods, and marshes are interspersed. Both
are surrounded by active farms. The remainder of
the Dane station is suburban.
SOILS
The soils of the Sauk station are Coloma sands and
Dunning sands, with local traces of red clay from the
bottom of glacial Lake Wisconsin. All lowlands
have been reworked by river action. The soils of
the Dane station are Miami silt loam and peat, the
latter underlain by marl. (Whitson, 1927.)
WATERS
The Sank station lies on the south bank of the
Wisconsin River and its lowlands are flooded yearly.
It has few springs and only small lakes. The Dane
station has many springs, several large lakes, and
no rivers. Its lowlands are never flooded.
WILDNESS
The Sauk area is wilder, retaining deer, ruffed
grouse, pileated woodpecker, and a few otters and
prairie chickens. These species are absent from the
Dane station.
OBSERVERS
This paper embodies three main blocks of pheno-
logical data:
1. A. Carl Leopold, plants and animals of the
Sauk Station, 1935-1940.3
2. Sara E. Jones, plants of the University Arbore-
tum, Dane Station, 1944-1945.
3 Leopold, A. Carl. 1940. Phenology table for Fairfield
Township, Sauk County, Wisconsin, 1935-1940. Unpub. Ms.,
Dept. Wildlife management, Univ. Wis., 30 pp.
3. Aldo Leopold, plants and animals of the Sauk
Station, 1935-1945.
All of the Sauk dates, and a majority of the Dane
dates, were taken by these observers. The remaining
dates for the Dane station have been generously con-
tributed by the following collaborators:
Name
Anderson, Harry G.,
et al.
Barger, Norval R.,
et al.
Buss, Irven 0.
Buss, Irven 0. and
Arthur S. Hawkins
Curtis, John T.
Feeney, W. S.
Gastrow, Albert
Hale, James B.
Hawkins, Arthur S.
Jackson, Arnold S.
Koehler, Mrs. Arthur
Kumlien Ornitho-
logical Club
McCabe, Robert A.
Robbins, Samuel D.,
Jr.
Shands, H. H.
Sowls, Lyle K.
Sperry, Theodore M.
Thompson, Donald R.
Zimmerman, James
Kinds of Items
Birds, plants,
mammals
Bird arrivals
Birds, plants,
mammals
Upland plover
Spring plants
Birds, mammals
Horned owl,
skunk
Bird arrivals
Birds, mammals,
plants
Bird arrivals
Bird arrivals
Bird arrivals
Birds, mammals,
plants
Bird arrivals
Grain and hay
crops
Birds, mammals,
plants
Bird arrivals,
plants
Plants
Plants, birds,
mammals
What Part of
Dane Station
Arboretum
Dane County
Faville Grove
Faville Grove
Dane County
Arboretum
Prairie du Sac
Stoughton
Faville Grove
Dane County
Dane County
Dane County
Arboretum
Dane County
University
Farms at
Madison
Faville Grove
Arboretum
Arboretum vs.
City
Dane County
Years
1935-1939
1935-1945
1937-1942
1935-1943
1941-1942
1938-1939
1935-1945
1939-1945
1935-1938
1936-1942
1936-1944
1935-1945
1943-1945
1940-1943
1935-1945
1938
1938
1946
1944-1945
Reference
if pub-
lished
(1942)4
(1942)
(1939)
(1942)
(1942)5
PHENOLOGICAL TABLES
In the basic tables, in which the 328 events are
assembled by months, each month bears its calendar
number, beginning with Table 1 and 2 for January
and February.
Each event on which dates are available is called
an item, and each item bears a serial number (at
the left), and an average date (at the right). Dates
for both stations are given when available. When an
event has a definite duration (such as the bloom of
a plant), a double date indicates the duration. Few
durations were recorded during the first three years
of the decade.
The items are arranged chronologically, in order
of the average date for the Sauk station.
I Also: Anderson, Harry G. 1936. Avifauna of the Uni-
versity of Wisconsin Arboretum. Bachelor's thesis, Ms., Dept.
Zoology, Univ. Wis., 166.
SAlso: Sperry, Theodoie M. Artificial establishment of a
tall-grass prairie on the University of Wisconsin Arboretum.
Ms., pending publication.
85
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
TABLES 1-2. Phenology for January-February.
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
I SKUNK (Mephitis mephitis) E n'rges from hibernation. (From Journal of Albert
Gastrow.)
Prairie du Sac: ....... 2/27 1 2/22 1 2/14 1 3/4 1
1/21 1 2/15 . 2/7 1 1/11 1 1/24 j 2/14 1 2/9
2 GREAT HORNED OWL (Bubo virginianus virginianus) First egg (or first seen
incubating).
Dane: ................ ý 1/25 1 3/11 1 2/13 ! 2/24 2/18
I .... 1 2/16 I 2/20 1 2/6 .... I 2/16
Mostly from journal of Albert Sastrow, Prairie di Sn', Wis. In 1937,
1910, 1944, a-i 1195 no nesti ag occurred in the area, though the usual number
of owls
was present. See Errington (74 p. 6.
3 CARDINAL (Richmsndena cordinalis cirdinalis) First so g.
Sauk:................ I .... I ... .... .. 2/4 1
3/23 (by 3/1) 2/29 3/13 1 2/26 2/8 2/27
Dane:............... 2/12 1/28 1 1/18 (by 317?) 1/30
. 2/16 1/20 1/24 1/13 1414 1/26
TABLE 3. Phenology for
March.
4 PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus torquatus) First crowing.
Sauk: ............. I .... 3/19 (by 3/31) .... (by
3/30) 3/1 2/28 after (3/13) 2/26 3/8 3/5
Dane: .............. 2! 15 . ... 3/5 3/51" (by 3/21)
. 2201 1/28 212118 1/6 2/8
5 MARSHHAWK (Circus hudsonius) Migrants arrive.
Sauk: ............. I 3/14 .... 3/18
3/30 2/9 4/25 2/27 2/6 2/3 3/6
Dane: .............. 3/6 3/1 2/25' 2/ 11 3/4
3/17 3/14 3/8 3/20 3/2 3/8 3/5
6 WOODCHUCK (Marmota monax) Emerges from hibernation.
Dane: ............... I .... 1 3/17 . 3/14 3/4 ....
3/28 315 2/4 2/28 3/9 .3/8
7 BLUEBIRD (Sialia sialis sialis) Arrives.
Sauk: ............... .... 3/14 3/6 3/11 (by 3/18) (by
3/30) 3/29 3/14 3/5 3/l10 3/7 3/12
Dane: .............. 3/6 3/4 3/6 2/28 3/4
3/19 3/20 3/6 3/14 3/17 3/3 3/9
8 GRAY CHIPMUNK (Tamias striatus griseus) Emerges from hibernation.
Dane: ............... 1 3/13 1 3/18 1 3/13 1 3/19 1 3/14
3/31 1.... .. ... 3/3 3/16 3/16
9 EASTERN MEADOWLARK (StarneUa magna mngna) Migrants arrive.
Sauk: ............ .. 3/14 3/19
3/10 3/23 3/21 (by 4/10) (bv 4/8) (be' 3/23) 3/17
Dane: ... 3/11 3/21 3/20 3/1 3/3
3/17 3/1 3/6 3/13 3/14 3/10 3/11
10 REDWINGED BLACKBIRD (Agelaius phoeniceus artolegus) Migrant males arrive.
Sauk: ............ .... I 3/14 (by 3/18) (by
3/30) 3/23 3/21 (by 4/2) 3/12 (by 3/23) 3/18
Dane:........... 2/23'23 2/29 3/6 3/2" 3/3
3/17 3/2 2/5 2/23 2/26 3/4 2/28
11 BRONZE GRACKLE (Quiscalus quiscula aeneus) Arrives.
Dane: ............. I 3/16 I 3/21 I 3/28 1 3/20 3/10
3/17 I 3/20 3/13 1 3/7 3/25 3/8 3/18
12 ROBIN (Turdus migralorius inigratorius) Migrants arrive.
Sauk: ...................... ..3/14 ... 3/11 (by
3/30) 3/23 (by 3/21) (by 3/23) (3/19)
Dane: .... ... . 3/12 3/4 3/6" 3/9 3/13
3/3 3/10 3/6 3/15 3/2ý 3/2 3/7
13 PRAIRIE MOLE (Scalopus aquaticus michrinus) Active runs on surface.
Sauk & Dane: ...... . I ... I .... I .... I 3/25
4/6 4/6 3/13 2/27 (by 4/8) 3/13 3/21
14 WISCONSIN RIVER (in Fairfield Township, Sank County)
Ice breaks: ........ .... 3/21 3/28 3/19 3/18
3/31 3/31 3/10 3/27 3/10 . 3/21
In flood: ............ (by 3/29) 3/30 (by 3/27) (by 3/31)
... .. noae 3/29 none 3/20 (3/26)
15 KILDEER (Oxyechus vociferss sociferus) Arrives.
Sank: ............. .... I .... .
4/6 .. . 3/6 .. . (by 4/9) (3/21)
Dane: ..............i 3/14 3 3/7 3/6 3/9 3/3
3 3/19 2/5 2/23 3/23 2/24 3/6
16 CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis) Arrives.
Sauk: ...................... 1.3/21 3/24 3/11 3/31
3/30 j 3/29 I 3/7 4/3 3/11 (by 3 /23) 3/21
Dane: ............... 3/14 3/12 3/25 3/9 2/26
3/9 2/25 , .3/6 3/21 3/24 3/4 3/11
17 EASTERN MOURNING DOVE (Zenaidura macroura carolinensis) Migrants arrive.
Sauk: .............. I ... .. .... ..
3/10 . 4/3 (by 4/10) (by 4/8) 3/24 (3/23)
Dane: .............- 3/16 3/12 3/19 3/18 3/21
3/21 3/23 2/21 3/24 3/24 3/11 3/17
18 WOODCOCK (Philohela minor) Arrives.
Sank:. ........ .......... .... I .... 3/11 3/25
3/30 4/5 3/21 4/4 (by 4/8) 3/15 3/25
Dane:............... 3/16 3/18 4/1 3/11 3/24
3/29 3/27 3/3 ... 4/1 3/ 17 3/21
19 FOX SPARROW (Pasarella iliaca iliaea) Arrives.
Sauk .............. .... 3/19 3/27 .... (by
4/18) . . 4/5 (by 4/2) 3/23 3/2d
Dane: ................3'i1 3/14 3/28 3/16 3/18
3/29 3/23 3/25 3/22 329 3/15 3/21
20 LEOPARD FROG (Rana pipiens) First seen on land.
Sauk & Dane:........ 1 3/23 1 3/21 1 4/7 3/19 1 3/23
1....! 4/5 3/311.... .... 3/23 3/26
21 SPRING CANKERWORM (Paleacrita vernata) Adult moths ascend trees.
Sauk: ................ I .... I .... I .... I .... I ....
4/6-4 !3/30-4/191 3/21-4 13/25-4/9 ?-4/23 13/23-4/1 3/27
Ascent is detected by trapping in rings of tanglefoot. Caterpillars
descend to pupate during May.
86
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
87
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
22 LAKE WINGRA at Madison. Ice breaks.
1 3/25 1 3/24 1 4/10 3/21 3/25 4/9
I . .... 3/24 3/17 3/27
23 BROWN BAT (Myotis tacifugus lucifugus)Flying.
Dane: ............... 1 4/15 1 4/22 I .... .. 314 317
... 3/30 . 3/14 3/29
24 EARTHWORM (Lumbricas terreslrie) On surface of ground.
Dane: .............. .... I .. 4/18 1 .. .. 1 4/6
1 .... 1 3/27 1(by 4/18)I .... 3/4 1 3/29
25 CRICKET FROG (Rana pilustris) First heard calling.
Sauk:. ........... ....I I 3/30 3/20 3/25 (by
3/30) 3/29 3/31 3/31 4/7 . 3/29
Dane: ............. 3/20 , 3/i18 4/1 .... 3/23 ....
3/30 3/21 .... .... (by 3/15) 3/24
A live specimen taken at Prairie du Sac March 31, 1943, was identified
as this species. It is believed the entire record is for cricket frogs, but
in any event it
represents the first audible small frog.
TABLE 4. Phenology for
April.
26 SILVER MAPLE (Acer saccharinum)
Sauk:
flower buds open ....... ........ 3/20 3/25 4/10
4/12 1 4/3 4/1 4/8 3/24 4/1
ripe samaras fall ... . .... 5/20-6/3 6/84-?
-5/23 5/20-5 25 5/29-? (by 5/27) 1 5/18-? 5/25
Dane:
in pollen (b.... . ... 4/14- 3/20- ....
4/10-? 3,22-? 4/1-4/20 4/16-4/231 3/17-3/268 3/31
staminate flowersfa. .... ... .. ....
.... .... .... 4/27 3/25 (4/11)
ripe samaras fall.... I.... .... ....
.... ... .. . 5/15-6/1 (5/15)
In 1945 leafing began at the end of blowning and was complete] a
miath later. In 1944 leAfing b-ga's a week after the eal of bloom and was
completed
in 17 days.
27 LAKE MENDOTA at Madison.
Ice breaks: .......... 1 3/28 1 3/30 I 4/13 1 3/22 I 4/4 1 4/16
4/9 3/24 3/31 I 3/29 j 3/20 4/1
The average date for the period 1853-1940 was April 6. See Wing,
page 158.
28 SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus foetidns)
Sauk: in pollen ........ I I ... I .... I .... I ....
_ 4/16 330 ... I .... 43/20 (4/1)
29 STRIPED SPERMOPHILE '(Citellu tridecemlineatun tridecemlincatus) Emerges.
Dane: .............. 1 4/2 1 4/8 1 4/101 3/28 1 4/23 3/301
.... 3/12 4/3 4/13 3/26 4/3
30 YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER (Sphyrapicas earius varius) Arrives.
Sak: .............. .. 3/11 . 4/13
4/5 . 4/9 4/7 4/3
Dane: ................ 4/4 3/2430 4/8 4/1
4/4 3/26 3/30 4/2 3/28 4/1
31 GREAT BLUE HERON (Ardea herodias hseodias) Arrives.
Sauk;................... I .... I .... I(by 4/9) .. 3/25 4/6
4/19 4/2 ... ... 4/2
Dane: .............. 3/30 3/1i 4/1 1 3/19 3'/19 3/29
3/22 4/5" 3/21 3/20 3/18 3/24
32 MOURNING CLOAK BUTTERFLY (Aglais antiope) First seen.
Sauk & Dane: ........ I 3/26 I 4,15 4/18 I 3/22 3/25
4/16 4/12 I (by 4/19) 4/8 3/23 4/5
33 COWBIRD (Molothrus ater ater) Arrives.
Sauk:............... ..4/20 3/30
4/12 . .. 4/9 3/23 4/6
Dane: ............... 3/13 3/22 3/18
3/30 4/2 3/22 4/9 3/21 3/24
34 PUSSY WILLOW (Salix discolor)*
Dane: in pollen (b)... I .... 1 3/25-? 4 3/30-? . ... j 4/6-? ....
4/164-? 4/18-? 1 .... 1 4/17-4/301 3/24-4/3 4/6
35 WILSON SNIPE (Capella delicala) First migrants arrive.
Sauk: ........... ... I (by 4/19) (by 4/17) (by 4/17) 4/7 4/15
4/12 4/3 4/11 ;. 3/25 4/7
Dane: .............. 3/23 229 ....1 3/27 3/11 3/20
3/26 1 3/27 4,4 4/8 3/28 3/23
36 FIELD SPARROW (Spizella pusilla pusilla) Arrives.
Sauk: .................... ]....... .4/17 3/27 4/7 4/15
4/12 4/12 4/3 4/7 3/23 4/7
Dane; ............... 3/29' 3/28 4/7 3/22 4/8 4/3
3/22 3/22 4/2 4/3 3/30 3/30
37 PHOEBE (Sayornis phoebe) Arrives.
Sank: ............... ..... ..... 4/9 4/2 4/7 4/18
. 4/3 4/20 3./24 4/7
Da:.................. 3/23 3/14 4/2 3/21 3/24 4/2
4/7 3/29 4/2 4/9 3/17 3/28
38 HAZEL (Corylus americana)
Sank: in pollen ......... 3/29-? 4/13-?
4/12-? (by 4/3) .._ ?-4/23 ?-3/25 (4/7)
Dane: in pollen ......... ... .../ - ....
3/2 4/11-? 3/31-? 4/9-? 4/94/23 3/18-3/26 4/2
The catkins fall about a week after they have ceased to bear pollen.
In 1945 the leaf buds enlarged when the catkins fell, and the leaves attained
full size a
month and a half later.
39 RUFFED GROUSE (Boanasa umbells umbellus) Drums.
Sauk: ........... I .... (by 4/19) 3/29-? 1 3/27-? 4/16-? 4/14-6/2
I 4/5-6/14 1 4/12-6/161(5/31) onlyl 4/8-7/3 1 4/7-6/16 14/8-6/16
40 ALDER (Alnus incana)
Suak: in pollen ..................... .. . 3/20-? ---- 4/13-?
4/12-? 4 4/13-? 1 4/13-? 4/8-4/23 1 ?-3/23 1 4/8
Dane: in pollen (b)... ..... ... 4/14-? 3/27-? 4/6-? .
.. (by 4/18) 1 3/31-? 4/5-4/20 4/10-4/231 3/17-3/261 4/2
88 ALDO LEOPOLD AND .SARA
ELIZABETH JONES Ecological Monographs
Vrol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
41 QUAKING ASPEN (Populus tremuloides)
Sauk & Dane:
in pollen . ....... .... 4/20
4/21 1 4/14 4/2 4/11 3/23 4/10
This species is genetically variable in blooming, leafing, and fruiting
dates. We could not relate these variations to site, but clones often displayed
uniform
phenology. The earliest seeds in 1945 blew on April 28. * The
earliest leafing was completed April 21.
42 EASTERN BELTED KINGFISHER (Mcgaceryle alcyon alcyon) First migrants arrive.
Sauk: .................... .... 4/21 4/19 3/25
4/6 4/19 4/4 4/4 (by 4/8) (by3/29) 4/10
Dane ................ 3/24 4/4 3/23 3/14 3/11
3/30 4/6 3/20 3/26 3/30 3/16 3/24
43 FORSYTHIA (Forsythia suspensa)
Dane: in bloom (b)... I .... I .... .... .... 4/20-?
(by 5/9) 4/16-? 4/12-? 1 .... 1 4/18-5/171 3/24-4/181 4/10
44 PASQUE FLOWER (Anemone paten8 var. Wslfgangiana)
Sauk: ii bloom ........... . . (by 5/1) ?-5/12_?
4/28-5/26 ?-5/3 4/12-5/1 4/11-5/10 4/10-5/15 3/24-4/16 4/11
Dane: in bloom .......... 4/20-? 4/12-? 3/29-? 4/10-?
.... 4/20-5/1 . 4/11-? 4/13-? 3/29-4/7 4/10
45 COTTONWOOD (Populas desoides)
Dane: staminate cat-
kins in pollen .... ..... .... [ 4/19-? .... ....
.... .... 4/16-? 1 .... 4/28-5/4 3/22-3/29 4/13
In 1945 the staminate flowers and flower scales fell March 28-29,
immediately after the cessation of pollen. Leafing followed blooming. The
earliest seeds
blew on April 28, but seeds were still blowing up to June 18.
46 AMERICAN ELM (Ulmus americana)
Sauk:
flower buds open... ..... .... .... .... ....
4/19 4/19 .... 4/10 3/23 4/10
flowers in pollen .......... .... .... .... ....
4/26-5/4 ?-4/20 .... 4/15-? 4/20-? 3/26-? 4/14
fruit ripe and falling .. . .... .... .... ....
5/11-6/1 (by 5/21) 5/18-? .... ?-6/3 (by 5/18) (5/12)
Dane:
flower buds open......... . ... 4/19 ....
.... 4/13 .... .... 4/9 3/17 4/2
flowers in pollen .... ..... .... 4/23 -? . ...
... .... 4/1? 4/14-? 4/16-4/26 3/21-4/7 4/9
47 BOX ELDER (Acer negundo)
Dane: in pollen .... .. I .... j . . - 4/19-? .... I ....
I .... 4/16-? 4/15-?7 .... 4/23-5/6 I 3/28-4/5 1 4/14
In 1945 the staminate flowers fell immediately after pollen ceased.
Leafing begins with pollen and is completed in about 3 weeks.
48 HEPATICA (Hepatica acutiloba and H. americana)
Dane:in bloom ...... 2 .... 1 4/23-? 1 4/24-? I 4/15-? I 4/22-?
4/12-? 1 4/13-? 4/4-? 1 4/28-5/161 4/23-5/131 3/22-4/171 4/15
49 UPLAND PLOVER (Bartramia longicauda) Arrives. (Dates up to 1943 from
Buss and Hawkins.)
Jefferson: ............ 1 4/14 ' 4/19 1 4/14 1 4/13 1 4/22
4/19 4/13 4/13 4/17 4/18 1.... 4/16
50 DOUBLE CRESTED CORMORANT (Phalacrscorax auritus aurilas)
Sauk .... ............... 4/9 4/17 4/19
4/14 4/12 4/12 4/16 5/6 4/6 4/16
Dane:............... 3/30 3/28 4/28 4/19 4/21
3/29 4/21 .... 4/17 4/14 4/10 4/12
51 DRABA (Draba reptans)
Sank: first bloom .... I .... I .... ...... ....
... 4/19 4/18 4/29 .... 3/31 4/17
52 RED CEDAR (Juniperus sirginiana)
Sauk: in pollen (b) .. I .... I .... I ... ... ....
.. .... ... 4/23-? 4/28-? 3/31-4/7 (4/17)
53 DANDELION (Taraxacum officinale)
Dane: in bloom .. .... I .... I 4/29-? I ... 4/17-?
.. 4/18-? 4/7-5/231 ?-6/2 1 ?-5/23 1 4/12-5/201 4/17
54 EASTERN HERMIT THRUSH (Hylocichla gustalafaxoni) Arrives.
Sank: ........... I 4/19 ... I . .. ..
.... .... 4/16 4/18 (4/18)
Dane: ......... 3/27 3/29 3/27 3/22 3/26
4/5 4/4 3/25 3/30 4/14 3/14 3/29
55 RED EYED TOWHEE (Pipilo erythrophithalmus erythrophthalmus) Arrives.
Sauk: ............... .3/29 ... .... 4/20
4/28 4/18 5/1 4/12 4/18
Dane ............... 3/29 4/15 4/18 3/27 4/11
4/14 4/19 4/1 4/1 I4/15 3/25 4/7
56 DUTCHMAN'S BREECHES (Dicentra eucullaria)
Sauk: in bloom (b)... ..... . .... ?-5/16_?
?-5/11 4/22-? 1 4/18-5/9 1 4/23-5/15 4/25-5/15 3/31-4,23 4/18
Dane: in bloom 4/17-? 4/15-? 4/26-? 4/14-? 4/25-?
.... 4/20-? 4,19-? .... 5/1-5/16 3/30-4/29 4/18
57 PURPLE MARTIN (Progne sabis subis) Arrives.
Sauk ................ . .... 4/18 4,20
.... 4/18 (by 5/1) (4/19)
Dane ............3... )3 I 4/4 4/8 4/7 3/24
3/31 4 1 3/25 1 3/24 4/6 3/29 3/31
58 PUSSYTOES (Antennaria fallax)*
Sauk: first bloom . .... ....
4/21 4/27 4/25 4/23 4/21 3/31 4/20
Dane: first bloom... ..
....[ 4/20-? 4/26-? .... .... 4/11-5,15 (4/19)
59 HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense)
Dane: spores blowing. I .... I .... I .... I .... ....
.... 4/22-? 1 4/19-? 1 ..... I 4/30-5/241 4/10-5/181 4/20
60 TOOTHWORT (Dentaria laciniaua)
Dane:in bloom ...... I -. I .... I .... I .... I ....
.... I .... 1 4/19-? [ .... 1 5/6-5/20 14/5-4/16 1 (4/20)
61 BLOODROOT (Sanguiasria canadensis)
Sauk: in bloom (b).. I .... I ... .... ... ....*
.... I .... 1 4/25-? 14/23-5/101 5/1-? 4/3-4/22 4/21
Dane: in blom ...... . 4/25-? 4/22? 4/14 4/20-?
. 4/13-?1 4/12-? 1 4/8-5/11 1 4/18-5/15 3/26-4/14 4/14
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
89
Species, Station, Item . 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
62 NORWAY MAPLE (Acer plelanoides)
Dane:in pollen ...... . .... I 4/224
4/19-4 4/224- . 9-5/16 4/5-4/11 4/21
63 SPRING GRAIN (oats and barley) Planted at University Farms.
Dane: ............... I 4/22 1 4/18 j 5/8 I 4/21 4/27 I
4/20 4/24 4117 4/22 5/1 3/27 4/21
Data from Prof. H. L. Shands, Dept. of Agronomy, College of Agriculture.
64 BROWN THRASHER (Tox/ostoma rufum) Arrives.
Sauk:........... 4/19 . 4/16 ....
4/28 4/19 4/25 5/1 (by 5/7) 4/16 4/22
Dane:... . ......... i4/2 4/23 4/10 3/20 4/21
4/28 4/19 4/18 4/24 4/24 4/8 4/17
65 CABBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pieridae sp?) First seen.
Sauk& Dane: ........ 1 4/20 1 4/23 4/28 .. 4/25
. 4/25 4/18 4/30 .. 4/12 4/23
66 CAREX (Carex pennsylnmnica)
Sauk: in pollen (b) ....... ...... . .... ....
.... . . .. 57-? 5/1-516 4/1-? (4/23)
Dane:in pollen. ...... .... .... .... ...
... 4/14-? 4/19-? .... 5/1-5/30 4/2-4/20 4/17
67 EARLY CROWFOOT (Ranusnclus fascicularis)
Sank & Dane:
in bloom .......... 1 5/1-? 5/2-4 .... (by 4/26) 4/25-?
... 4/20-? .... 4/21--? ?-5/28 4/6-5/24 4/23
68 AMERICAN BITTERN (BtV"4fYen"Fgnosus) Arrives.
Sauk: .....................I .. I 4/18
5/11 4/19 4/25 4/23 4/21 4/23 4/24
Dane: ............... 4/10 4/19 4/5" 4/9 4/9
5/8 4/6 4/18 3/30 3V25 5/3 4/13
69 SHEPHERD'S PURSE (Capsell Bursa-pastoris)
Sauk: first bloom.... I .... I ... I .... 5/28 ....
.... 4/18 4/23 5/7 5/13 4/8 4/24
70 BELLWORT (Usularia grandiflora)
Dane:in bloom ...... 1 5/134 1 .... I 5/1-7 .... . .. I
. 4/25-? 4/27-? 1 4/28-71 5/10-5/251 4/12-5/211 4/29
71 MARSH MARIGOLD (Caltha palustris)
Sauk: in bloom I .... 4/22-5/23 .... 5/11-5/26
4/27-? 4/22-? ?-5/15 4/.. /3 .. 4/28
Dane: in bloom ... . 4/25- 4/204 1 4/12-4 4/25-? 5/3-4
4/24-? 4/21-? 4/25-? 4/29-5/30 4/9-5/20 4/22
72 JUNE BERRY (Amelanchier canadenis)*
Sauk: in bloom (b) .. ... . (by 5/8) 4/22-5/2 ....
5/11-? 4/26-? 4/25-5/7 5/1-5/15 5/11-5/19 4/12-4/23 4/28
Dane: in bloom (b).. I .... I I .... 4/15- ....
... .. 4/25-? 4/28-5/23 5/9-5/19 4/10-5/4 4/23
The budding period as between years has varied from five days to
two weeks, apparently depending on current weather. Leafing and blooming
occurred simul-
taneously in 1945, the leaves being completed before the end of
bloom.
73 BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus virginianus )First "bobwhite"
call.
Sauk: .............. I ........... I (by 5/23) (by 6/4) (by 6/3)
4/21 5/2 4/25 5/29 4/25 4/12 4/29
Dane: ............. 3/18 3/29' 4/19 .... 4/18
. 4/14 ....... 4/19 3/22 4/6
74 ARABIS (Arabis Israia)
Sank: first bloom ......... .... .... .... ......
35/15 4/22 .... 5/6 4/11 4/29
Dane: first bloom ......... (by
4/28) 4/20 4/19 ... (by 4/20) (4/20)
This species has no sharp terminal date. In 1945 straggling blooms
occurred through July.
75 WOOD ANEMONE (Anemone quinquefolia var. interior)
Sank: in bloom ....... ........ " . .... (by 5/1) ....
5/11-? 4/25-? 4/25-5/16 5/5-5/30 5/7-5/23 4/12-5/18 4/29
Dane: in bloom... 4/30- 5/9- .... 4/21-4
.... 4/25-7 4/21-4 5/1-5/23 5/5-5/24 4/9-6/1 4/26
76 PRICKLY ASH (Zanthoxylum americanum)
Sauk: first pollen ..... I .... I .... 1 5/1 I .... 5/2
5/17 I 4/12 4/25 5 5/7 I 5/12 4/14 I 4/30
Leafing in 1944 began three days after first bloom, and was completed
16 days later.
TABLE 5. Phenology for
May.
77 HOUSE WREN (Troglodytes aedon) Arrives.
Sank: ...................... (by
5/11) 5/2 5/1 (by 5/7) 5/1 (by 5/5) (5/1)
Dane: ............... 4/16 4/14 4/30 4/17 4/23 ,
4/29 4/15 4/18 4/25 4/27 4/23 4/22
78 SMALL FLOWERED CROWFOOT (Ranunculus abortivus)
Sauk: in bloom .......I ..... . I . ... .... 5/17-T
7 .... ... . 4/14-4 (5/1)
Dane in .ib7-? 5/1-. ....
.... _5'?7 4/194 5/9-5/27 4/13-6/14 4/26
79 LAST KILLING FROST (Record by U. S. Weather Bureau.)
Sauk: ............... 1 5/23 4/16 1 4/16 4/12 5/2
5/4 4/25 4/20 I 5/1 5/6 6/4 5/1
Dane: ..... ..........5/4 4/23 4/16 4/10 4/13
5/3 4/24 /419 5/1 4/18 6/4 4/27
80 HOARY PUCCOON (Lithospersnum canescens)
Sauk: in bloom ....... 5..._ 5/1-4 512-6/131
4/23-5/231 5/1-6/4 5/7-6/4 5/14-6/3 4/12-6/8 5/1
Dane: in bloom (b)... .... I 5/10- 5/11-7 5/10-7 I
P.... 11 5/84-1 4/30- .h I 4/104 5/3
Straggling bloom occurred for a week to 10 days beyond the regular
blooming period in each of the last three years.
81 DOGTOOTH VIOLET (Erythronium americanum and E. albidum)
Sauk: in bloom ............ .... ?-5/8 1 5/1-4 . 5/5-4
. ?-5/16 1 4/29-? ?-15 7-5/5 (5/2)
Dane; in bloom ..... 5/11- .... 5/7-4 5/1-?I ....
.... - 4/25-I .... 5/8-5/151 4/10-5/201 4/29
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
82 BIRD-FOOT VOLET (Viola pedata var. linerilo)
Sauk: in bloom ....... 5/1-? 5/1-6/4 5/12-6/5
4/30-5/23 4/25-5/31 5/8-6/4 5/11-6/1 4/21-6,16 5/2
Dane: in bloom ..... 5/2-? 5/91-? 5/10-? .... ....
.. 5/8-? 4/25-? .... .... 4/11-6/21 5/1
A few autumn blooms were seen in Sank County, Sept. 20, 1944.
83 ARABIS (Arabis drummondi)
Sauk:in bloom ....... .... I ,.. I .... I .... I .... .
84 RIVER BIRCH (Betula nigra)
I .... 1 5/1-? 1 5/7-? 1 5/11-5/311 4/22-5/201 5/3
Sauk: inblom ....... I .... I ... I .... I ... I .... 5/11-5/171
.... I ?-5/9 j .... 15/15-5/211 4/13-? I (5/3)
Leafing began with blooming in 1944, and was completed by May 31.
85 SAND CHERRY (Prunns pumila)
Sauk: in bloom (b)...I .... I .... I .... I .... I .. . ?-5/30
?-5/9 I 4/25-5/9 I 5/9-5/27 15/17-5/251 4/22-5/201 5/3
The leafing period coincides with the blooming period.
86 EASTERN KINGBIRD (Tyrannns tyrannus) Arrives.
Sauk: ............... I ....I... 1 5/1 (by 5/14) 5/4
5/2 5/1 5/2 5/2 (by 5/11) 5/18 5/4
Dane:. .............. 5/6 5/3 4/17 4/21 4/30
5/5 4/25 4/29 5/6 5/7 5/12 5/1
87 NORTHERN CRESTED FLYCATCHER (Myiarchus crinitus boreus) Arrives.
Sauk: .............. . ... .. I .... (by 5/14)
5/4 4/29 5/1 5/8 5/11 (by 5/18) 5/4
Dane: ............... .511 5/2" 4/17 5/2 1 5/6
5/6 511 4/21 5/3 5/3 5/13 5/3
88 OAKS ............ (Quercus solutina; macrocarpa; borealis var. maxima;
alba)
Sauk: in pallen
Black ......... ... .... .... .... ..
.. .... ?-5/9 .... 5 3 42- (5/4)
Barr .......... ..... .... .... ....
.... .... ?-5/9 .... 5/20-? 4/23-? (5/5)
Red ........... ... 5/10-? 5/8-? ... ..
.. .. ...... 5/17-?I .... (5/12)
White ......... ... ..".. ..
.. .. 5/23-? ... (5/23)
Black .......... .... .... .... ....
.... 4/33-? 4/30-? .... 5/15-5/19 4/25-5/7 (5/3)
Barr ............. ....... ....
.... .... 5/15-5/191 4/20-4/301 (5/6)
In general, black andi burr oak bloom first; red antd white later.
In 1944t, pollen dleveloped in all s,).,LeS ,l- uiys aft~er the cat&ius
appearedl, wherea.s na 1-5
about three weeks elapsed before pollen appeared. In both years leafing
began with the first catkins, bat c.so1letioas of leafing required only 2
weeks in 1944,
but over a month in 1945. In 1945 the catkins and young leaves of
many oaks were destroyed by frost. Sams such trees did not complete rcleafing
until June.
89 STEMLESS BLUE VIOLET (Viola cucullata)*
Dane: in bloom ...... I 5/2-? 1 .... 9 .... 5 ....
.... 5/11-? I 5/13-? I .... t5/13-6/1 I 4/6-5/31 I 5/4
90 BELLWORT (Oakessia sessilifolia)
Sauk: first bloom.. . .I .. . I ..... ....... . I.-.
5/11 .... 14/25 5/7 1 5/7 5/1 15/4
91 FRANKLIN GROUND SQUIRREL (Citellunfranklini) Emerges.
Dane: ............... .. 5/4 .... 14/21 1 ....
.... .... ... ... 5/12 5/10 5/4
92 WILD PLUM (Prunus americana)
Sauk: in bloom...... I........ .... ?-5/3 ....
.... ?-5/9 4/25-5/9 5/8-? 5/13-? 4/16-? 5/5
Dane: in bloom...... ..... .... 55/2-? 4/12-4/29+ ....
.... 5/1-? 4/25-? 5/5-5/22 5/12-5/22 4/26-5/14 4/29
Sank & Dane: I I
I I
fruit ripe .... ..... .... 825 .... I ....
.... 8/29 .... .... .... 8/25 (8/26)
Leafing begins with blooming, but is completed before the end of
bloom.
93 GEUM (Geum triflorum)
Sank: in bloom (b) .. . ... .... . .... ....
.... (by 5/2) .... .... 5/19-5/27 4/25-5/7 (5/5)
Dane: ...............[ .
4/28-? .... .... 5/1-6/14 (4/30)
94 PIN CHERRY (Prunus pennsyloanica)
Sank: inbloom.. .5/.-? I . -I .... I 1
5/17 . 5/7 5/12 4/13 5/5
Dane: in bloom...... ... 5/'5- 5/1? ....
.... 5/7- .. .... ?-5/17 14/10-4/29 5/1
95 BALTIMORE ORIOLE (Icterns galbula) Arrives.
Sauk: ...............I .... (by 5/10) (by 5/14) j
5/11 5/2 5/1 5/2 5/11 1 5/7 5/5
Dane: ............... 5/7 1 5/2 5/7" 5/2 , 5/4.
5/5 4/29 4/29 5/1 5/2 5/6 5/3
96 EASTERN WARBLING VIREO (Viresogileaagilsus) Arrives.
Sank: ..............1 5/70 . .
5... 5/2 5//1 5/9 (by 5/12) (by 5/18) 5/5
Dane: .............. 5/8 5/3 5/8' 4/30 5/4
5/12 5/1 5t1 5/2 5/5 5/8 5/5
97 SUGAR MAPLE (Acer saccharum)
Dane: in pollen ...... I .... I .... I .... I
5/11-? I .... 5 5/25-? T .... 5/8-5/16 I 4/7-? 5/5
89 BOBOLINK (Dolichonyxoryzivoru) Arrives.
90
Sank: ................. .... I I . 5/7
5/4 5/2 .... 5/9 5/7 (by 5/18) 5/6
Dane: ...5........I . 4/25 54 4/26 5/4 5
/5 I5/4 I4/29 5/9 5/13 5/9 5"3
99 ROSE BREASTED GROSBEAK (Hedymeles ludosicianas) Arrives.
Sak: ........... ,o/10.... I I ..
5/11 5/2 5/1 /6 I 5/6
Dane:. ....... ../7 5/1 5/9 5/1i 5/6
5/6 5/7 5/1 5/8 5/6 5/9 5/6
Dane: ............... 5/7 1
January, 1947 A PILENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
91
Species, Station, Itemi 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
100 CHOKE CHERRY (Prunus virginiana)
Sauk: in bloomi...... .... ....--. - __. ?-5/20 ?-5/31
5/2-? 5/1-5/11 ?-5/29 5/20-5/29 5/1 -? 5/6
Dane: in bloom ........... 5/8- 5/11 5/4- ....
.... 4/27-? 5/21-? 5/18-6/3 4/27-5/23 5/8
Leafing is completed just before blooming begins. In 1944 leafing
took 19 days in both Sank and Dane. Flower buds became visible after leafing
was one
third completed. Fruit ripens at the end of August.
101 WINTER CRESS (Barbarea vulgaris)
Sank: in bloom .... . .... .... .... .... ....
.... ...... .... 5/ 20-? 1 4/21-6/6 (5/6)
Dane: in bloom........... .... .... .
.... ... 5/9-? 5/16-7/91 4/21-? (51 8)
102 LOUSEWORT (Pedicularis canadensis)
Sank: in bloom ...... I . .. ... I .... .... I(by
5/17) 5/2-2 5/9-? . I .... 1?-5-20 (5/6)
103 NORTHERN YELLOWTHROAT (Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla) Arrives.
Sank:................ .5/7
.. 5/8 5/7 (by 5/17) (5/7)
Dane:. ............. 4/27 5/1 5/5 5/2 5/5
5/6 5/1
104 WHITE TRILLIUM (Trillium grandiflorum)
Sank: in bloom ...... I .... .... ....-- (by 5/1) ?-5/29 5/16-?
5/2-5/18 5/1-6/1 5/9-6/3 5/11-5/27 5/1-6/5 5/7
Dane: in bloom...... ...5/3-? ....
... 5/6-? 4/26-5/23 5/6-? 5/7-5/25 4/15-5/268 5/3
105 CRATAEGUS*
Sank: (one plant)
in bloom (b) . .... .. .. .... ... (by 5/20)
.... .... 5/1-? ?-5/31 5/19-5/27 5/1-5/20 (5/7)
Dane: in bloom .......... .
.... .. .... . 5/16-5/26 5/1-? (5/9)
106 NORTHERN WOOD THRUSH (Hylocichla mustelna) Arrives.
Sauk: ...................... .... I .... 5/70
... 5/10 5/9 5/9 5/7 (by 5/17) 5/8
Dane:.......... 5/8 5/2 4/17 4/30 5/6
4/13 5/4 5/1 5/5 5/5 4/12 4/28
107 BLUEBERRY (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum)
Sauk: first bloom (b) . I ... I .... I .... I .. I .... 1 5/17
I 5/2 . 5/5 wind burn I no bloom (5/8)
108 INDIAN SWEET GRASS (Hierochloe odorata)
Sank: in bloom ....... I .... I .... I .... 1 4/27-?I 5/20-? 5/11-?
2-5/18 I 5/1-6/9 .... 15/19-5/311 4/29-6/151 5/8
109 TRILLIUM (Trillium recurvatum)
Dane:inbbloom .../.... I .... I .... 1 5/12-?
5/11-? 1 5/5-? .... t5/16-8/1 1 4/29-5/271 5/8
110 WILD CRAB (Pyrus ioensis)
Dane: in bloom ..... .... I .... I 5/15-? I 5/5-5/20I . .- ..
.. 5/8-? I 5/7-5/25 5/24-? 15/19-/5/261 4/19-5/241 5/9
111 SCARLET TANAGER (Piranga erythromelas) Arrives.
Dane:.............-I 5/8 1 5/6 1 (by 5/16) 1 5/7 I 5/14 5/12
5/2 I 5/16 4/30 5/1 5/21 5/9
112 EASTERN WHIPPOORWILL (Antrostomus eociferus sociferus) Arrives.
Sauk: ............... I ............ ....
5/17 5/9 5/8 5/6 (by 5/17) 5/10
Dane: ............... 5/5 4/24 5/4 4/18 4/23
5/2 4/21 4/15 5/3 5/1 3/28 4/24
113 LILAC (Syringa culguris)
Sauk: flower buds
visible ............. .... .... .... ........
4/12 4/15 /7 4/1 4/16
in bloom .... .... .... .... 5/25
5/1-5/19 -6/3 5/19-5/30 5/5-5/25 5/10
Dane: ................ 4428-5/25 ...
.... 4 / /20 5 5/3
The 1944 and 1945 record for Dane is for an early variety, S. V.
Claude Bernard. Leafing begins 3-4 weeks before first bloom and is completed
shortly after.
114 PROTHONOTARY WARBLER (Protonotaria citrea) Arrives.
Sank: ............... I 5/12 1 5/9 I (by 5/16) 5/14 5/14
5/12 I(by 5/l) 5/16 5/8 I absent .... 5/10
115 INDIGO BUNTING (Passerina eyaiea) Arrives.
Sauk: ............... ....... ..... I .... .... ....
5/4 5/9 (by 5/21) 5/20 (5/11)
Dane: ............... . 5/12 5/9 5/16 5/6 5/6
5/10 5/5 5/8 5/5 5/17 5/14 5/10
116 BLUE PHLOX (Phlox disaricata)
Sauk: in bloom ................. _ I .. - _? . ' - .... 5/26-6/13
5/9-6/7 5/1-6/4 5/13-6/151 ?-6/15 5/5-6/10 5/11
Dane: in bloom .... 5/27-? 5/17-? 5/15-? 5/15-? ....
.... 4/28-? ... 5/12-6/ 1 4/29-5/20 5/12
117 JACK PINE (Pinus Bansiiana)
Sauk:in pollen....... I .... I .... I .... .... ....
5/30-? 5/2-? 5/1-5/13 . 1.. 5/18-5/251 5/6-5/15 1 5/11
118 JACK IN THE PULPIT (Arisaema iriphyllum)
Dane:in bloom .... - .... I .... 1 .... ... .... 1
5/23-2 5/12-? 4/27-? 5/9-? 15/20-6/1 5/15-6/4 1 5/11
119 JACOB'S LADDER (Polemonium reptans)
Dane: in bloom .... . 5 I I I ..i-
4)28-. 5/13-5/31 519-5/291 5/5-5/25 (5/12)
Dane: in bloom(b).... .... .... ... 5/1- ....
... 5/11- 4/28- 5/22-? 5/14-5/311 4/14-5/181 5/5
120 WILD STRAWBERRY (Fragaria eirginiana)
Sauk: in bloom .. ...........
5/20-? 4/23-6/8 5/12
fruit ripe........... ........ .... ....
.... 8/: 1-61 .... I 7? 61773 (/1
Dan~inblom.)2i? ;8- 5i0-
5)6- 5)" -6/1113 6/17-? 6/17-7/3 (6/11)
Dane: in bloom.............. .5/21-? 1 5/8-? 5/10-?
5/16-? 5/7-? 4/30-? .... 5/17-? 4/14-6/15 5/8
121 RED OZIER DOGWOOD (Cornus stolonifera)
Dane: in bloom ...... I .... I 5.4..... I? ....
... 5/7-? I .... t ... 15i22-6/2+1 5/7-6/6+ I 5/12
, ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
122 CATBIRD (Dumetella carolinensis) Arrives.
Sauk:.. ........... I ....
.... 5/16 5/9 (by 5/13) (by 5/18) (5/13)
Dane: ....... ... 5/6 5/2" 5/4 4/15 5/5
5/6 4/27 430 5/8 5/2 5/8 5/2
123 ASIATIC HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera tatarica)
Dane: in blo..n ...... I .. ... I
.... I .... . 5/11-? 5/27-? 1 5/16-5/271 4/29-6/11 5/13
124 EASTERN NIGHTHAWK (Chordeiles minor minor) Arrives.
Sauk: .. . ...
.... 5/16 5/7 (by 5/13) (by 5/18) (5/14)
Dane: ..... 5/12 5/7 5/1 5/4" 4/19
5/12 5/3 5/4 5/4 5/11 5/20 5/6
125 FALSE S)L )MON'S SEAL (Smilacina slellala)
Sauk: in blo ... I .... ....... .... .... 15/17-6/3
5/23-? 5/9-6/2 5/21-6/5 5/19-5/31 5/7-? 5/16
Dane: in blom ..... ... .... 522 ... . .
.. .. 4/30-? 5/17-? 5/16-5/27 4/28-5/27 5/11
126 WILD CHERRY (Prunus serotina)
Sauk: in bloom ......... I ... ....
5/17-? .... 5/1-? 5/30-6/6 5.. . 5 ... (5/16)
Dane: in bl o ........ . .5/15-? 518 -? 5/10-?
.... .. 5/26-6/8 5/19-6/5 5/14
127 WOOD SORREL (Oxalis violacen)
Sank: in bloom-...- .. .. - ... . 5/19-6/1
5/9-? (by 5/13) 5/30-? 5/20-6/5 5/5-6/17 5/17
y 5/2
. 5/8-? 4/30-? 5/22-? 5/22-6/12 5/14-6/16 5/13
128 VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (Hydrophyllum virginianum)
Dane: in bloom ..... ... I .... I .... I - - I .... I
. 5/20-? 5/13-? ... 1 5/19-6/151 5/17-6/221 5/17
129 COLUMBINE (Aquilegia canadensis)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .............I .... I (by 5/19)
6/1-? 5/9-6/11 5/9-6/23+ 5/25-6/14+ 5/22-6/13+ 5/18-6/28 5/19
Dane: in bloom ...... .... .5/17-? 5/20-? 5/22-? 5/20-?
.... 5/13-? 5/13-? 5/17-? 5/22-? 5/17-6/30 5/18
130 BLUE-EYED GRASS (Sisyrinchium campeslre)*
Sauk: in bloom .................... 5/20-?
5/26-? ?-5/23 5/9-? 5/25-6/5 5/22-? 5/13-6/17 5/19
Dane: in bloom .... .... .... /26-? ...
.... 5/12-? .... 5/30-? ... 5/15-7/6 5/21
131 LUPINE (Lupinus perennis)
Sauk: in bloom .......... .... .... .... ....
.... 5/9-5/29 5/17-6/7 5/28-6/17 5/25-6/17 5/21-7/4 5/20
seed pods ripe,
opening.......... .... .... .... ....
.... 6/21-6/25 6/21-6/25 6/25-? 7/1-7/4 7/8-7/? 6/27
Dane: in bloom ......i ....". .... .... ....
.. 5/24-? 5/31-? .... 5/25-6/28 5/21-6/24 5/25
seed pods ripe,
On July 8, 1945, on the University Arboretum about 2:30 P.M. a large
patch of lupine was ripening its pods and projecting the seeds. The sound
of popping
pods could be heard while approaching the patch, and the projected
seeds could be seen flying through the air to a distance of a yard from the
parent plant.
132 GOLDEN ALEXANDER (Zizia aurea)
Dane:inbloon ...... I .... I .... I .... I .... I .... I
... I .. - 5/0-? 1 .... 15/20-6/1715/30-6/271 (5/20)
133 SPIRAEA (Spiraea van Houteii)
Dane: in bloom ...... ...... .... I .... .... I .... I
.... 5/16-? 1 5/13-?I 6/1-6/19 15/24-6/4+ 15/16-6/121 5/20
134 BASTARD TOADFLAX (Comandra Richardsiana)
Sauk: in bloom ...... ..... ..... I ..
5/25-? .-. 5/9-? 5/31-? 5/20-6,5 5/19-? 5/21
Dane: in bloom ...... . -.
5/-? 430-? ... .... 5/15-6/27 (5/8)
135 WILD GERANIUM (Geranium maculatum)
Sauk: in bloom...... ........
6/1-? 1 5/9-6/13 5/23-6/16 5/21-6/15 5/18-6/17 5/21
Dane: in b oom..... 5/20-? 5/18-? 5/3.-? ...
.... 5/7"-? 5/2-? 5/9-? 5/15-? 5/7-6/22 5/10
136 TOADFLAX (Linaria canadensis)
Sauk: in bloom... .... ?-6/6 5/20-? (by 5/20)
5/26-? 5/23-6/251 5/9-6/21 5/27-620 5/29-6/15 5/20-6/30 5/22
Dane: in bloom ....... .. ..... .... ... .... ... ...
5/17-? 5/9-? .... .... (by5/25- 1 (5/13)
6/22)
137 SHOOTING STAR (Dodecatheon Meadia)
Sauk: in bloom ............... .... ...... .
5/26-? (by 5/22) 5/9-? 5/25-? 5,/27-? 5/23-6/151 5/22
Dane: in bloon ..... 5/1 . SI-? 5/20-? 5/14?
.... 5/13-? 5/9-? .. 5/19-6/10 5/7-6/24 1 5/14
138 YELLOW WOOD SORREL (Oxalis strida var. pilelocarpa)
Sauk: in bloom ....I .... I .... I .. . -.. ...
.. 1 5/22-8/13 6/2-8/13 6/11-8/5 4/21-? 5/22
Dane: in bloom .. ... .... 5/18-? ..
. . ... 6/1-? 5/25-?1 5/24
139 TALL YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER (Cypripediam parriflorum var. pubescens)
Dane: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I .... [ 5/21-? I I
. 5/13-? I .... 5/29-6/191 5/22-6/6 1 5/23-6/2 1 5/22
140 MULBERRY (Morus alba)
Dane: in bloom .............. .... I .... I ...? ..
... .... .. 5/21-5/26 5/22-5/29 (5/22)
fruit ripe .. .. .. .. 6/15-? ... .
.... 7/1-? 6/25-7/20 6/26-? 6/24
141 PUCCOON (Lithospermum angustifolium)
Dane:in bloom ..... I .... I .... I . I .... I ....
5 19- .. I ... 15/19-7/2 1 6/1-6/20 I (5/23)
92
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
142 KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (Poa pratensis)
Sauk: first lawn mowed ...... .
.... 5 2 5i1 5/7 5 6 4/14 4/30
in bud (headed) . 5/22 5/20
5..... 5 .... 5/13 5/5 512
in pollen .. .. .... ... .
. 518 5/29 ... 5/25 6/8 (5/24)
Dane: first lawn mowed .. . ..
.. ... .... . .. 5/1 4/11 (4/21)
in bud (headed) . 5/15 5/18
5/20 5/18 5/1 ... ... ... 5/14
143 PINK PHILOX (Phlox pilosa var. fulg ida)
Sauk: in bloom .......... . .... I- ?-6/17
5/26-? 5/25-6/12 5/23-6/11 5/31-? ?-6/13 6/1-6/30 5/26
Dane: in bloom............ ..... 5/28-7/8 5/29-?
.... 5/13-? 5/2-? . 1. 5/30-6/18 5/12-7/16 5/19
144 MANDRAKE (Podophyllum peltalum)
Sauk: in bloom .......
5/16-? 6/4-? ?-5/27 frozen (5/26)
Dane: in bloom ...... 6/1- 5/18-? .. .
.... 5/13-? 5/14-? 5/30-? (by 5/26-?) frozen 5/21
145 NANNYBERRY (Viburnum Lentago)
Sauk: in bud........
....... .. 5/2 5/8 5/513 4/21 5/4
inbl..om .
6-? 5/18-? 5/23-5/31 5/30-? 525-6/2 ... 5/26
Leafing: In 1944 leafing began 13 days before the flower-buds appeared,
and was completed a week later, and 5 days before first bloom.
146 SHEEP SORREL (Rumex aectosella)
Sauk: in bloom ..... .... .... I .... 5/19-? (by S/30)
5/25-? 5/30-? 5/25-7/2 5/29-6/25 5/30-? 6/1-? 5/27
Dane: in bloom ...... .. .... . .. . ...
... 5/17-? 4/30-? ... . .... 5/15-6/28 (5/11)
147 YELLOW STAR GRASS (Hypoxis hirsula)
Sauk: in bloom.... .. .... .. ... ....
5/26-? . 5/23-? 5/30-6/22 5/30-6/13 6/10-? 5/27
Dane: in bloom ...... .... .... 5/26-?
.... ... .... (by 5/30) 5/29-? 6/6-7/10 (5/31)
148 WILD GRAPE (Viti8 eulpina)
Sauk: in bloom ........ .... . (by 6/6) .... 5/23-6/8
.... 5/23-? 5/23-6/3 ?-6/17 5/30-6/7 6/5-? 5/27
fruit ripe .......... 8/29 ... .... ...
.... .... 8/21 8/27 9/3 none 8/27
Dane:'in bloom. . ..... ...
... .... .... 5/30-6/5 6/2-6/20 (6/1)
"149 GOLDEN RAGWORT (Senecio aureus)*
Sauk: in bloom ..... .... I .... I .... ... I ... I
..... (by 5/29) 5/30-? .... 5/21-6/5 6/1-6/17 5/28
Dane: in bloom....... .... .... .
.... /- 5/5-? 5 5/18-6/7 5/13-6/23 (5/14)
150 BLACK RASPBERRY (Rubue occidentalts)
Sauk: in bloom ............. .... .... . ..
.... .... 5/23-5/30 8/1-? 5/30-? .7 "/ (5/28)
fruitripe... ..... .. 7 2-? 7/1-?
6/25-7/12 7/5-7/25 7/3-7/15 718-7 7/4
Dane: in bloom ............ .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... .... 5/28-6/11 5/18-6/15 (5/23)
fruit ripe. .. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .. .... .... 7/1-7/15 7/4-7/18 (7/2)
151 CINQUEFOIL (Potenlilla simplex var. typica)
Sauk: in bloom.. ................
5/23-? 5/31-? 5/26-6/25 6/1-? 51/28
Dane: in bloom ....... " ....]" ./5-?
5/29-? 5/30-? (5/31)
152 SHAGBARK HICKORY (Carya oeata)
Dane: in pollen ..... . I .... 1 5/27-? 1 5/25-? ... 1 ... I
..... I .... I .... I .... 1 5/23-5/281 6/9-6/14 I 5/29
The catkins appear with the leaves, but are not in pollen until leafing
is completed.
153 BLACKBERRY (Rubus allegheniensis)*
Sauk: in bloom..,. . ..... .... 5/25-6/11
6/8-? 5/23-5/311 5/26-/7 9 /1-5/17 5/29-8/151 8/1-6/30 /30
fruitripe........ 7/23-? 8/-8/31 8/1-8/29 ?-8/25
?-8/10 7/26-9/5 ?-8/21 -7/20-/4 8/17-9 1 5 /730
Dane: in bloom.......... 5/27-?
5/23-?1 .... 5/28-6/11 5/18-6/16 5/24
fruit ripe.......... ... 5 8/5"?
.... .... . ?8/29 7/23-8/20 8/10-9/12 (8/2)
TABLE 6. Phenology
for June.
154 PUCCOON (Lithospermum carolinenee)
Sauk: in bloom .............
6/13-? 5/18-6/3015/23-6/211 6/14-? 6/1-7/1 6/1-6/15 61
Dane: in bloom .......... . ....
5/17-? ... .... 5/20-7/2 5/19-7/20 (5/19)
155 WILD ROSE (Rosa blanda var. hispida)
Sauk: in bloom ...... .... .... ? (by 6/4) 5/27-6/17
6/9-? 5/18-6/14 L 5/23-6/251 6/4-6/25 5/29-6/26 6/13-7/14 6/1
Dane: in bloom.. . .... I - ....
.... I .... 1 6/3-? ... 5/31-? 6/2-7/20 6/1
156 VETCH (Vicia anguslifolia)
Sauk: in bloom... ......... I
.... .... .... 6/1-7/4 5/30-7/4 (by6!15) (6/1)
Dane: in bloom ...... .... .... .... . ...
.... .... . ... 6/6-8/20 6/11-7/? (6/9)
157 ANEMONE (Anemone cylindrica)
Sank: in bloom (b)....... .... ... .
5/23-6/14 5/23-6/21 6/3-? 6/13 ? 6/5-6/28 6/1
Dane: iii bloom .......I ....... ..... .. . .... I .... I
... . ..... I.. . 6/6-7/15 6/17-7161 (6/12)
158 BAPTISIA (Baptisia leueopham)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I .... I6/14-7/101 6/4-? 1
.... I 5/15-5/291 6/1-? I .... I . I .... 1 6/1
159 SPIDERWORT(Traddeecantiarelexsa)*
Sauk: in bloom ...... . .... 8/7-? 6/4-7/3 1 5/27-6/30
6/9-? 5/23-6/301 5/30-7/19 6/4-7/19 5/29-7/151 6/13-7/20 6/2
Dane: ii bloom ...... .. .... 6/-? ....
.... I .... 6/5-7/23 1 6/1-7/29 6/2
93
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. I
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
194 1941 1942 1913 1944 1945 Average
160 ANGELICA (Angelica atropurpurea)
Dane. in bloom ...... .. . I .. . I .... I . ... I
.... 5/31-? I 6/2-? I 6/9-? 1 6/3-6/22 5/28-6/271 6/2
161 ALSIKE CLOVER (Trifolium hybridum)
Sank: first bloom..... [ .... I -.. I .... 1 6/8 I .. ..
I 5/241 6/5 6/2 6/5 6/3
162 PENSTEMON (Penstemon gracili8)
Sauk: in bloom (b) ... .... I..... I ... I .... I
6/8-? 5/23-?I 5/30-? 6/5-? 5/28-? 6/16-7/5 6/3
163 CANADA MAYFLOWER (Maianthemum canadenoe var. interius)
Sank: first bloom .... . .. I .... r ..... I6/1
.... ...I . 6/3 5/28 1 6/12 6/3
164 DEWBERRY (Rubus #lagelaris)*
Sank: in bloon ..... .. ... . *.. *.. .. 6/8-?
5/29-6/11 5,'30-6/22 6/5-6/26 6/3-6/27 6/5-7/3 6/3
fruit ripn *.. ...... 7/17-8/13 . -8-30
.... 7/21-? 7/25-? 7/27-? 7/28-9/3 7/21
165 DOMESTIC YELLOW IRIS (Iris lamesecns)
Sank: in bloom.... ... I .... I .... I ..- . I
.... .. .... .... 6/4-?I 6/1-? 6/5-6/20 (6/3)
166 ANEMONE (Anemone canodensis)
Sank: in blooo. ..... .... .... 6/13-? 6/4-? 5/27-6/21
6/13-? 5/23-7/1 1 5/30-7/21 6/3-7/21 5/29-7/15 6/5-7/25 6/3
Dane: in bloon ... .... 5/28-? ....
.... .. 5/30-? ....(.. .... (5/29)
167 FROSTWEED (Helianthemum canadense)
Danein bloom ....... I .... I .... I .... .... I
S.. . ... 5/27-?I .... .. 6/7-6/27 6/7-7/22 (6/3)
168 WHITE CLOVER (Trifoliumn repens)
Sank: first bloom . .... I .... ....
6/7 6/1 6/2 6/2 6/5 6/3
Dane: first bloom .... I .... .... 5/31 5/29 0
/ 63 5/27 5/30 .... 6/1 5/29 5/30
169 YARROW (Achillea Millefolium)
Sauk: in bloom................. [ 6/11-?
6/9-? 5/30-6/30 5/30-7/19 6/2-7/21 6/1-7/15 6/5-9/3 6/4
Dane: in bloom ........5/28-?
.... .... 5/30-? .... 6/2-8/20 6/3-8/1 5/31
170 WOODCOCK (Philohela minor) Last peenting.
Sank: ............. ...... .... 1 6/7 . 6/1
6/2+ 5/31 6/1 6/3+ 5/31 6/16 6/4
Dane: .............. . ..... ..' .... 5/24+ 6/5
.... .... ... .... 5/28 .... (6/1)
171 NINEBARK (Physocarpus opulifolius)
Sank: in bloom...... ........ 6/4-6/11
6/13-? 5/29-6/7 6/1-6/13 6/10-6/21 6/1-6/9 6/5-6/20 6/4
Dane: in bloom ... ...... ....
.... .... .... 6/5-6/15 6/8-6/28 (6/7)
Leafing is completed before blooming.
172 HUDSONIA (Hudsonia tomentoso)
Sank: in bloom (b)...I .... I .... I .. - .... I .... I
... . .... ... I 6/5-? 6/2-? 6/4-6/17 (6/4)
173 WILD PARSNIP (Paslisoca satire)
Dane: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I .... I .... I
.... f 6/7-? 5/31-? I .- . 6/5-7/30 i 6/6-7/29 6/4
174 SPATTERDOCK (Nuaphar mriegata)
Sank: in bloom............. ..... I .... . (by 5/19)
.... 6/5-8/13 6/10-9/7 5/29-8/5 6/5-8/15 6/5
Dane: in bloom ............ .... .. 5/31-? 5/27-I
o,,52-? .... 5... .. (5/27)
175 BLACK LOCUST (Robinia Pseudo-Acacia)
Sank: in bloom...... .... i . I . ?..1 ?-6/3
.... 5/23-? 5/30-6/7 6/9-6/13 5/29-6/3 6/16-? 6/5
Dane: in bloom...... I I 5/29-? ...
.... 5/23-? .... .... 5/28-6/4 6/6-6/14 5/29
Leafing is completed by the blooming period. Clones (thickets) differ
from each other in leafing and blooming dates, but the trees within a clone,
leaf and bloom
together.
176 KRIGIA (Krigia biflora)
Sank: in bloom .... .... .... I
.... 5/31-6/27 5/31-7/2 1 6/15-? I 5/30-7/3 6/12-7/12 6/7
Dane: in bloom .... 6/o-? .
5/27-?1 5/9-? 1 .... i 6/11-6/30 6/15-7/13 6/2
177 LYCHNIS (Lychnis alba)
Sauk: in bloom.. I .... 6/17-4 (by
5/30) 5/29-? 1 5/23-7/261 6/11-8/2 1 6/13-7/17 6/12-9/15+ 6/7
Dane: in bloom . .. .
1.... ... ... .. 6/9-? I 5/29-8/21 5/30-? (6/2)
178 RED CLOVER (Trifolium pratense)
Sauk: first bloom .. ... ... I .... I ....
1 6/5 6/2 6/15 (6/7)
Dane: first bloom ..... . .... 6/7 6/7 "
5/29 .... 1 6/5 6/5 6/4
179 POTENTILLA (Potentilla arguta)
Sauk: in bloom . . . .... . ...- I ... I .... I
.. . . .... 1 6/1-? 6/13-7/4 1 6/1-7/17 6/12-7/1 I 6/7
180 ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis)
Sauk: sprouts gathered . . . I ... ...
. " .... 5/1-5/27 1 5/10-5/311 5/15-? 4/21-6/5 5/4
first bloom. ....I (by 5/27)
.. .... 6/5 6/1 6/16 (6/7)
181 YELLOW SWEET CLOVER (Melisous officinalis)
Sank: first bloom ..... ...... . ... ....
... 6/7 6/7 6/15 (by 6/13) 6/4 6/8
Dane: in bloom .... I .... I EE I .... (by 6/12)
.... 5/31-? ... 5/31-7/8 5/31-7/25 (5/31)
182 DAISY (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum)
Sauk: in bloom .. .... ........
6/15-? 6/1-8/10 6/9-? (6/8)
Dane:in bloom ...... ..... .... I ... .... I E...
.E.. I 6/2-8/15 6/1-8/24 (6/2)
94
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
95
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
183 AMERICAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus scandens)
Sak: is bloom.. . ý .... .. _ .. .. ..
.... I .... 5/30-? 6/6- 1 5/31-? F 6/25-7/4 1 6/8
Dane: in bloom .... . . . 5/30-? .. . ... I
- I ... . .... I ... i6/1-? (5/31)
184 MARSH BLUEFLAG (Iris virginica var. Shrevei)
Sak i lom .1 F/.. 6/19-? 6/8-?
6 /7-? 6/5-? 6/14-? 6/1-? 1 6/12-7/4 1 6/9
Dane: in bloom ...... I ... 6/4-6/26 ....
6/1-? 6/2-4 .. 6/5-6/28 6/10-6/28 6/4
185 MOCK ORANGE (Philadelphus coronarius)
Dane: in bloom (b). . .. I . _ I . . I ... .... .
I .... .... 1 6/13-6/271 6/2-6/22 1 6/12-7/4 I (6/9)
186 SCRIBNER'S PANIC (Panicum scribnerianum)
Sank and Dane:
in head ........... .. .. .. .... .... 6/2-
.... /22. 5/22 5/29 5/28 6/5 6/27
seed ripe ....... . 625-? 7/5-?
... ?-7/26 7/5-7/25 7/5-? 7/8- 7/3
187 FIREFLY (Family Lampyridae) First seen.
Sank: .............. I .... 6/13 6 6/11
. 5/31 6/7 F 6/14 6/15 6/12 6/11
Dane:............... .... ... .....
... .... .... I 6/10 6/14 6/15 (6/13)
188 DAISY FLEABANE (Erigeron ramosus)
Sauk: inbhoo ....... - ....
6/13-? 6/7-? F6/7-8/13 6/14-? 6/13-8/7 16/16-9/10i 6/12
Dane: inbloom... ..... ..I ... /28
.. .... ... ... 6/28-8/2116/13-8/l10? (6/2)
189 NORTHERN BEDSTRAW (Galium boresle)
Sauk: in bloom ...... F .... I .. .....
- I..... 1 6/19-7/11 6/15-7/5 6/11-7/5 ?-7/25 (6/12)
Dane: in bloom.... I .... I .... .
.... 6/7-? 6/9-4 .... 6/7-7/16 6/16-7/23 (6/10)
190 POISON IVY (Rhus radicaw)
Sauk: in bloom ...... . I .... I .... I .... I ..... I
... . I _ _ 5/30-6/221 6/17-6/251 6/5-? 1 6/27-? 1 6/12
191 BLUETS (Houstonia caerulea)
Sauk: in bloom.. .. _ .... I . ... I .... I _ . ... -
... 1 ?-6/30 1 6/23-7/5 1 6/1-7/9 1 6/21-6/311 6/1-7/15 1 6/12
192 HAREBELL (Campanula rotundifolia)
Sank: in bloom ... ... I .... I ... I .... I (by 6/11) F
6/13-? 6/7-8/24 1 6/7-8/9 1 6/15-8/311 6/15-7/1716/16-9/16+1 6/12
193 LOBELIA (Lobelia spicata)
Sauk: in bloom............ F
?-7/12 1?-7-10 .... 16/25-7/141 (6/25)
Dane: in bloom ..........
6/7-? ... ... 66/137/26 6/16-7/281 (6/12)
194 WHITE WILD INDIGO (Baptisia leucasntha)
Sauk: in bloom......... 7/1-? 4 6/15-? 6/4-?I
6/13-4 6/3-6/30 6/7-7/26 6/15-7/9 16/11-7/5 6/17-7/29 6/13
Dane: in bloom .......... .... ....
.... .... 6/3-? .... 6/4-7/2 6/14-7/25 (6/7)
195 GREY DOGWOOD (Cornus racemsa)
Sauk: in bloom .....F .... F 6/4-6/18
6/20-? 6/1-? 6/7-6/22 6/17-? 6/15-? 1 6/25-? 6/13
Dane: in bloom ..........
6/9-? .... 6/4-6/19 6/15-7/5 (6/9)
196 FLOWERING SPURGE (Euphorbia coroalata)
Sank: in bloom . .... F. F 6/25-8/201 6/17-?
6/16-? 6/29-9/7 6/1-9/7 F 6/1-9/7 6/2-8/31 6/16-9/10 6/13
Dane: in bloom....).. ....
.... .... 6/9-? .... 6/24-8/21 6/17-? (6/13)
This plant bears a few preliminary blossoms a month before full bloom
begins. Failure to detect these may account for the large spread of dates
as between years-
197 QUACK GRASS (Agropyron repens)
Sank: in head ........ .... .... .... .... ....
. 6/3 6/13 6/10 6/25 6/12
first pollen ..... ..... .... .... ....
6 ? / 6/15 6/25 6/19 7/5 6/13
Dane: in head............ ... .... 6/3 6/3
6/8 6/1 6/3 .... .... 6/4
in pollen. .. .. . .......... 6'/17-? .. .
.... .... 6/2"0-.2 (6/21)
198 GROUND CHERRY (P) 'alis iriiiana)
Dane: in bloom ...... I .... I .... .... I .... I .... I
.... F .... 1 6/9- 1 .... I 6/12-7/9 16/17-7/111 (6/13)
199 WILD CARROT (Daucus carota)
Dane: in bloom:. . . . .. .. .... .... ....
.... 6/29-? F 5/26-8/251 6/9-? 6/23-8/3116/9-9/5 F 6/13
200 ALFALFA (Medicago satims)
Jefferson: first bloom ... I .... 6/9 6/11 6/14
6/16 6/9 F 6/22 6/17 .... 6/28 F 6/14
Jefferson: first mowing I .... . 6/20-7/201 6/17-7/8 1 .... 6/15-7/7
6/10-7/10) 6/17-7/251 .... I .... 1 6/22-7/18
Data from McCabe and Hawkins (Fig. 6).
201 SILKY DOGWOOD (Cornus obliqua)
Sank: in bloom ..... I .... I .... I .... I .... 1 ?-6/24
6/8? 4 6/74 6/7-6t/23 6/19-7/5 16/15-7/5 1 6/25-7/201 6/14
202 SOLO MON'S SEAL (Polygonatum biflorum)
Sauk: in bloom ..... .... .....
.... .... 6/15-6/256/15-7/4 6/9-? 6/17-7/4 6/14
Dane: in bloom ...... .... I.. I .. _
.... .... .... ..1. 1 5/26-6/21 6/12-6/28 (6/3)
203 WAHOO (Evonymus atropurpureus)
Sauk: in bloom (b) ..I .... I ... I ... . . ... . 6/12-7/5F
6/7-? 6/7-6/30 1 6/7-7/12 1 6/25-7t101 6/13-7/5 1 7/14 F 6/14
The fruits turn pink in September, are red and open through October,
and lose color about November 10.
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
204 TALL MEADOW RUE (Thalictrum dasycarpum)
Sauk: in bloom .. ........ ..... I ..... 6/17-?
6/14-? 6/10-7/151 6/17-7/10 6/13-7/15 6/20-7/20 6/15
Dane: in bloom ...... .... .... ... ....
.... .... 6/4-7/1 6/17-7/17 (6/10)
205 HEDGE BINDWEED (Convolvulus sepium)
Sauk: in bloom .... ........ .. . ....... ....
6/7-? 6/15-8/15 6/26-8/20 6/15-? 6 12-9/20 6/15
Dane: in blm. . 6/....623-? .... .......
6/5-? 1 6/23-9/231 6/17
206 FIELD BINDWEED (Conrolvulus arvensis)
Dane: first bloom ..... . .. .. . ..
. . 6/19 6/7 6/22 1(6/15)
207 WHITE SWEET CLOVER (Melilotus alba)
Sauk: in bloom .................... .... 1 .. 1 6/19-? ...
.... ?-7/31 ?-7/26 ?-8/5 6/16-/9/1 (6/17)
Dane: in bloom...... ..... .... .... 5/31-? ...
.. ... .... 6/15-8/2 16/13-9/5+ (6/9)
208 MOTHERWORT (Leonurus Cardiaca)
Dane:inbloom ..... - .... I .... I .... 1 6/14-? I .... ....
I .... I ... I .... 6/21-8/1 1 6/16-8/151 (6/17)
209 CATALPA (Catalpa speciosa)
Dane: in bloom ......I . I ... I (by 7/12) I 6/19-? I 6/17-? I
?I .. I .. I 1-6/28 I 6/8-6/23 1 6/27-7/131 6/18
This is the collective record of 10 trees in Madison. In 1945 some
individual trees in nearby villages bloomenl 2 weeks later.
210 NORTHERN VIRGINIA DEER (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) First record
of full red pelage.
Sauk: ............... I .... I .... 1 6/26 ... I . .. 1 7/12
I ... 5/29 1 6/13 1 6/10 1 6/18
211 MILKWEED (Asclepias amplexicaulis)
Sauk: in bloom ..... ... .... I . .... .... ..
.... ... 6/11-6/25 7/1-7/20 (6/21)
Dane: in bloom .... .. .... .... . ...
. ... ... 6/14-7/4 16/25-7/15 (6/20)
212 ELDERBERRY (Sambucus canadensis)
Sauk: in bloom 6/17-7/9 (by
7/1) 6/10-7/1 6/22-7/12+ 6/17-7/20+ 6/17-7/10+ 7/1-8/10 6 6/21
Dane:in blom... . ... .... 6/-? .... ....
I..-... 16/23-7/141 6/17-? 6/26-8/14 6/21
Sauk & Dane: fruit ripe .... .... (by9/5) .... ....
8/8-? 6/13-9/11 8/15-9/20 ?-9/15 9/7-? 8/18
213 BLACK EYED SUSAN (Rudbeckia hirta)
Sauk: in bloom. ... I.... .... 1 6/25-? 6/17-? 7/6-?
(6/14- 1 6/22-7/3116/21-8/1+ 6/15-7/28+ 6/28-9/3 6/22
Dane: in bloom...... . 6/23- ... ....
6/5-? (by619) .... 6/15-8/1 6/25-8/27 6/17
214 VENUS LOOKING-GLASS (Specularia perfoliata)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I .... I .... . ....
1 6/14-? 1 .... I .... I 6/15-? I 6/28-7/201 (6/22)
215 CANADA THISTLE (Cirsium arvense)
Dane: in bloom ...... .... I .... I .... I .... I .... ....
6/15-? .... 1 6/30-7/201 6/21-8/2016/28-8/12+1 6/23
216 SMOOTH SUMAC (Rhus glabra)
Sank: in bloom ...... I .... I .... .... .... .... ....
6/19-? 6/22-? 6/25-7/5 6/17-6/29 7/8-? 6/24
Dane: in bloom ...... .... ... .... ... .... ....
6/23-7/1 7/5-7/22 (6/29)
Leafing and growing precede bloom.
217 WHITE WATER LILY (Nymphaea suberosa)
Sank: in bloom..... I .... I .... I .... 1 6/25-? I .... I(by
7/12) 7/1-? 6/22-? 1 6/26-9/7 1 6/13-? I 6/25-9/101 6/24
218 CHICORY (Cichorium intybus)
Dane: first bloom .. . . I .... .... ....
6/24 .... 6/24 6/19 6/29 6/24
Full bloom7 .... ....
.... .... 7/15 6/29 7/10 (7/8)
219 SPREADING DOGBANE (Apocynum androsaemifolium)
Sank: in bloom (b) . ....... . . . ... .... ..._.6/14-?
6/22-? 6/26-? 6/25-? 7/8-? 6/25
Dane: in bloom.... .. 6/21-? .... ...
... .... ... 6/25-? 7/3-8/14 (6/26)
220 DOG FENNEL (Anthemis cotula)
Sauk: in bloom ....... J .... I .... I .... I 6/23-?I .... ....
I .... 6/21-7/291 .... 16/28-9/41 6/28-8/151 6/25
221 ORANGE DAY LILY (Hemerocallisfulva)
Sauk: in bloom (b) ... . I I I . .... I ....
. 6/16-? 6/27-7/28 6/29-7/25 6/27-7/28 7/2-8/1 626
Dane: in bloom .....I
.... .... 629-? 6/27-? 6/29-? (6/28)
222 ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum perforatum)
Sauk: in bloom .... " ... I....
.... 6/19-? 6/23-7/25+ 6/26-7/19+ 6/29-7/17+ 7/1-8/5 6/26
Dane: in bloom... . . I I I ....
.... I . ....1... 6/29-7/24 7/2-8/12 (7/1)
223 PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum alatum)
Dane: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I ... I . ... . I .... ....
.... I .... 1 6/23-7/271 6/23-7/301 7/6-8/251 (6/27)
224 COWBANE (Cicula maculala)
Sank: in bloom. .. .... .... ..... . I .-
?-8/2 6/26-8/201 6/27-8/1717/1-8/8 (6/28)
Dane: in bloom... .. .... .... . .
. 6/3-? . 1 6/25-8/41 6/25-8/17 (6/17)
225 BUTTER AND EGGS (Linaria rulgaris)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... .... .... /I .... . 1 7/6-?
.. 6/23-9/15+ 7/5-8/20+ 7/1-8/20+ 6/16-9/15+ 6/28
Dane: in bloom . ... .... -7/10
... .... 67-? .... ... 16/1-8/28+ 6/27-? 1 (6/22)
In 1944, in Sauk, bloom ceased during an August drouth, but resumed Sept.
1-Oct. 17.
96
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
97
Species, Station, Itean 1935 193 1 1937 1938 1939
1913 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
226 TIMOTHY (Phleum pritense)
Sauk: in head
1... .... .. .3 6/15 6/15 6/16 6/15
in pales . ...b. -6-25) . 71
.. 6/23-? ý3/262-71/21ý 6/26-7/9+- 6/27-7/10+ 7/1-7/25
6/28
Dane: iq pille........... 623-? .
... . .... .... 6/18-7/10 6/28-7/25 (6/23)
227 BLACK BINDWEED (Polygonum Convolvulus)
Sauk:inbloo ...... . I . I .... . I . ....
.... I .... I .... 1 6/27-? 1 7/1-? 7/3-? (6/30)
228 NEW JERSEY TEA (Ceanothus americanus)
Sank: in bloom (b) .. .. I I. .... .... ....
.... (by 6/27) 6/27-7/23 6/27-7/24 6/29-7/17+1 7/9-8/8 6/30
Dane: in bloom .... .. I . . .... 7/10-? ......
.. 6/27-? 6/21-? 1 7/11-? 7/2
TABLE 7. Phenology
for July.
229 RED RASPBERRY (Rubus idaeus var. strigosus)
Sauk: fruit first ripe .. ....... .... ... 6
.... 6/29 6/22 - /.. 7/1 7/11 7/1
Dane: in fruit ........ 6. 3-? . .. .
.... .... 1,7/10-815 7 1-7/15 6/28-7/22 7/2
This species blooms about June 1. The flowers are heavily used by
bees.
230 COREOPSIS (Coreopsis palmula)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... .... .........
6/19-? 7/1-8/5 7/5-? 7/1-7/17 7/11-8/9 7/1
Dane: in bloom...... . . (by 7/'10)
7/1-7/22 7/7-8/15 (7/4)
231 FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE (Lysimachia lanceolata)
Sauk: in bloom....... .... .... ... . .... ....
.... 6/19-? ?-8/ 15 7/9-8/23 6/29-8/7 7/8-8/20 7/1
Dane: in bloom ...... ....
... .... 1 6/25-8/20+ 7/2-8/24 (6/28)
232 COMMON MILKWEED (Asclepius syriaea)
Sank: in bloom...... .... I .... .... .. - 7/9-?
7/8-? ... 7/1-8/2 6/26-7/20 6/29-7/19 7/3-8/5 7/2
Dane: in bloom..... . . . 76-? ....
...... .. ... 6/21-7/30 7/3-8/24 (7/1)
233 BASSWOOD (Tilia americana)
Sauk: in bloom ........... . 1 7/1-?
.... .... ?-7/12 7/5-? .... .... (7/3)
Dane: in bloom .6 -/8 .....
... ... 6/27-7/10 7/7-7/19 (7/1)
At the Sank station basswood is often so severely defoliated by cankerworm
that no bloom occurs.
234 RAGGED ORCHIS (Habenaria lucern)
Sank: in bloom.. .. - .... .... I 1 - .... I
. ... 1 7/1-7/21 1 7/1-? 16/29-7/1517/10-8/1 7/3
235 HOLLYHOCK (Althaue rosea)
Sauk: in bloom (b)... ... . ... .
7/6-? 7/ 1-8/13 7/5-? 7/1-8/7 7/3-8/15 7/4
Dane: in bloom ....... .
...... 7/3-? 6/25-? 6/28-8/27 (6/29)
236 VERONICASTRUM (Veronicaslrum virginicum)
Sank: in bloom ........ . . . .. ?-7/21 7/1-? 7/12-8/2
6/29-? 7/1-8,15 ?-8/22 7/4-8/7 7/8-8/12 7/4
Dane: in bloom ..... 7/5-?
/........ ... . ... 7/2-8/13 7/6-8/23
(7/4)
237 BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena hastala)
Sauk: in bloom ....... I . .... I . ._? ....
6/29-? 7/5-8/31 7/5-9/7 7/4-9/9 7/8-9/5 7/4
Dane: in bloom .... . .4.. 4 ... 7/16-? 7/4-?
6/18-? 7/3-? 7/15-? 6/26-8/21 7/6-9/2+ 7/4
238 MILKWORT (Polygala sanguinea)
Sank: in bloom ..... .... .... .... ..... 7/1-?
7/6-? .... 7/3-8/23+ 7/5-8/31+ 7/1-8/31+1 7/8-9/15+ 7/4
Dane: in bloom....... I .... I ....
... I ... .... 7/1-8/20+ 7/14-? (7/7)
A few blooms every year straggle through September.
239 MULLEIN (Verbascum Thapsus)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I . .... I... .... I . ... .
7/6-? ? 7/12-8/131 7/5-? ?-9/5 6/28-8/15+ 7/5
Dane: in bloom..... ... .. .6 -?
.... 7/1-? 6/30-? 1 7/5-? 7/2-9/17 6/28-8/30+ 6/29
240 GERMANDER (Teucrium canadense)
Sauk: in bloom ..... . . .... .... .. ....
... . ... 7/4-7/26 7/6-7/25 7/1-? 7/8-8/25 7/5
Dane: in bloom...... .. ..,
.... 17/14-8/20+ 7/2-8/18 (7/8)
241 BUTTERFLY WEED (Asclepius tuberosa)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... ....... I ... 7/2-? 7/15-?
.... 6/29-? 7/1-8/3 7/5-8/21 7/1-8/7 7/13-8/31 7/5
Dane: in bloom ..... . .. . ... .... 7/11-? .
.. .... .... . . . ... 79-8/8 (7/10)
This plant, like many other prairie forbs, does not emerge until
late. The first sprouts appear about June 1 and are a foot high by mid-June.
242 EVENING PRIMROSE (Oenothera pycnocarpa)*
Sank: in bloom.............. .... .... ..... . .. (by
7/6-?) 7/5-8/23+1 7/5-8/21+1 7/1-8/20+1 7/9-8/25+ 7/5
Dane: in bloom.....I .... I .. I .... I . ... I...
... . . I .... 71-8/20+1 7/11-8/29 71 1
Dane: in bloom ........
.. .... .... 17/12-/0 71-82 (7/11)
243 POINTED LEAF TICK CLOVER (Desmodium acuminatum)
Dane:in bloom ...... I .... I -. I .... 7/4-?
1 .... .... ... .... .... 6/29-8/1317/13-8/25+1
(7/5)
244 MARSH MILKWEED (Asclepius incarnata)
Sank: inbloam. .... .... I ... . 7/7-9
7/12-? 6/27-? ?-8/15 ?-8/21 7/3-8/7 7/11-8/ 20 7/6
Dane: in bloom .. . .. .... .. W ...
.. .... I ....- 7/8-? 6/28-8/15 7/ 13-8/24 (7/6)
Robert A. McCabe (unpubl.) points out that the fibrous bark of this
plant constitutes the principal nesting material for alder flycatcher and
gold finch on the
University Arboretum. Only the dead stems of the previous year
yield fibre, older ones being completely stripped.
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETII JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1943
1941 1912 1943 1944 1945 Average
245 HORSEMINT (Monardt punctata var. viflicaulis)
Sauk: in bloom.. .. I .... I .. .. .. ... I .... (by 7/20)
.... 7/1-8/25 7/5-8/22 7/1-8/7+ 7/20-9/1+1 7/7
246 LEAD PLANT (Amerpha canesecens)
Sauk: in bloom .. . .... I ..... . .... I -. .I
. ... 7/5-7/31 7/7-7/25 7/1-7/19 7/20-8/10 7/8
Dane: in bloom ...... . . .... .
.... 7/12-? 6/26-7/21 7/4-8/17? (7/4)
247 MEADOWSWEET (Spiraea alba)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I .... I .... I .... 17/20/8-2
6/29-? 7/5-7/31+I 7/9-? 7/15-? 7/3-8/15+1 7/8
248 TURKSCAP LILY (Lilium michiganense)
Sank: in bloom .i . .. . ..... 7?-7/29 ?-7/28 7/5-7/ 23 7/10-?
. 7/1-7/28 ?-8/1 7/5-7/20 7/25-8/101 7/9
Dane: in bloom ............. ] . 7/8-? .... . .
.. . ... .... 6/28-8/3 7/23-8/141 (7/9)
249 LOPSEED (Phryma Leptostaehya)
Dane: in bloom ...... I .... .... I .... I
.... 77/1-8/6 17/11-8/121 (7/9)
250 SMARTWEED (Polygonum pennsylvanicum)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... I ... I .. . 1. 7
3/12-? I .... 7/1-8/31 I ?-9/6 1 7/5-9/1 1 7/20-9/151 7/10
251 GREEN MILKWEED (Asclepiasviridiflara)
Sauk: in bloom... I .... I .... I .... .. I ... ..... I
7/1-? ? 7-8/13 7/5-7/25 7/25-? (7/10)
252 HORSE NETTLE (Solanum carolinense)
Sauk: in bloom.. I ... I .. I .... . .... ....
.... 7/11-? 7/9-? ?-8/8 /.... 1710
253 PRAIRIE WHITE FRINGE ORCHID (Habenaria leucophaea)
Dane: in bloom (b).... .... I .... 1 7/9-? I 7/4-?
1.... .... .... .... .... 7/12-7/311 7/16-8/8
I 7/10
254 CATNIP (Nepeta Caatria)
Sauk: in bloom...... .... I .... I .... ... 7/8-? ....
... 7/15-8/23 7/5-? 7/5-8/7+ 7/20-8/281 7/11
Dane: in bloom...... 7/7-? .... . ...7/57?
.... 7/1-8/20+1 7/13-?1 7/7
255 COMMON PLANTAIN (Plantago Rugelii)
Sauk: first bloom ..... I .... I .... I ... .... .... ....
I ... 7/19 (by 7/9) 7/3 I .... 1 7/11
256 WINTER RYE (Secale cereale)
Dane: ripe and cut... I .... I .... I .... . 7/8 1 7/5 1 7/16
1 7/7 1 7/12 7/13 .... I 7/22 I 7/11
257 PRAIRIE DOCK (Silphium lerebinthinaceum)
Prairie du Sac:
in bloom ... .... .... ..... ....
.. .... 727-8/29 7/12-8/31 (7/19)
Dane: in bloom ...... ...... .... 7/13 7/13
7/3-? 7/12-9/6 7/12-9'18 7/11
258 BOUNCING BET (Sapanaria officinalis)
Sauk: in bloom.............. ........ .... ....
...._7/19-8/23 7/7-8/21+ 7/1-8/3 7/20-9/15 7/12
Dane: in bloom...... ....(by/4) (by 7/10) . . ...
.. 7/8-? ..1. 6/23-? 6/30-9/28? (6/30)
This weed nearly always straggles. In 1944 in Sauk County it ceased
bloom during an August drouth, but then straggled through September.
259 WILD BERGAMOT (Monarda fiseulosa)
Sauk: in bloom ............. .... ... .. 7/1-? (by
7/15) 7/10-8/15 (by 7/13) ?-8/9 7/25-8/12+ 7/12
Dane: in bloom ..... .... .... 7/8? ... .
7/6-? 7/3-? 7/8-? 7/3-7/16 7/14-8/29+ 7/7
260 WHITE PRAIRIE CLOVER (Petalostemum candidum)
Sauk: in bloom...... 7/1-?
?-8/15 7/9-? 7/10-? 7/27-8/24 7/12
Dane: in bloom .......... .... .... ......
.... 7/2-7/25 7/18-? (7/11)
261 PURPLE PRAIRIE CLOVER (Petalosteenum purpureum)
Sauk: in bloom...... I .... 7/1-?
7/10-8/2 ?-8/21 7/10-8/3 7/27-8/27 7/12
Dane: in bloom... ... ? .-8/1 ...
....... 7/9-? 7/26-? (7/17)
262 HAIRY HAWKWEED (Hieracium longipilum)
Sauk: in bloom .......1. . I .... .... .... I .. I ....
.... 7/1-8/15 7/24-8/151 7/4-8/15 7/25-8/20 7/14
Dane: in bloom............ .... .... ....
.. .. .... 7/5-8/13 7/17-9/7 (7/11)
63 WHITE VERVAIN (Verbena urticaefolia)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... .... .... ' ....
?-8/7 7/23-?
Dane: in bloom .............. .... I
.... .... 7/8-? 7/ii9/3 (7/14)
264 CUTLEAF CONEFLOWER (Ratibida pinnala)
Sauk: in bloom ................I . .... .... ....
7/90-? 7/9-8/29 7/5-8/7 7/25-9/15 7/15
Dane: in bloom ............ .... ... ...
.... ?-8/29 7/5-8/25 7/13-? 7/9
265 NORTHERN VIRGINIA DEER (Odacoileus virginianus borealis) First record
of fawns travelling with doe.
Sauk: .. I .... 7/18 7/22 1 7/6 ..
I ... I .. I ... I... I ... [(7/15)
266 CANADA NETTLE (Laportea canadensis)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... I .. .. I .... I (by 7/29) 1 ....
1 ... 17/17-8/15+1 7/5-? 1 ?-8/7 1 7/25-? 1 (7/16)
267 CICADA (Probably Tibicen linnei) No specimen identified. First beard.
Sauk: ................
7/19 7/19 7/3 7/25 7/17
Dane: .. .... ..... . .. ... . ... ....
.... .... 7/19 6/15 7/21 (7/8)
268 PICKEREL WEED (Pontederia cordata)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... .... .... (by 7/28) 7/22-? .
7/19/8/13 7/25-9/7 7/1-9/9 7/25-8/20 7/18
Dane: in bloom ............ .... .. - .... ..
.. .... ... 6/23-8/20+ 7/13-9/9 (7/3)
98
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
1940 1341 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
269 BUTTON BUSH (Cephalanthus oceidenlalis)
Sauk: in bloom (b) ....... . ....
7/23-8/3 7/13-8/2 ?-8/ 1 7/9-7/19 7/29-? 7/18
Dane:in bloom .... .... ....
.... . 15-8/1+ 7/9-7/25+ 7/20-8/25+ (7/ 15)
270 RATTLESNAKE MASTER (Eryngium yuccaefolium)
Sauk: in bloom (one
plant, introduced) (b) . ... .... .... .... ...
.... ... ?-8/2 .... 7/15-8/5 7/20-8/28 (7/ 18)
Dane: in bloom...... .. ... -8/11
. .. .... 7/26-? 7/10-8/10 7-19-9/4 (7/18)
271 RUDBECKIA (Rudbeckia laciniata)
Sauk: in bloom (b) ... .... I .... I .... 1 ?-8/28 7/15-?
7/20-? 1 .. I 7/12-8/231 7/23-9/101 7/17-9/9 1 7/25-9/161 7/19
272 OATS (Arena sativa var. Vickland) (See 62 for sowing dates).
Dane: first ripe ....... I .... I .... 1 7/23 I 7/19 7/14
7/20 7/20 1 7/23 1 7/17 1 7/23 1 7/25 [ 7/20
Data from University Farms by courtesy of Prof. H. L. Shands, Dept.
of Agronomy, College of Agriculture. Cutting is usually about 2 days after
ripening.
273 IRONWEED (Vernoniafasciculata)
Sank: in bloom ...... ... .... 7/23-? 1 7/11-8/101
7/22-? 1 7/12-8/20+1 7/23-8/31 7/17-8/31+ .8/10-9/15 7/21
Dane: in bloom........ . ...
.... 7/20-? .. I . 7/18-8/20+ 8/7-9/20 (7/25)
274 COMPASSPLANT (Silphium lacinialum)
Prairie du Sac:
in bloom (b)M ....... .. . ... .... ...
.... .... ... 7/9-? 7/10-? 7/27-8/27 (7/23)
Dane: in bloom...... 7/20-8/25 ... I
.... 7/10-? 7/17-9/16 (7/16)
275 JOE-PYE-WEED (Eupatorium maculatum)
Sank: in bloom ..........
7/27-9/19 7/24-9/7+ 7/18-9/1 7/29-9/16 7/23
Danein loo ..... 7/30-? 7/ui-? 7/15-?
.. ...
Dane: in bloom............. .... 7/0.... 7..
?-9/ 7/17-9/1 7/23-9/21 7/20
276 LIATRIS (Liatris pycnostachya)
Sank: in bloom ....... .... 7/23-? 7/23-? 7/15-?
7/27-? ?-8/24 7/21-8/23 7/25-8/23 7/20-? 8/3-8/30 7/24
Dane: in bloom .... . . . 7/25-? 7/20-? ... .
.. .. .... 7/23-? 7/25-? 7/11-? 7/17-9/2 7/20
This species has visible buds for nearly a month before it blooms.
277 EARLY GOLDENROD (Solidagojuncea)
Sauk: first bloom..... I ...........I (by 7/30) 7/23-? 7/29-?
7/20-? .... 7/19-? 7/25-? 7/27-? 7/25-? 7/24
Dane: first bloom .......... 7/25-? 7/20-? ....
.... 7/22-? .... 7/18-8/20+1 7/19/8-22 7/21
278 SUNFLOWER (Helianthus occidenutalis)
Sank: in bloom (b) ... .... I .... I .... ... ....
. . .... ?-8/31 17/29-9/7 1 7/21-9/101 7/25-9/9 1 (7/25)
279 CANADA TICK CLOVER (Dessmodium canadense)
Sank: in boom...... .. I .. .... (by 7/28) .
7/27-? 7/19-? 8/1-8/21 7/17-8/7 8/5-8/26 7/26
Dane: in bloom. . . I ... I ... I .....
I ... . I ... 1 7/12-8/17 7/19-9/4 (7/11)
280 MALLARD (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos) Young seen flying.
Sauk: .............. I .... I .... I .... 7/21 8/5 1
7/20 .... 7/19 1 7/25 8/3 1 7/27 1 7/26
281 BONESET (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Sauk: in bloom.... .. ..... 7/22-?
.... 7/23-9/11 ?-9/7 7/28-9/5 8/5-9/15 7/27
Dane: in bloom ... 7/3-?
7/20-? .... .... 7/23-9/17 7/23-10/1 7/17
282 BULL THISTLE (Cirsium vulgare)
Sank: in bloom........
.... ... .... ?-8/23+ 7/25-8/27+1 7/27/-? 7/28-9/15+1 (7/27)
Dane: in bloom ..... 7. . 7/*25'-? 2 2'7/
.... 7/14-? . ... 17/25-9/221 7/27-? 1 7/21
283 TANSY (Tanacenum nulgare)
Prairie du Sac:
in bloom (b) ... .... .... .... . ... .... .
.. .... 8/2-? 7/21-8/29 7/25-? 7/29-9/15 7/27
Dane: in bloom ......
8/1-? ..1. 7/24-9/23 8/5-? (7/31)
284 PRAIRIE CORDGRASS (Spartina pectinala)
Sank: in pollen ...... I .... I .... I .... 1 7/29-?
1 .... ?-8/17 I 7/21-8/151 ?-8/21 1 8/1-? I 7/28-? 1 7/27
285 ARROWHEAD (Sagiitarialatifoliaf. gracilis)
Sauk: first bloom..... ... I .. .. I .- I(by 7/27) .... 1
.... .... I 8/1 1 7/7 I(by 7/13) I 8/10 I (7/27)
286 PRICKLY LETTUCE (Lacluca scariola)
Sauk: in bloom ...... I .... I .... 1 .... 1 7/14-? 8/5-?
.... .... I7/30-8/21l ?-8/21 I .... I ?-8/25 I (7/27)
287 CARDINAL FLOWER (Lobelia cardinalis)
Sank: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I .... I 8/1-? 7/30-?
8/1-? ?-8/24 1 8/2-9/13 1 ?-9/17 I 7/19-9/21l 7/29-9/151 7/29
288 SQUIRRELS (Fox and Gray) First eat burr oak acorns.
SaukandDane:..... - ....s.... I .... .... ....
.... .... 1 811 8/5 1 7/22 1 7/21 7/30
289 CANADA FLEABANE (Erigeron canadensis)
Sank: first bloom ..... ...... ..... I .... 8/2 . . (by
7/12) ..I. 7/29 8/1 8/1 7/29 7/31
Dane: in bloom ...... .... .... ....
7/18-? . 1. 7/24-8/20+ 7/31-? (7/24)
290 BIG BLUESTEM (Andropogonfurcatue)
Sank: in pollen ..... I I... .....
7/27-? I 7/26-8/137/26-8/21 8/4-? 8/9-9/8 7/31
Dane: in pollen .. .
. ... .... -8 29 7/21-8/261 8/2-9/16 1 (7/27)
99
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940
1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
291 WHITE PINE (Pinus Slrobus) Bud scales first shed from new growth.
Sauk: ............... I .... I .... I .... I 7/25 I ....
.. 7/30 8/2 I 8/1 8/5 7/31
TABLE 8. Phenology for
August.
292 BURDOCK (Arctiumminus)
Sauk: first bloom ......... ........
.. I . 8/2 7/27 8/1 8/10 8/1
Dane: in bloom ...... .....
8/1-? 7/22-? 7/23-8/8 8/2-9/30 7/28
293 WHITE SNAKEROOT (Eupatorium rugosum)
Sauk: in bloom ... .......... ..I......
? ?-9/20 8/2-9/20 ..-- -10/5 18/5-191 (8/4)
Dane: in bloom............. .... .... I. .I ..
I I .... 8/23-9/23 7/9-9/1+ 7/23-? (7/29)
294 YELLOW FOXGLOVE (Aureolaria sp.)*
Sank: in bloom ...... I .... I .... I ... I .... 8/4-8/25 8/5-8/20
I 8/2-8/23 ?-9/1 ? .. I 7-9/8 (8./4)
295 GREAT RAGWEED (Ambrosia trifida)
Dane: in bloom ...... I ... I ... 18/17-9/1 I 8/1-? ... I .
8/8-? ... 8/7-? 7/30-9/3+1 8/7-? 8/8
296 AMERICAN EGRET (Casmerodias albus egretta) Wandering young first seen.
Sauk:........................ .... 8/13 8/5 none
none none none ..on none (8/9)
Dane and Jefferson:. . . . 7/5 7/28 8/15 9/12
8/6 8/? .... .... 8/8 8/2
297 SQUIRRELS (Fox, Gray, and Red) First eat hickory nuts.
Sauk: .............. I .... I .... j (by 8/28) .. 8/19. .
18/23 8/13 8/20 7/20 no nuts 8/13
298 LESSER RAGWEED (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Sauk: in bloom...... I ..... I .... .I.... 7/29-? 8/15-?
?-9/14 8/15-9/13 8/20-9/1 8/6-9/15 8/24-9/15 8/13
Dane: in bloom....... ....... ....
.... .... 8/9-? 7/30-8/20+1 8/7-9/28 (8/5)
299 BUSH CLOVER (Lespedeza capitata)
Sank: in bloom . ....... ....... 8/24-?
.... 8/7-9/10 ?-8/22 8/7-9/1 1 8/20-9/1 8/14
Dane: in bloom. ...... I I 8/Il) .
... . .... .. . 7/30-8/211 8/8-9/6 (8/4)
300 LIATRIS (Liatrio spheroidea)*
Sauk: in bloom.. .. .... ....... ?. 8/19-9/101 8/20-?
.... 8/7-9/7 ?-9/13 ?-9/17 8/10-9/15 8/14
Dane: in bloom.......... (by 8/1) 8/4-? ... ....
.... .... 8/9-9/25 8/10-? (8/6)
301 INDIAN GRASS (Sorghastrum nutans)
Sauk: in bloom ...... .... I 1 8/31-?
8/29-? 8/11-8/25 8/17-8/291 .... 1 8/15-8/26 8/21
Dane: in bloom .....I I .?...
.... 7-8/29 1 8/10-9/3 1 8/19-9/22 (8/15)
302 FUNKIA (Funkia lanceolata)
Sauk: first bloom (b). I .... I .... I .... I .... 1 8/25 ....
I 8/24 l(by 8/13) 8/21 I . 8/15 8/21
303 NEW ENGLAND ASTER (Aster nosaeangliae)
Dane: first bloom..... I .... I . 9/3 8/14 . ...
I.... 18/12 8/28 1 8/29 8/14 8/22
304 WHITE ASTER (Aster pilosus)*
Sank: in bloom ...... I . .. I .... I ... I .... ?-10/9
I .... ... I?-10/19 1?-10/14 8/24-? (8/24)
305 BLUE ASTER (Aster laesis)
Sauk: first bloom .. ... I. I .... I .... I .... ?-10/9
17-10/26 . . I .... 1?-10/14 8/24-? (8/24)
306 PRAIRIE GOLDENROD (Solidaso rioida)
Sauk: in bloom. . . .... I 9/3-9/25
8/23-9/15 8/21-9/311 9/1-9/20 1 8/25-9/20 8/25
Dane: in bloom.. .. .. ....
I - 8/14-? .... 8/15-? 8/15-9/27 (8/15)
307 BIDENS (Bidens cernua)
Sauk: in bloom ......I .... I .... I .. ...
. I .... I 822-19/1-9/271 9/1-? 1 8/26-10/1 828
TABLES 9-12. Phenology for September
to December.
308 CLOSED GENTIA& (Gentiana Andrewsii)
SAuk: i bloon ...... I .... I .. I .... 1 ... I 9/3-? 19/6-10/121
8/23-? 1 9/1-? I 9/1-10/151 9/1-10/121 8/30-10/5I 9/1
309 SHAGBARK HICKORY (Carsa osata) Nuts ripe (hulls peel).
Sauk: .............. 1 9/5 1 9/2 1 9/251 ...1 9/3 ..
9/7 1 9/1 19/5 I no nuts 9/5
310 POISON IVY (Rhus radicans)
Sauk: leaves first show I I
fall color ....... .... . .....
9/12 9/7 9,17 9/5 9/20 9/12
311 OAKS (Quercus) Sank and Dane. Ripe acorns first fall.
Red Oak ............ 9/20 9/1 ......
9/10 9/15 9/17 913
White Oak,.. 9/8 . . I . .. .
.... 9/10 (9/9)
312 WHITE THROATED SPARROW (Zonotrichia alsicollis) First migrants arrive.
Dane: ....... .... - 9/28 1 9/23 1 9/19 I 10/8 I 9/2 9/21
9/17 9/20 ... 9/3 9/8 9/20
313 WHITE PINE (Pious Strobus) Old needles die and fall.
I I
(before
Sa-ik: ... ..... .. .. .... .. ... . ...
10/11) . 9/25 9/20 9/25 (9/23)
100
S.
(before
Sank: ... .. .. .... ... .... ....
10/11) 10/3 10/3 9/20 9/25 9/21
314 RED PINE (Pinus resinoso) Old needles die and fall.
January, 1947 A PIIENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
1.01
Species, Station, Item 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1910 1941
1942 1943 1944 1945 Average
315 S.ATE-CJL)IREJ:) JUNC) (Janco hvjemilis hsemis) First arrival in fall.
Dane: ............... 9/28 1 9/23 1 . 9/25 I 9/22 10/2 10/4
I 9/22 9/19 9/6 ... 9/23
316 RUFFED GROUSE (Bonasa umbellus)
Sauk: first fall .... I. .... I
.... 9/27 9/20 9/30 (9/25)
317 RINGNECKED PHEASANT (Phasianms lorquatus) First fall cackling and crowing.
Sauk: crow .......... ... ... 9/14 10/9
,927 10/17 9/28 9/31
ciekle ....... ... 9/10 .I . . 9-/i9- 9/1 ....
9/ ... 9/3 9/8 9/8
318 JACK PINE (Pinus Banksiana) Old needles turn yellow and fall.
Sauk: ............... .... I I .... I (by 10/29)1 .... ... 10/9
10/3 9/25 .... 10/5 10/3
319 MUSKRAT (Ondatra zibethica zib.thica) First house-building.
Sauk and Dane: ....... 10/1 1 .... I .... I .... I .... .... 10/25
... 9/27 10/1 9/2& 10/4
320 CANADA G)OOSE (Branta canadensie csnadensis) First migrants arrive.
Sauk: ............... I 1 1. .. . .. I . 10/14 10/21 10/11
9/23 10/16 10/14 10/5 16/11
Dae: ............... 10/5 10/12, 10/23 9/17 10/24 ...
. .... 9/28 9/20 10/3 10 5
321 WAHOO (Evonymue atropurpurea) Fruits open.
Sauk: ............... I .... I .... I .... I .... 1 10/10 I ... 10/25
10/17 10/10 10/15 10/10 10/15
322 AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK (Buteo lagopus s. johannis) Arrives.
Sauk and Dane: ... 1 .... ] 11/11 1 _. 1 10/27 10/10 10/27 10/18
I 10/25 I 9/9 11/4 10/14 10/16
323 FIRST KILLING FROST-Record by U. S. Weather Bureau.
Dane: .............. 10/4 10/23 10/13 11/7 10/14 11/11 10/28
9/25 10/17 10/15 I 9/29 10/17
Sauk: ............... 9/29 10/1 10/8 10/25 10/,14 10/15 9/29
9/25 10/17 10/11 9/29 I 10/7
324 NORTHERN VIRGINIA DEER (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) Bucks first
rub horns.
Sauk: ............. I . . I . 9/19 1 11/12 1 11/1 1 .... _
I .... 1 10/29 9/21 I 11/1 I10/17
The variability in these dates arises from the fact that there are
two periods for rubbing: in September, to clean the velvet, and in November,
at the begin-
ning of the rut.
325 FALL CANKERWORM (Anis opertyx poinetaria) Ascends trees.
: . . ..I I
I10/30- 10/14-
Sauk: .......................... I .... . ... I .... I .... I _..
I .... 11/10 11/25 11/10-? (10/26)
326 WOODCOCK (Philohela minor) Last seen.
Sauk: ...................... 11/10 11/7 10/28 11/3 10/26
10/31 11/7 11/5 11/3 11/3
Dane:.............. 10/31 I1/12 .... 11/14 11/7 I 11/13 ...
.... ... 11/9
327 LAKE WINGRA AT MADISON.
Freezes over: ........ I ... I .. _ . I 11/25.. .... 11/13 ....
.... .... 12/2 1 11/24 I 11/24
(Average date 1887-1895 was November 26. See Wing, p. 156.)
328 LAKE MENDOTA AT MADISON. Record by U. S. Weather Bureau.
Freezes over: ...... 1 1/2 I 12/28 1 12/7 1 12/28 1 1/2 12/14 12/14
1/3 12/16 12/18 1 12/19 I 12/22
(Average date 1853-1940 was December 20. See Wing, p. 155.)
STANDARDS AND TERMS, NOMENCLATURE
Averages based on less than four years are given
in parentheses. Such averages are regarded as sub-
standard, and are computed only to place the item
in the chronological sequence. Incomplete dates,
such as "by 3/1" are not used in computing averages.
Many dates for the Dane station are based on daily
observations; few on less than tri-weekly observa-
tions. Most dates for the Sauk station are based
on weekly visits.
Dates for events occurring between field trips are
often interpolated by estimation, but only for such
events as present evidence for estimating the prob-
able date. The nature of such evidence is discussed
later. Dates for bird arrivals, or for other animal
behaviors, were never interpolated because they
present no such evidence.
Blooming dates of plants are given in two ways.
For plants without a perianth, the term "in pollen"
is used, and mepns the dates between which pollen
was found. In other plants, the term "in bloom"
means the dates between which a perianth was found.
When only an initial date is available, the term
"first bloom" is used.
A plus sign after a blooming date means that a
few straggling blooms were observed beyond the
closing date. Blooms on plants which have been
mowed over, or in which bloom has been otherwise
artificially deferred or renewed, are excluded. Thus
weeds in stubble are artificially deferred by shading,
while those in lawns or mowed roadsides are arti-
ficially renewed by mowing. Valid phenology in such
cases must be taken from fencerows which have been
neither shaded nor mowed. The equivalent of mow-
ing occurs when insects sever the stems of wild
lettuce (Latuca canadensis) and Canada tick clover
[279], or when deer decapitate Veronicastrum [236].
All these resprout, and the sprouts bear delayed
blooms beyond the normal termination dates.
"Leafing" means the span of time from the burst-
ing of the first leaf-buds to the completion of the
102
earliest leaves. Additional leaves of course continue
to form as long as new growth continues.
The budding period is given only in a few plants
which exhibit extraordinarily long budding periods,
or in which the period varied greatly from year to
year.
"Ripe" means that a fruit has colored, become
edible, started to fall, or given other evidence of
maturity. Fruiting phenology is shown under the
item for bloom, except when the two are separated
by many months (as in acorns and nuts).
In birds, the term "migrants arrive" means that
some individuals commonly winter here, but the
arrival date refers to individuals which seemed to be
migrants. In species which do not winter, the term
"arrives" is used without further specification.
The nomenclature of the following reference works
is followed, except for some recent revisions:
Plants through June: Fassett's "Spring Flora of
Wisconsin" (1938).
Plants beyond June: Deam's "Flora of Indiana"
(1940).
Birds: Petersoni's ''Field Guide to the Birds'' (1934).
This guide follows the American Ornithologists Union
Cheek-list.
Mammals: Hamilton's "The Mammals of Eastern
United States" (1943).
Amphibians: Wright's "Handbook of Frogs and
Toads" (1933).
Herbarium specimens of most plants of debatable
identity have been filed either in the herbarium of
Sara E. Jones, Bellaire, Ohio, or in the herbarium
of A. Carl Leopold, 2222 Van Hise Avenue, Madi-
son. A few residual items of debatable identity are
asterisked in Tables 1 to 12.
Acknowledgments are gratefully made to Pro-
fessors Norman C. Fassett, John T. Curtis, and H.
C. Greene for checking many plant identifications, to
Professor Kenneth J. Arnold for supervising the
computation of standard deviations, and to James
Zimmerman, now phenologist for the Arboretum, for
many kinds of help both in field and office.
SELECTION OF ITEMS
Most of these records were collected as an incident
to other field work. Experience has developed cer-
tain criteria for the selection of items which are
"good" under these conditions. To illustrate these
criteria, Tables 1 to 12 are drawn upon for examples,
giving each its serial number. (Serial numbers
appear in brackets, bibliographic references in
parentheses.)
LABOR
A "good" item should not be too laborious. Thus
horned owl nesting [2] and cardinal song [3] were
detectable without labor, but during the same season
it would have required tapping of trees to detect
the first ascent of sap.
SHARPNESS
A good item should be sharp, in the sense that
two observers looking for it will recognize and date
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
it alike. Thus the first cricket frog [25] is much
more likely to be noticed than the first leopard frog
[201 because the latter is silent on first emergence.
Two observers could hardly avoid identical dates for
cricket frog if they worked the same region, but
they might well differ on the leopard frog.
In some items sharpness is a matter of adequate
definition. Thus in breakage of ice in lakes [14, 22,
27] several days may separate the first break from
the final dissolution, but when breakage is defined
as "when one can row a boat across" the item be-
comes sharp.
Fortunately the bloom of most flowers is sharp,
but in those grasses which do not extrude their pollen
it is more difficult to detect first bloom.
Ripeness in fruits is sharp only when it coincides
with falling, as in silver maple [26]. A wild grape
is "ripe" on September 1 for jelly, but on October
1 for wine.
Some items are inherently difficult to define sharp-
ly. Thus in house-building by muskrats [319],
variability in seeing or interpreting the evidence may
exceed the year-to-year variability of the event.
This item is also beclouded by the fact that house-
building dates differ by marshes, and this raises the
question: how many marshes are represented in the
record? It is feared that the record embodies little
year-to-year consistency in this respect.
An occasional item is so sharp that it would be
possible to record it to the nearest hour. Thus on
August 18, 1946, Leopold found a single head of
Indian grass [301] which had extruded a single
stamen from its terminal flower. This was at 6:00
A.M. An hour later he happened to pass the same
head and found it had extruded dozens of stamens.
COMMONNESS
The chance of detecting the first occurrence of an
event, and especially of detecting it through a series
of years, is obviously greater in a common species
than in a rare one.
VISIBILITY OR AUDIBILITY
This specification is related to sharpness but is
not identical with it. It often attaches to the ob-
server, rather than to the plant or animal. Thus
the nesting of horned owl is invisible to the unskilled
observer, but is easily detected if one is working
in an owl territory, and looks for the ears and tail
of the incubating owl silhouetted above a nest. In-
cubation and first egg coincide in this species.
Likewise, the arrival of woodcock [18] is apt to be
invisible to the observer without a bird-dog, and
inaudible to the observer who is indoors during the
"song" period at dawn and dusk.
The first call of the cricket frog [25] is an ex-
ample of perfect audibility, but low visibility.
An example of perfect visibility is the ascent of
the spring cankerworm [21], but the visibility de-
pends on ringing an infested tree with tanglefoot.
When an event is difficult to see, cannot be heard,
leaves no mark, and pertains to an uncommon
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
species, it becomes highly probable that the first
occurrence is regularly missed. The record of emer-
gence of Franklin ground squirrel [91] may be
late for this reason.
RECURRENCE
Some otherwise good items do not recur yearly,
and to this extent are poor. Thus horned owls did
not nest in the Prairie du Sac observation area dur-
ing four of the ten years covered. (See note after
item 2.) Some orchids fail to bloom in some years.
Fruits often fail to set by reason of frost, disease,
or insect attack. Cankerworms by defoliating bass-
woods [233] prevented all blooming and fruiting at
the Sauk station in 1944 and 1945. Most of the
flowers of the bush clover [299] in 1946 were blighted
by some unknown cause at the .Sauk station, and in
parts of Dane County.
In some items the question of yearly recurrence is
confused and unanswerable at present. For ex-
ample: do skunks [1] in this region hibernate with
sufficient regularity to give validity to a series of
emergence dates, such as those presented in Item 1?
Albert Gastrow, who recorded the dates, is sure that
they represent the emergence of the bulk of the
skunk population on south slopes in his locality.
Dens on north slopes emerge later. Individual
skunks emerge sporadically during winter thaws, but
never in such numbers as to becloud the main re-
corded date. It seems likely, from the literature,
that these sporadic emergences are males, whereas
the recorded dates include both sexes.
It seems possible that age, stored fat, and kind of
winter dens (rock eaves or burrows) may affect
hibernation phenology. The dens on Gastrow's area
are mostly eaves in rock ledges.
CONTINUITY
Once an event occurs, it is a great advantage if it
is continuous or recurs daily. All blooms have this
advantage of continuity. On the other hand most
animal behaviors (such as birdsong or the emergence
of hibernators) are liable to be interrupted by bad
weather, especially in early spring, or to occur only
at limited hours.
The breaking of ice in rivers and lakes is, in
effect, discontinuous when followed by refreezing.
EVIDENCE OF NEWNESS
The song of a bird carries no evidence of whether
it has been going on for a day or a week, but a
freshly opened flower among numerous unopened
buds tells its own story. A sidewalk littered with
fragments of squirrel-opened acorns [288], some
fresh, others oxidized, tells its own story if the same
sidewalk was clean a week ago.
Dates of events beginning between field trips can-
not be interpolated without evidence of newness.
In an occasional instance, evidence of newness
develops after the event, and one can check back
on the date. Thus woodcock were first recorded at
the Sauk station on March 16, 1946. This was nine
days ahead of average, and the birds were silent,
as is usual on first arrvial. Later Leopold found a
nest which hatched on April 14. Allowing 20 days
for incubation and four for laying, the first egg
must have been deposited March 21. A blizzard on
March 10-13 crowds the March 16 arrival from the
other direction; hence its substantial accuracy is
assured.
DISTANT FACTORS
Arrivals of migrant birds are likely to reflect dis-
tant as well as local weather. On the other hand,
the behaviors of resident birds (such as song), and
all developmental phenomena in plants, are inher-
ently local. The break-up of ice in lakes is probably
the best example of the cumulative effect of purely
local factors. Other things being equal, locally-de-
termined events are preferable as phenology items.
ABNORMAL ITEMS
In addition to the foregoing positive characters to
be sought in phenology items, there are negative
cautions to be observed in the acceptance of obser-
vations.
Bloom in dandelion [53] often occurs in March
when the particular plant stands above a buried
steam pipe, or hugs the south wall of a building.
Such abnormal bloom is an interesting oddity, but
poor phenology.
The development of plants on recently flooded
areas is likely to be abnormal.
The bloom of stubble weeds, suppressed until mid-
summer by the shade of the grain, and also the bloom
of forbs cut off by insects or deer, have already been
mentioned as abnormally late.
Some abnormalities are too rare to be important
as phenology, but they are of interest as physiology.
Puccoon [154] normally ceases blooming about July
1. In 1946 it ceased on July 6 at the Sauk station.
But on August 5 a one-year-old seedling in a nurs-
ery bed bore two flowers, and on September 10
another bore one flower. No other seedling in the
row showed any sign of blooming. The plants were
only half the height of mature plants, and had only
single stems. The writers have never before seen
blooms on immature plants.
POPULATIONS VS. INDIVIDUALS
At least two variables, over and above weather,
affect the phenology of plants: (1) the site variable,
that is, differences in local environment, and (2) the
genetical variable, that is, differences in response to
the same environment due to different genetical con-
stitutions in the individuals involved. A clear men-
tal image of these two variables is essential to in-
telligent recording.
A developmental record for any given species, to
be valid through a term of years, should either (a)
embrace the entire gamut of site and of genetical
constitution, or (b) it should be limited to certain
individuals which have been selected in advance, and
in which site and genetics remain constant. Alter-
nation or mixture of the (a) and (b) types is fatal.
Most of the plant items embrace a wide range of
103
104
site and genetical constitution at the two stations.
Unless marked (b), the record for any given item
may be assumed to approach the (a) category. That
is to say, items not specifically designated as (b) are
supposed to span the period from the earliest bloom
on the earliest site to the latest bloom on the latest
site. This implies, of course, that the observer ex-
amines an equal variety of sites for each date for
each year. Needless to say this ideal was not always
carried out, but it usually was, especially for common
species.
The choice between type (a) and type (b) is
usually dictated by commonness. In some of the
species, the population was too small for a record
of the (a) category. Thus there is only one lilac
bush [113] at the Sauk station. In such instances
the record is marked (b) and an appropriate speci-
fication, such as "one bush" or "one clump" is added.
By and large, the (a) type is possible only for
common species, while rare or locally uncommon spe-
cies automatically assume the (b) type. The prac-
tical point is to reach a decision, and stick to it,
in species of intermediate abundance.
In aquatic and bog plants, whole ponds or bogs
sometimes display uniform earliness or lateness de-
pending on the presence or absence of springs. For
example:
Skunk cabbage [28]
with springs without
..- 3/20/45 about 4/10/45
Marsh mazigold [711 ....... about 4/10/46
4/15/46
For this reason a single specified pond or bog
(phenology of the (b) type) is preferable for aquat-
ics. A single water (Lake Chapman) was used for
our Sauk records.
SOURCES OF ERROR
The foregoing discussion describes certain particu-
lar sources of error. There remain two more general
questions:
(1) How much difference will occur as between
two observers, looking for the same list of items in
the same area, through the same years?
(2) How much difference arises from differing in-
tensity of observation?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OBSERVERS
During parts of 1937, 1938, 1941, and 1942 Irven
0. Buss recorded phenology at Faville Grove, Jeffer-
son County, 20 miles east of Madison. This is in
the eastern end of the area defined as eligible for
the Dane station. These records were not seen until
he returned from military service in 1945. Upon com-
parison of his record with ours, 39 pairs of dates
are found to be in common, covering 33 items dur-
ing eight months of the year. Of the 39 pairs of
dates, six are for birds, one for a mammal, and 32
for plants. The disparities classify as follows:
Identical with ours __.--- 13 pairs 33 percent
1-2 days difference ......... 12 pairs 31 percent
3-4 days difference .......... 7 pairs 18 percent
5-11 days difference ....... 7 pairs 18 percent
100 percent
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
The sum of all disparities is 101 days for 39 pairs,
an average of 2.6 days each.
These disparities represent the error of observa-
tion plus any actual differences that may exist be-
tween the two localities. There is no available means
for segregating these two components.
INTENSITY OF OBSERVATION
Animal Behaviors
The writers have become convinced that most ani-
mal behaviors in late winter are first exhibited by a
few precocious individuals, and become general in
the population by slow degrees. In 1946 some special
records were kept to test this point. Many trained
men, just returned from military service, enabled us
to record not only the first occurrence of a behavior,
but its gradual development. The following covers
the combined observations of a dozen men afield
daily on the University Campus and Arboretum.
Become
Itemh Species Earliest Dates Generql
3 Cardinal song ......... Jan. 5ý 6, 9, 12, 13, 30 Feb. 17
4 Pheasant crowing .----- Jasn. 10. 18, 30, Feb. 25 March 1
5 Marshhawk arrives....Feb. 16 Feb. 24
8 Chipmunk emerges.....Feb. 8, 10, 18, Mar. 7, 8 March 14
23 Brown bat flying ...... Feb. 9 March 13
39 Ruffed grouse drumsFeb. 9 March 16
x Garter snake out ..... Jon. 25, Feb 17 Eary March
The early dates for Items 3, 4, and 8 are believed
to represent a slowly developing frequency; those
for 5, 23, and 39 are believed to represent isolated
early occurrences. In either case, a lesser intensity
of observation would have yielded later "first dates,"
the degree of lateness and the selection of items
depending on chance.
It is believed that this intensity-error in animal
events diminishes rapidly as the season advances,
and that it is never large in plant items, except in
a few species to be discussed later. An intensity-
error also probably exists in autumn animal items
such as 316, 317, 319, 322, 324, and 326..
Bird Migration
Even if an event develops nearly simultaneously in
a population, the chance of detecting its earliest oc-
currence depends on the number of observers afield.
To explore the magnitude of this factor, the bird
arrival dates of one observer are compared with
those of 10 observers at the Dane Station.
For 16 years beginning in 1913, A. XV. Schorger
recorded the arrivals later published, as averages, in
his "Birds of Dane County" (1929, 1931). He used
only his own observations, and his skill as an orni-
thologist is nationally known. He was able to make
few field trips during week days. His dates repre-
sent the best possible single-handed avocational effort.
Schorger's dates will now be compared with those
gathered during the past decade by the writers and
their collaborators:
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
39 pairs
January, 1947 A PHIENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK
Item
5,.
7....
10...
16...
19
36.
49....
55..,
64...
68..
77. .
86....
87....
95...
96....
99...
103...
106 ...
112...
115....
111....
122....
124....
Species
Marshhawk ............
Blue bird ..............
Redwing .............
Canada goose ..........
Fox sparrow ...
Field sparrow ..........
6 March birds, average...
Upland plover .........
Towhee ...............
Brown thrasher ...
American bittern..
House wren ............
5 April birds, average ....
Kingbird .............
Crested flycatcher.
Baltimore oriole .......
Warb ing virco .........
Rose breasted grosbeak
N. yellowthroat ......
Wood thrush .........
Whippoorwill ........
Indigo bunting .......
Scarlet tanager .......
Catbird .............
Nighthawk ............
12 May birds, average .....
'23 Birds, March to May...
Average
Dates
3/16
3/11
3/11
3/16
3/24
3/30
4/18
4/13
4/23
4/16
4/30
5/4
5/7
5/5
5/7
5/7
5/8
5/9
5/10
5/11
5/9
5/6
5/14
Average
Dates
10 Men
3/5
3/9
2/28
3/11
3/21
3/20
4/16
4/7
4/17,
4/13
4/z2
5/1
5/3
5/3
05/
5/6
5/1
4/28
4/24
5/10
5/9
5/2
516
Not all of the 15 observers covered all groups of
birds, but it would be fair to assume that our dates
are the earliest obtainable by 10 observers cover-
ing all groups, and less confined to week-ends than
were Schorger's. The span of years reported in the
present study is shorter, but both spans seem to be
long enough to avoid distortion by exceptionally early
or late seasons. -The five day difference is believed
to represent the greater intensity of the ten-man
effort.
Plants
In flowering spurge [196] the first blooms are
borne singly, and are so inconspicuous, as compared
with the later massed corymbs, that one must learn
to look for them. During the process of learning,
they are likely to be overlooked. The result is that
in a series of annual records, the early years are
likely to show dates which are later than they
should be.
There are some plants in which the very earliest
blooms are perfectly visible, but they occur on so
few individuals that they are likely to be overlooked.
This group includes hedge bindweed [205], chicory
[218], bull thistle [282], white snakeroot [293],
greater ragweed [295], lesser ragweed [293], Liatris
spheroidea [300], and Canada goldenrod. These
species are put in the variable category because the
records definitely sustain it. In addition, it is the
impression that all asters, oaks, hickories, poplars,
and willows likewise display wide variability, includ-
ing a small proportion of especially early individuals.
The very early individuals probably represent
10 Men
Earlier by:
11 days
2
12
5
3
10
(7)
2
6
3
8
(5)
3
4
2
,2
1
7
12
16
1
0
4
8
(5)
5.6 days
AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN 105
genetical, rather than environmental, variations for
the following reasons:
(1) In annuals like the ragweeds, extra early
plants have never been found twice in the same
place.
(2) In white snakeroot, at both stations, the very
earliest blooms for three years have occurred at two
particular spots, both on a north slope and shaded.
The two sites would seem to be cold rather than
warm.
(3) In chicory, at the Dane station, the earliest
bloom for the last three years has occurred at a
particular spot on a north slope which seems cooler
than the usual "curbstone" habitat of this species.
(4) In willows and sumac earliness and lateness
seem to show a clonal distribution. At the junction
of two clones one can see wide disparity in earliness
on identical sites.
TOWN VS. COUNTRY ERROR
It was suspected that in spring plant development
in urban habitats is commonly earlier than in rural
ones. To test this belief, Donald R. Thompson kept
records on 15 plants common to Madison and the
University Arboretum, spanning the period March
to May, 1946. He found that 13 of the 15 species
were earlier in Madison:
Days Earlier in Town
9 forbs .................. 2, 1, 11, 8, 0, 4, 6, 0,-3 days
6 woody plants .................... 2, 2, 2, 2,-1, 6 days
Average ..................................... 4 days
Thompson's data are certainly not conclusive, but
they are consistent through March and April, the
first instances of earlier rural bloom appearing in
May.
Until 1944 no conscious effort was made to avoid
recording a plant in town one year, and in the coun-
try the next year. The bulk of our plant records
are therefore subject to this error. It cannot, how-
ever, affect items of the (b) category (fixed stations),
nor can it affect plants found only in the country,
such as prairie and marsh plants. It is most likely
to affect wild flowers in gardens and trees on lawns
or streets.
FORM OF RECORDS
Phonological errors can be greatly reduced by a
form of record which automatically reminds the ob-
server, while in the field (not afterward), what cur-
rent items are likely to terminate, and what ne'w
items are likely to develop, on the date of any field
trip. Without such an automatic reminder, the
observer is less likely to detect the earliest occur-
rence of new items, and termination dates are likely
to be overlooked entirely. The automatic-reminder
type of record was begun in 1939. Even with the
best of records, terminal dates are usually cruder
than beginning dates.
GENERAL DISCUSSION OF ERRORS
The following net conclusions can be drawn fronl
tile foregoing discussions of errors and of the pecu-
liarities of phenological data:
106 ALDO LEOPOLD AND S
(1) Any given aggregation of data is subject to
numerous possible errors, only part of which can be
identified.
(2) The more species, the more years, the more
stations, and the more observers behind any given
deduction, the greater the chance that errors will
compensate.
(3) During the decade here treated, the degree of
error declines progressively.
(4) Phenology of the (b) type (fixed stations)
avoids some errors.
(5) Caution is necessary in attaching significance
to differences of small magnitude.
PLANT GROUPS
Those who work with soil, crops, wild plants, wild
animals, or laqdscapes sometimes wish to know what
plants may be expected to be in bloom, or in fruit,
at a given time. For their convenience such data
have been segregated in diagrammatic form, in
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. These assemblies present
an average of the two stations, and ignore devia-
tions due to early or late years. They include some
ARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
species which are omitted from Tables 1 to 12 be-
cause the record is too short.
The point of each arrow is the beginning date, and
the length of the arrow is the duration of the event.
By projecting a vertical line through any given
date, the reader can tell at a' glance what species
are likely to be in bloom (or in fruit) on that date.
It is perhaps of interest to note that all four
groups of flowers describe, in their succession of
"arrow points," a reversed "S" curve. The groups
differ only in the degree of curvature, and the dates
of inflexion. Woods flowers inflect in May, prairie
and sand plants and weeds in June (with some minor
undulations) and marsh plants in July. The shape
of these curves is of course affected somewhat by the
local assortment of sites and species, and by the
degree to which all are covered.
WOODS FLOWRS
Figure 1 assembles some of the wild flowers charac-
teristic of oak-hickory, climax hardwood, and oak-
jack pine woodlands at their point of confluence in
this region.
April May June July - August
Seutember
(eretica america3
n's Breeche* (Dict
root (Saniutnaria c
awrt (Dentaria lam
mly Meadow Rue (TI
Food Anemone (Anoa
Bellwort (Uvularli
Dogtooth Violet
Arabia (Arabia i
White Trilliw
Nodding Trill
Wake Robin
Jacob's Ledd
Blue Phlox
Jack-in-th,
False Sol,
Wild Go
Waterl,
Tell
Sw
L)
ntra Oucullaria)
wnadenais)
Lniata)
allctrum dioicum)
ie quinquefolia vw
grandiflora)
Erythronium albidi
mammondi)
(Trillium grandif
Lum (Trillium Glei
lrillium recurvatl
sr (Polemonium re'
(Phlox divaricataý
-Pulpit (Arisawma
non's Seal (Smile
aniun (Geranium me
af (iTidroivllum
t_12y's Slipper
!pple (Podophullui
et Cicely (Osmorh
Cryptotaenta (C
Faloe Spikenar
Cana Mpflo,
Black Snakero
Solomon'@ S
Ane
.interimo)
aru)
onl)
a)an)
riphyllum)
sa stellata)
,xlatum)
rginianwm)
,ypripedium parvif
peltatum)
a Claytoni)
.ptotaenia canaden,
(Smilacina racemo
ir (Maianthemnm ca:
I (Sanicula marnlae
al (Polygonatum bi
to (Anemone virgi:
seum (Geum canaden
Enchanter'@ XI,
Tick Clover
4-
Lopseed (Ph
Jewelweed
WOOD FLOWERS
LEGEND
In bloom
Straggling bloom
)rum var. pubesceni
a0)
adense)
Iica)
lorom)
Iana)
6) _ ...
htshade (Cireoea 1
esmodiu. acuminatn
ym Leptoetachya)
(Imiatiens pallida
Cardinal Flower (L
Whit* Snakeroot (
tifolia)
belia Cardinalie)
apatoriui rugoosm
October
6 I /6 2/2631
Fio. 1. Average Blooming Periods of 34 Woods Flowers.
Thotcbn
Blood
Too
J
0 1
I
Janaary, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTI
April "aY June
5 /0/5-2025-30 5-/0/1520 25 304 9 141/924 29 3
Pasqua Tic
Draba
A
yr (Anemone patens var. Wolfgangian,
Draba reptans)
able (Arab- i l1-t,)
Bird-foot Violet (Viols pedata va&
Hoary Puccoon (Lithospermum
Oensa (Goum trif orum)
Wood Sor 1I (Ozalis violet
Toadfl (Linaria oanadei
Shooti 4 Star (Dodecathe
Pink lox (Phlox piloi
Blue Lupine (l tue I
Are isa (Arenaris etr
Puccoon (Lithospe
Pu ccoon (Lithosp
Bautista (Baptil
*Spiderwort (Tv
Penstoemon (P
Prostweed (b]
Kriga (Irigli
Anemone (Anes
Seneca Snake
Potentilla (
Baptisia (0
Scribner' s
llowerin
Ground C
Lobel
June
--U
Ascl
i
P
P
a
July August
/3/ 23 28 27 /2 /7 22 27
Lineartloba)
caneooens)
oa)
its)
in seadia)
war. fulgida)
.rennie)
eta)
mum angustifolil
noum, caroinensi
.a leunopdaa)
Lescantia reflexa)
nstemon gracllis
anthrenit canadenee
btflora)
.ae cylindrica)
not (Polygala Sene,
ttentilla arguta)
.ptaia leucantha)
'ante (Panioum Scrl'
SSnoree (Eunhorbia
erry (Physalts win
a (lobelia *plcat&:
rase (Kosleris cri,
als (Polygala Plyd
pias (Aeclepias ei]
nateimon (Penstoe
rah Plantain (Plant
Goat.e use (Tephroi
L6fiaahis (Ios
Noew Jersey Tea (Co
Coreopsts (CoreoI
,0reemiat, (ND
Lead Plant (0
Prairie Whil
White Pral,
Coneflowet
Prairie I
Horeetal
Purple
Scre (hhob]
o)
aerainum)
Iniana)
tata)
Ma)
Lexicaulle)
on Digitalie)
wgo Purshit)
La virginians aTr.
hIa lanceolata)
mnothUo srnricanusi
tis palmsta)
erda pnctata war.
iorpha caneacens)
Marige Orchid (E
e Clover (Petalosi
(Ratibida pianatsa
,ok (Silpiium torel
1 Milkweed (Aeclepi
Prairi. Clover (Pal
a (Silphium Intega
C o.._n_pa es plant ., ( $ilphIN
,Ca"l Tick Clover (Desn:
4 Pattle Iake Master (]lllllrDm
Liatrin (Lisatris 3
ePr le Cone Flower (Bre
aituom (Panicum wirg
Bluesten (Andropog
Side-oate Grams
Push Clover
Liatrio (Li
Prairie Be
Wormwood
Indian
Prai:
[ES, WISCONSIN 107
September October
6 // 1 /621 26 / 6 I1 /6 21 26 31
holoeerieea)
villicaulis)
oenarls leuoeopdae
mum candidum)
nthinscewm)
ae verticillate)
mlostemum purpure,
folitm)
alaciniatum)
t=ur canadense)
nom yuccaefllutn)
nostachya)
aneria__frparea)
* fureatus)
(Bouteloua onrtti
leepedeza capital
.itrtI sarotdea:
ardgraes (Andropol
(Artemeisa caudal
Grass (Sorghstrn
* Goldenrod (Soll
a)
indul.)
On scoparius)
"nutane)
sao rigida)
FiG. 2. Average Blooming Periods of 59 Prairie Plants and Sand Plants.
PRAIRIE I SAND PLANTS
LEGEND
In blo om
Straggling bloom
108 ALDO LEOPOLD AND Z.
A conspicuous character of this group is the early
bloom and short duration of bloom in the first 21
species. Their average duration is 21 days. These
species bloom before the leafing of trees is com-
plete, and thus contrive to receive at least partial
sunlight, even when occupying sites shaded by over-
head trees, and often by a shrubby understory as
well. That this short early bloom is actually an
evolutionary adaptation for seizing sunlight is sus-
tained in some species by the fact that the leaves
turn yellow and die as soon as fruiting is completed.
For example, the leaves of Dutchman's breeches and
dogtooth violet are yellow by the end of May and
dead by mid-June. This early death occurs even in
transplanted individuals with plenty of light and
moisture. The yellowing foliage of these two species
is the earliest "fall color" of the year.
PRAIRIE AND SAND PLANTS
The average blooming dates of 59 forbs and grasses
are assembled in Figure 2. Of the 14 flowers which
bloom before June 1, nine are confined to hot dry
sands and gravels. On such sites, in very drouthy
springs, snow water is the only moisture likely to
be available. Pasque [44] and Draba [51] are ex-
amples of sand plants which can bloom on snow
water.
In some early sand flowers, the blooming period
is short regardless of the weather; thus Draba did not
span more than two weeks in any year. Other early
species are opportunist; thus Arabis lyrata [74]
bloomed from April 11 to June 6 and straggled to
August 12 during the cool spring of 1945, whereas
in normal years it ceases to bloom in May.
Some prairie grasses and forbs start the season's
growth very late. Could this be an evolutionary de-
vice for avoiding damage from spring fires? For
example, bluestem [290] grows no visible leaves
until late May, whereas most other perennial grasses
become green in April. Butterfly weed [241] does
not sprout until June 1, whereas the other milk-
weeds sprout a month earlier.
The prairie group is peculiar in its interspersion
of long and short blooming plants. Its long collec-
tive span, together with the tendency of prairie
grasses to color in fall, gives it great value in wild
landscaping. Every month from April to October
offers something to see on a prairie.
WEEDS
The average blooming dates of 46 common weeds
are presented in Figure 3. As has often been
pointed out, there is no objective definition of the
term "weed," and none is claimed for Figure 3, ex-
cept that it includes plants which somebody, for some
.reason, dislikes. The group might well be larger:
thus Asiatic honeysuckle [123] is probably a greater
threat to the native flora in this region than
any weed in Figure 3, barring quack grass [197].
Of the 46 species, not more than half a dozen are
dangerous in the sense of usurping land that has not
been abused. Most Wisconsin weeds are objection-
ably abundant mainly in overgrazed pastures [239,
A
RA ELIZABETH JONES Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
255, 259, 282, 289, 298, 307], and are preferable
to the erosion which would be augmented by their
absence. Winter animals are largely dependent on
weed seeds.
The exotic perennials which comprise the bulk of
the weed list have certain phenological characters in
common. First, their period of bloom is long. The
average duration, exclusive of straggling, is 45 days.
By reason of straggling, the termination of bloom
often lacks sharpness. Second, they commonly re-
sprout and rebloom after mowing, and also after
interruption of bloom by drouths, Examples: [53,
182, 255]. Some display straggling blooms even
when not interrupted by mowing or drouths. Many
straggle until frozen. Examples: [177, 218, 255].
HAYFEVER WEEDS
There is a discrepancy between the development
of pollen in the two ragweeds at the Dane station,
and the detection of aerial pollen by the Allergy
Laboratory of the Wisconsin General Hospital. In
two of the last three years the hospital has detected
pollen in the air before any phenologist could detect
general bloom in the field.
There is also a discrepancy between first general
bloom in ragweed, and first pollen in a few preco-
cious plants. In two of the last three years one or
more precocious individual plants have been found,
by accident, far ahead of the general population:
First Precocious General -Allergy
Pollen Plants Population Laboratory
1944 -----......... x 7/30 7/28
1945 ................ 7/13, 8/1 (both lesser) 8/7 8/1
1946 ..---------- . 7 /26 (greater) 7/31 7/31
Average difference..................15 days..-........... 3 days
The question is: does the earliest pollen detected
by the Allergy Laboratory originate in other regions,
or does it originate in these precocious local plants?
The present data yield no clue.
The precocious plants are very scarce, and are
doubtless genetical aberrations. Three years' search
has yielded only the three plants.
The average Dane County dates (August 5 for
lesser and August 8 for greater ragweed) are later
than the August 2 average for both species in this
region given by Wodehouse in "Hayfever Plants"
(1945).
MARSH PLANTS
The average blooming dates of 28 marsh plants
are presented in Figure 4. This group consists, in
large part, of conspicuous abundant perennials with
long blooming periods (average duration 38 days).
As in the prairie group, the collective span of bloom
includes the entire growing season.
As already pointed out, the date of first bloom
in early marsh species is strongly affected by the
presence or absence of springs.
Some marsh plants have highly specific animal
relationships. Robert A. McCabe (unpublished) has
found that the alder flycatcher in the University
Arboretum uses the dry stalks of Angelica [160]
as a territorial perch, and the shredded bark of the
January, 1947 A PHENOLOG1CAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
April MAY June July August
rfoot (Nammacnalu
(Capsella Burea-?
Barbmara va r~Is
kDrrel (lomex Acet
Bedetraw (Galium
Goat's Beard (Tr
Yarrow (Achilla
Wild Parsnip
lVenyz lachn
Yellow Sweet
Carly Dock:
Dimtey Pleabs
Wi~ld Carr
White Swe
Mield Bit
Had,. P
(ýaki
Moths
Heal-
Cat
..-
bortiva)
storne)
"ella)
ALparine)
gopon go 'atenaes)
Millefoliua)
Pastinaca sativa)
a (Lychaie Sibs)
lover (Oelilotus o0
Mi-eaantheme leuca
maex crimape)
9 (Irigeron ramsea,
t (Damus Carota)
Clover (Melilote
lweed (Couvolvalus
adwoed ( Convolvalum
-ae (Agroppron rel
wort (Leomnrue Cari
1l (Pranella vulga-
r NHmlock (Clouta.
ada Thistle (Cirsiv
]7oael (nthebmle
St John'a Wort (U
B2&aok Blndweed (PC
Common illkweed (
Great Mullein (1
Bouncing Beta
Black Hastard
Ivaning Prig
,Catnip (Heop
Hoary Verra
Comman Pi
Norse Noet
Lamb'* qu
Sow This
Stng
Wood No
B-
4"
iainalie)
!themcp var. innpa
-1Th-1
rffqp5jj)
sl~,iot)
Ma1)
toulata)
a arvenee)
otula)
2dc~m prfoirat'ug
sclep ias Syrlaca)
lavonaria oficine
(Brassica nigra)
oee (enothera_1-
a Cataria)
n (Verbena Strict!
ýtalu S]LanteLo aq
Is (Sol-a- cearol]
Ztere (ChenodImn
I. (Sonchue arven,
Nettle (Urticapr
tie (Laportea canm
1 Thistle (Cireium
-d neabane Url
ardock (Arctium ad
jreat Ragweed
J4sxez ey
* B
September
ifidam)
---
7--
)
-I
----.*_--
-''I.'
aln")
i8)w
era)
Lendis)
vulgare)
Aronsi aadensis)
Aabroeia trtlida
October
8 II /6 21 2ze3
* (Ambroeia arter4esifolia)
r-Varigold (BidenI cornma)
FiG. 3. Average Blooming Periods of 46 Weeds.
swamp milkweed [244] as his principal nesting
material. The milkweed becomes "shreddable" only
after spring sun and wind have loosened the dead
bark, hence the relationship is conditioned by
phenology. McCabe suspects that the flycatcher's
food supply, during the critical weeks of the nest-
ing season, hinges on the insects attracted by con-
current marsh blooms, and that shade for nestlings
is tied in with the leafing phenology of the elder
and red dogwood bushes in which most nests are
built. Such plant-animal dependencies, partial or
complete, are doubtless the rule rather than the ex-
ception, but few have been explored by research.
WILD FRuITS
A chronology of 27 wild fruits, arranged in order
of first ripening, is presented in Figure 5. The
blooming periods are also given. Species without
known food value, such as wahoo [203], are omitted.
Falling periods are indicated by dashed bars; inde-
Dandel
f0 f S 1 90 4
4 14 29 3 3 18 280
Small flowered Croc
SShepherd, s Pureg
Winter Cross
,2=ep
WEEDS
LEGEND
In bloom
-Straggling bloom
2 /a /71 21
*0 11 /8 210,
llmhRin
.,
Hodge
-ev .m
?
!L ,. .z. . .. .. .
.-.
.7a rall
109
/
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
April May June July August
September
/ 5 /0 /6' 226306/0/520530 4 9 /4 19 24929 3 8 13 18 292 7 12 172'2
mplocarpate foetidf
sh Marigold (Caltb
E arly
Gold
Gold
, palustris)
mitrage (Saxifrag
.n Alexander (Zizi
,n Ragwort (Senecs
Angelica (Angeli
Marsh Blue I
Tall Mea
Goe,m (Ge
Showy
pennsylvanicea)
sure&)
aureus)
a atropxrpurea)
ag (Iris virginica var. Shrevei)
w Rue (Thalictrum
strictum)
ady's Sliprer (Cypi
lue Vervain (Verbs,
Winged Loosestrife
Lysimachia (LFeimEm
Swam, Milkweed
Mountain Mini
Jewelweed (:
oTurk, Cap
JOEe P
Bao
S,
4-
4--
4-
Lpedium regini
k hastate)
iythrum slate
iA sadriflo,
ýAsclepias mne
(Pycnanthemuz
w)
rum)
larna
evir,
apatiens biflora)
Uily (LiliUM 12oh4
9 Weed (Iupatori'm
Dset (fuoatorium
sup Thistle (Cirail
msan Dodder (OCasu
ibelia (Lobelia I&
ronweed (Ternonia
Monkey 7Flwo
Tartlehead ('
Gerardia
Lobelia
;a)
inianum)
anenee)
macalatum)
irfoliatum)
Us mUticum)
;a Gronovili
aeoonleatte)
( Mtalus rioenes
lhelone labra var
SLersrdLia paupercu:
Bottle Oentian
FIG. 4. Average Blooming Periods of 28 Marsh Plants.
terminate fallings after November 1 by plus signs,
or by adding terminal dates of falling.
These 27 fruits differ greatly in their ripening
phenology, and in the degree to which they are con-
sumed by animals.
Thus among mast fruits, all oaks fall as soon as
they are ripe; walnuts adhere to the tree until frost;
hazelnuts do not fall, but are gradually removed by
mice and chipmunks. Burr oak acorns in the city
of Madison are in most years completely consumed
by squirrels [see Item 288] a month before ripening;
to get the date of natural fall one must search fence-
row oaks in rural areas where squirrel pressure is
less intense.
Juneberries at the Sauk station are completely
consumed by orioles as soon as they turn red, and
before they are ripe. Hence it is impossible there
to record the duration of ripe berries on the tree.
Grey dogwood berries are consumed or knocked off
by robins by late October.
On the other hand, the proportion of the black-
berry, dewberry and elderberry crop consumed by
animals seems very small in this region.
Of the fruits which adhere to the tree after Novem-
ber 1, some fall or are consumed gradually (grape,
nannyberry) while others may be ignored until
spring, and are then obliterated in two or three
days by cedar waxwings (mountain ash).
The maximum variety of ripe wild fruits is avail-
able about September 1.
Table 5 may be useful for planning a sequence
of fruits for wildlife, or for determining the best
date for gathering wild fruits for eating or preserv-
ing. The table is deficient in the phenology of edible
mushrooms, for which no records were kept.
ANALYSES
In the pitges which follow, six sample analyses are
given of the data in Tables 1 to 12. The purpose
is exploratory; to show that analysis is possible,
and if sound may shed light on a wide variety of
questions. The number of questions is probably
limited mainly by techniques. The writers have
no illusion that their techniques are the best.
Most analyses depend on comparisons with aver-
ages, means, or norms. It is of the utmost impor-
tance to realize that the biota never conforms to
averages. The only physical meaning of an aver-
age is that the deviations from it should equalize.
Significance inheres mainly in the frequency and
amplitude of the deviations.
YEAR TO YEAR VARIABILITY OF SPECIES
As a means of visualizing the year-to-year devia-
tion of plant and animal species from their own
averages, the longest series of dates from Tables
1 to 12 are presented graphically in Figures 6 and
110
MSink Cabbsq (Sý
October
6 1 16 21 26 31
liulfolla)
;entiam Adreweil
MARSH PLANTS
LEGEND
In bloom
--Srrag,,lhnq bloom
f 6 // 16 ý?/
-dý
1)
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
April
may June
July
August
September
5 0 15 20 25 .30 5 /0 /S 20 26 20 4 9 /4 /9 24 29 3 8 13 18 23 28 2 7 12
/1 22 27
/ 6 // I/ 21 24 / 6/I 1/6 2/ 26 21
Aspara&gu sprokts (Assregus of:
Wild Stra,
.4..
.4.
.4-.-
4--.-.
.4
4-....
Junel
MU
........
........ ......
Loinalis)
Isrty (Fragaria vir
Lny (jmelanchler a
Lberry (MHor alba)
IOziar Domewd (Cm
Ia,,., nonaysu-cnl
Red Raspberr7 (R
Black Ras rry
.-
inians)
nadensts)
.ini. ltolonifer~a
ýAnjoers tatarica)
Lbus idarus var. el
(Thubus ocoidentall
rberry (b.us flag
Blackberry (Rubuxi
Wild Cho.
trrOuOa
. oumtal
Ilderbi
Grey D
Chokeet
WI
4-~e
FRUITS
LEGEND
Ripe
Fol/ing
l.................... B ooming
igosus)
,)
.larie)
alleghonioneim)
7 (Prmus aeroti:
(Quercus macroear
Ash (Sorbus dect
2z' (Sambuaous ama
wood (Cornms racq
'rry (Pruzus virl
.d Crab (Value esi
Wild Grape (Vitt
Bittormet (
Shagbark Hick1
lNannberry
Red Oak (
Hazel(C
4 -ft
,)
a)
lass)
asaa)
nians)
Ieriemna)
vulutna)
Ilaltrus scandena)
zJicwa ovata)
cue alba)
viburnum lentego)
tereus borealis va
maxma)
711us amrlcamas
Black Walnut
(Juglans oigr
FIG. 5. Average Blooming Dates and Periods of Ripeness in 27 Wild Fruits.
7, in groups by months. Points above the baseline
represent lateness (plus deviation) ; points below the
baseline represent earliness (minus deviation).
Visual inspection of Figures 6 and 7 suggests that
there is a seasonal decline in deviation, the early
spring curves being more "turbulent" than later
ones. At any given season, some species seem more
"turbulent" than others.
In order to arrive at some measure of turbulence,
"estimated standard deviations" were computed for
each of the species. The deviation, in days, is en-
tered under each species name (for instance in
skunk, s- 17.0 days). The formulae used to com-
pute one station, two stations, or averages of several
species will be supplied on request.
DECLINE IN DEVIATION
To test the existence of a seasonal trend in the
variability of items, the deviations of all the ani-
mals and plants shown in Figures 6 and 7 are aver-
aged by months as follows:
28 Animals
February-March .......... 10.3 days
April._...... ........ 8.9
M ay ............................ 6.8
June .............. ........ x
July-August ............ x
20 Plants
x
9.5 days
6.3
7.0
6.7
Both
10.3 days
9.2
6.7
7.0
6.7
April-August--------8.6 days 7.4 days 8.1 days
A progressive decline in variability is clear in
animals from February up to the end of bird migra-
tion in May, after which there are no data. Plants
decline during April and May, but there is no large
difference between months after May.
The lumped data for both plants and animals show
a progressive decline from February to May, fol-
lowed by a relatively stable period. The net con-
clusion is that from February to May, inclusive, the
year-to-year "turbulence" of animals and plants
diminished by nearly half.
LENGTH-OF-DAYLIGHT SPECIES
A few birds in Figure 6 and a few forbs in Figure
7 are conspicuous for close adherence to their own
averages. Their deviations compare as follows with
the average of other species during the month in
which each occurs:
Average
Deviation of
Item Species AMonth Deviation others in
same month
49 Upland plover .............. April 3.2 days 9.1 days
95 Baltimore oriole ................ May 3.6 8.4
96 W arbling vireo .................. May 3.8 8.4
99 Rose-breasted grosbeak .... May 3.1 8.4
103 Northern yellowthroat ...... May 3.8 8.4
114 Indigo bunting .................. May 4.4 8.4
6 birds above, April and May ............... 3.7 days
13 other birds, April and May .......................... 8.7 days
4-.
111
October
.4..
4. ....
-4....
-21h
4.
4.
4.
PA
Ozier Donrood (Co
J
$
7.4 days 8.1 days
.............
.............
April-August ............. 8.6 days
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
DayslateA verage
bays early
3530373M 040 4142 4344 45 35 34
FEBRU'ARY-.MAkCH- . .
ANIMALS
37 38 3940 41 420434445
Ilarshhawwk
353M03738M940 41/04243 45
7 Bluebi *rd
4=73
LEOSNo: o -- auk
0-.--.- Dane
35M RM 378304/ 4.243444S
8. Chipmunk -20
7"0
-20
/8. Woodcock /9 Fox Sparrow .20
A=9.6 A-5.9 1
. /o
2 0
APRIL
0,29. perm ophile 36 Field Sparrow
15 4=1/ 47.3
00
)o4
0 01
49. Upland Plover
A 3ý.2
M0 Cormorant -20
U a 0
Br5w Th-re rf9441/ ~Btern ? 77 Houlse
Wren -20
2o - fTwbe6 Amer0
15*1
/0 8
/0
/5 0 A 4 R
20t
MAY
20, 86. K1igbird
0 &
10
16. /
20L
20. 99. Rose Breasted
/5 * Gros beak
/0 43.
20
2011 !/f Ndo Bunting
f44
0
2/0
303603738"0 404/ 42434445
897 Crested'F/gcatchelr
/03. Northern
Yallowthroat
il.Scarlet Tanager
353"5373- - 03 4,4 42 4344
95 Baltimor'e Oriole
106. iood Thrush
122. Catbird
.4-6.6
363637363940414243444S 36 .3637 369404, 42 43*4-44
Flo. 6. Deviations from Average Dates in the Emergence or Arrival of 28 Animals,
1935-1945.
1.12
5
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
Days late
Days early Average
37 28 39 30 41 42 43 44 49 37 38 39 40 414243 44 4.6
APRIL
.o26. Silver Maple 40.Alder
t I\!41
10
2 , 'I /, P /
1/-
20
MAY
2o 82. Birdfoot Violet 129. Columbine
/8 4A7 7. .1 f /6.2
/0
8 . ij
JUNE
20 155, Wild Rose
t5 .4 9.3
/0
/o
5
/0
/0
20
JULY-AUGUST
20 24)1. Butterfly Weed
/0
1o
/5
20
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 495
159. Soiderwort
4A6.7
276. Liatris
4 55.
PLANTS
lEEN: o-----o auk
o.-.. Dane
37 3e 39 40 4142 43 44 45 J7 38 39 404142 43 44 45 37 389 40 4142 43 44
45
48. Nepatica
IIQ
A|
136. Toadflax
4-6.7
166. Anemone
A- 72
\A
V V
277 Earl. Goldenrod
?436
%fA c4
6/ Bloodroot
0
/37 Shooting Star
.6.
168. White Clover
4...'2.4
298. Lesser Ragweed
A .0.
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 4ý 37 39 39 40 41 42 43 44 48 37 38 S9
40 41 42 93 44 45
7/. Marsh Marigold 120
4-=73 -/8!
01
\i l\q
V -/0
-20
146. Sheep Sorrel 1-20
- /0
- is
213. Black Eyed Susan -zo
-d-74 /8j
A /0
-20
308. Closed Gentiont -2
.d -4.3 .16
to
- 0
5-0
.15
20
973839- 4 Z- 3 4 45
FIG. 7. Deviations from Average Date of First Bloom in 20 Plants, 1937-1945.
It is clear that in these six birds the deviation
from their own average arrival date is less than
half that characterizing other birds arriving during
the same month.
Deviations in four non-turbulent forbs are com-
pared with other plants blooming during the same
month as follows:
Sheep sorrel ...... _
White clover .........
Early goldenrod ...
Closed gentian ------
A verage
(Sept. 1) Deviation of
Month Deviation others in
same month
4.5 days 6.6 days
.May 2.4 7.6
.June 3.6 5.9
-July
4 forbs above, May-August ........
11 other plants, May to August.
4.3 x
3.8 days
.................... 7.3 days
In these four forbs the deviation from their own
average blooming date is a little over half of that
prevailing in other plants during the same month.
That some plants are governed primarily by length-
of-daylight, as distinguished from other factors of
current weather, is by now a familiar concept. The
phenology of these four forbs suggests that day-
length is a heavier component in their timing mecha-
nism- than in that of other contemporary plants.
The six birds present a somewhat more puzzling
case, for all of them winter in the tropics, where
differences in day-length are much reduced. The
plover, of course, winters beyond the tropics, where
the seasons are reversed. One can only conclude
either that very small changes in day-length suffice to
move them, or that there is some seasonal rhythm
controlled by some other force.
Of the 19 birds and 15 plants appearing in Figures
6 and 7, white clover deviates least (2.4 days), and is
also probably one of our most reliable records. Its
wide distribution and abundance makes for accuracy
in detecting first bloom, and when bloom starts in
a single plant, the whole population soon follows.
It seems clear to us that, given enough data, both
113
Item Species
146
168
277
308
114
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
plants and birds could be graded for year-to-year
variability, and that such a gradation might throw
light on the biological distribution of physiological
timing mechanisms.
THE CHARACTER OF SEASONS
Visual inspection of Figures 6 and 7 shows that
certain years were prevailingly early, or late, during
certain months. Thus most birds and plants were
early in 1938 up to May. Again in .1940 birds were
late through April, and plants through June. This
whole question will now be discussed in detail.
Each event has a normal or average date, from
which it deviates from year to year according to the
earliness or lateness of the season. This being true,
the character of a season can be expressed by a
succession of deviations in its events through its
component months. In Figures 8 and 9 the character
of two seasons, 1944 and 1945, is thus expressed.
Each has two graphs, A and B, in each of which
the horizontal baseline represents average or normal
date.
In the A graphs the actual dates of about 280
events are plotted as deviations above or below the
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
baseline. An event earlier than average is plotted
below (minus deviation); an event later than aver-
age is plotted above (plus deviation). Symbols
differentiate animals from plants, and also the two
stations.
In the B graphs the deviations are averaged, for
each five-day period, for plants and animals sepa-
rately. These average curves appear against a
stippled background of current temperatures, like-
wise expressed as the net deviation from average
during each five-day period. In these temperature
graphs, minus deviations (in degrees Fahrenheit) are
colder, hence they are plotted above the baseline to
correspond with lateness in phenology. Thus if the
mean temperature for five days deviated from normal
by -120, -100, -50, +50, and -1', the period
is plotted as deviating -28 + 5 = 23 degree-days
above the baseline.
Curves of cumulative temperature deviation, in
terms of degree-days, were tried as an addition to the
B graphs, but they did not seem to explain anything,
and hence are omitted. Cumulative curves are not
dismissed as of no value, but it is believed that
Feb. March April
May June
July
Aug. Sept.
0
0
4,0 0
1944A 0
4, ,0 80 00 0
4, 0 o 0 0
0, 0 0 40 jD00 Q0 0 0
44, lo *6 ; 0*.. 0 0
4, G*4, 0 w00 0
Is 0.00 46 0"
4, 04, 0 0 00
.o o o Io
4, 7Afadoson laked
3 days early
so * Zo 0.~
to
0 0
0 e
4,
"so 0 00
00 0
00
0 40
0 0 0
0
0 LECEND
* Planf Suk Co
o Plant DaneCo.
4,Animal, DdneCoe
Ic bredaSoam
FiO. 8. (A) Deviations from Average Date in 280 Plant and Animal Events
in 1944. (B) Average Devia-
tion of Animals (solid line) and Plants (dashed line) in Relation to Temperature
(Stippled).
'20
-.0
44
-4
0
t20
4a *10
-10
'-i
-20
'I
r
-J
'41
-to
-.1
-45Q"
-20
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
Feb. March
April
May June
1945 A
, 4,
4, 4,
0
0
* 0
@0
0
0 to 0 00 0
00o 0 00 00
0 so
,* 00 o0 00
#10 00 0 *00 000
*2 o 0000 0 @04
0000o 0 0b
0 0c * 0 0 .1
-0 ---0 - 0 -
0 *" o. 0 o O° 0
0
o* 4, 0 * 0 0 00 a
0 7 00 0
Of 0 04. 0 _ 00 60 0 0 0
4,0 0 0
MadisonO 000
/0 days early coo % * P/1
o* OU O
% 0 Pla0
0 Dame
do 0 o 0 Animl,
Dane Ca
0 n 0 0 0Abrp8a4DanwO
0- - , lII
Iobreaft DaneCh
Feb. March April May
Fia. 9. (A) Deviations from Average Date in 28
tion of Animals (solid line) and Plants (dashed line)
accumulations must relate to some threshold temper-
ature. Zero Fahrenheit is a meaningless threshold,
especially for plants.
Precipitation curves are omitted from Figures 8 and
9 because both years were normal except for a wet
June in 1944 ( + 2.62"), and a dry July in 1945
(-1.74"), and a dry October in both years (-2.19",
-2.04"). The net deviation for the year was +0.13"
in 1944 and -3.52" in 1945.
The term "phenograph" is suggested as a short
name for such seasonal summaries as are presented
in Figures 8 and 9.
INTERPRETATION OF PHENOGRAPHS
Several precautions were observed in preparing
Figures 8 and 9. Items with averages based on less
than four years are omitted. Sauk animals are
omitted because of the possibility, already discussed,
of late dates.
Autumn items representing the onset of winter
are omitted, because the terms "early" and "late"
June " July Al. Sept.
0 Plant and Animal Events in 1945. (B) Average Devia-
in Relation to Temperature (Stippled).
then have meanings opposite to their meaning in
spring. It should be noted that each item is plotted
perpendicular to its average date.
When the weather changes (stippled area crosses
the baseline) the response to the change is subject
to a lag, and the extent of the lag is the horizontal
distance from the weather crossing to the plant or
animal crossing.
Of the two seasons here presented, 1944 ap-
proached normalcy in both weather and phenology,
while 1945 was abnormal in both.
PHENOGRAPH FOR 1945
After a normal winter, 1945 opened with an ex-
traordinarily warm March and early April. During
the period March 1. to April 13, all but four days
were warmer than normal. Temperature deviations
ran as high as 28 degrees on single days, and for
five-day periods as high as 125 degree-days.
On April 14 the weather turned from warm to
cold. It remained abnormally cold through the
15
4 +10
r4 #5
July
Aug.
115
Sept.
-I.
-5
-10
-'5
-20
-4
"*/0
#5
*
-4
0
-5
-/0
-15"
-20
-4,.
TI
LJJs
.-,A
-25
÷20
0 &
0
116
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
remainder of April and May, June, and July. Dur-
ing this 77 day period, all but 17 days were colder
than normal. Normal temperatures did not reappear
until August and September. There was no drouth
to mask the effect of abnormal temperatures.
In short, 1945 was a "self-recording experiment"
in which more than 50 animals and 100 plants at
two stations registered their responses to a mid-
April shift from warm to cold. Average dates for
other years provide the "control."
During the early spring warm spell, migratory
birds arrived earlier and earlier until the weather
changed, at which time most birds were appearing
5 to 15 days ahead of schedule. The onset of cold
brought a rather prompt change to lateness; there
were no early bird arrivals after May 1. The many
species due during the first ten days of May were
all from 2 to 14 days late.
In strong contrast to this prompt response of
birds to the mid-April shift in temperature, plants
responded much more slowly. No plants were late
until mid-May, a month after the onset of cold.
Maximum lateness did not develop until mid-June,
two months after the onset of cold. The average
curve for plants crosses the baseline 29 days later
than the average curve for animals. Apparently the
developmental mechanism in plants set in motion
by the early warm spell gathered a momentum which
expressed itself in early bloom through a month of
ensuing cold.
So far 1945 phenology has been discussed in terms
of plants as a whole and animals as a whole. The
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 1.7, No. 1
behavior of particular species during the warm and
cold periods will now be considered.
Table 13 presents the items normally occurring
during the warm period March 5 to April 13. These
are classified by groups in a time sequence. It is
apparent that the warm period produced the great-
est earliness in forbs and woody plants, the least in
birds and mammals, with lakes in an intermediate
position. It is of some physiological interest that
subterranean mammals like moles and spermophiles
should have been early at all. The number of mam-
mal items is, however, too small to be conclusive.
Table 14 is a condensed summary of the cold
period, April 14 to July 27. The left hand number
of each pair is the number of items early or late;
the right (in parentheses) the average number of
days early or late. It is apparent that earliness in
birds and mammals ceased in mid-May, a month
after the onset of cold weather, but that it persisted
in some forbs into July. Woody plants, on the other
hand, lost their momentum by the end of May. The
impact of cold was very unequal as among species,
as evidenced by the simultaneous existence of early
and late groups, especially in forbs during late May,
June and July.
It should be realized that some of the forbs per-
sisting in earliness long after the onset of cold were
still underground when the cold hit. Thus white
trillium [104] bloomed May 1 and April 15 at the
two stations, six and 20 days early. It did not
emerge from underground at the Sauk station until
April 14, a day after the cold began. In short,
momentum-earliness was in the root.
TABLE 13. The Warm Period, March 5-April 13, 1945.
Birds
Bluebird ..... - 6
Meadowlark.. - 1
Robin ........ - 2
Killdeer ...... -15
Grackle ...... -10
Dove ........ - 6
Woodcock .... - 4
Fox sparrow.. - 6
Cowbird ...... - 3
Field sparrow. + 3
Phoebe ....... -13
Kingfisher .... - 8
Sapsucker.... - 4
Hermit thrush-- 15
Purple martin. - 2
Towhee ..... -13
Cormorant.. . - 2
Mammals
Amphibians
Woodchuck... - 1
Chipmunk.... - 0
Mole......... - 8
Leopard frog.. - 3
Bat .......... - 15
Cricket frog .. - 9
Spermophile.. - 8
Forbs
Pasque.. --18,-12
Woody Plants
Silver maple .....
-8,--14
Pussy willow. - 13
Hazel ....... -15
Alder ....... -16
Aspen ....... -18
Forsythia.... - 17
Cottonwood . -22
Elm... .- 19, -19
Lakes and
Rivers
Wisconsin River. -- 6
Lake Wingra.... - 10
Lake Mendota.. - 12
6- 6 days
Normal Date
March 5-15
March 16-25
March 26-
April 5
April 6-13
Average
earliness:
I
--15 days
-- 14 days
-- 9 days
-- 6 days
117
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
TABLE 14. The Cold Period, April 14-July 27, 1945.
Mammals Woody
Birds and Insects Forbs Plants
Period Early Late Early Late Early Late Early Late
April 14-20 ....................... ..... 6(17) ...... 1(17) ......
April 21 -30....5(12) 1(20) 1(11) ..... 9(16).... 4(15)....
May 1-10 ..... 1(5) 8(5) ..... 1(6) 12(16) ..... 11(16)....
May 11-20 ...........3(10)............ 12(11) 2(2) 4(7) 1(4)
May 21-31 ............................. 5(5) 5(5) 1(6) 3(7)
June 1-14 .... ...... .......2() 314) 12(6) .. 8. 89)
June 15-30 ........................... 1(12) 9(6) ....... 6(9)
July 1 -14 ............................ 3(3) 25(8) 2(4) 3(9)
July 15-27 ................. ...... 1(8) 3(2) 13(6) ....... 2(8)
PHENOGRAPH FOR 1944
In 1944, temperatures displayed a succession of
short, mild deviations from normal, much less 'sus-
tained and less radical than in 1945. March and
April were somewhat cold, May and June somewhat
warm, the shift from cold to warm occurring on
May 12. However, neither of these major periods
was intense enough, or free enough from temporary
reversals, to allow one to feel sure just which change
in temperature produced any given deviation in
phenology.
In this climate, these short mild frequent devia-
tions in weather define normality.
In 1945 March birds changed quickly from lateness
to earliness in response to warmth; in 1944 they
changed quickly in the opposite direction.
In mid-April both animals and plants returned
very briefly to near-normal dates, for reasons not
clearly vis;ble in the temperature graph. It is possi-
ble that birds were responding to the brief warm
spell in early April, and plants to the preceding
one in late March, which also opened the lakes.
Early May birds were back to normal before the
weather turned warm; the antecedent cold was evi-
dently too mild to retard them.
The emerging mammals in 1944 show the same
response to current weather as in 1945 (Table 13),
but only three species are of record:
Deviation
Woodchuck ............. _- 9 days
Chipmunk .... ............ .. ..... .. - 13 days
Spermophile ...... ................ ...- 10 days
5-day tem'erature
dev,iatin
+50oF.
+-300F.
+o10o.
The clearest fact in the March-May segment of
1944 B is the lag of plants behind animals after the
shift to warm weather on May 12. The plant curve
crosses the baseline on June 1, 15 days later than
the animal curve, and 19 days later than the general
change to warm weather.
The plant record for 1944 was analyzed by species,
as in Table 13, for behavior following the general
change to warm weather on May 12. The analysis
discloses less decisive responses, and no point of
interest not already discussed, hence it is omitted.
COLD, FROST, AND SNow EFFECTS
It is well known, but perhaps not often enough
emphasized, that winter animals, whether active or
hibernating, are subsisting on last year's solar energy,
stored either as living prey, body-fat, seeds and
fruits, or bark and buds. Winter phenology reflects
only the rate and manner in which these stored ma-
terials are drawn upon. As already pointed out, the
winter items show extreme deviation in date. This
may be due not only to fluctuating weather, but also
to lack of simultaneous development among indi-
viduals of a species, and this in turn perhaps reflects
inequalities of storage or of access to stored foods.
Of the four hard winters of the decade, 1935-36,
1939-40, 1942-43, and 1944-45, only the first shows
consistent lateness in Items 1 to 4. This was also
the hardest of the four for wintering animals (Er-
rington, 1945).
Winter snow cover may greatly advance the spring
development of plants which winter as "rosettes,"
or which otherwise retain green leaves. Thus in 1945,
after nearly continuous snow cover, chickweed
bloomed on March 20, whereas uncovered chickweed,
being frozen, usually shows no bloom until May.
Late spring frosts may either destroy the bloom
of plants, injure the buds so that no bloom develops,
or injure the plant so that bloom is deferred. Thus
all oak catkins on flat lands were killed by the frost
of April 27-28, 1946.
The same frost injured lilac buds at the Sauk
station so that further development ceased, and the
buds eventually died. An erroneous observation of
"not vet in bloom" might be made on such inhibited
buds.
The same frost injured a lupine plant at the Sauk
station. While other lupines bloomed normally from
May 5 to June 23, this plant was yellow, under-
sized, and barren. On July 19, a week after unin-
jured lupines had shed their last seeds, the injured
plant burst into vigorous bloom. Had it not been
under special observation, a completely abnormal
blooming date might have been recorded as normal
phenology.
Some frost injuries to trees are "stratified." Thus
in 1945 and 1946 frosts killed the lower blooms and
leaves of some black and white oaks, leaving the tops
of the same trees undamaged and able to bear mast.
In years of late spring frosts it is only the intra-
specific variability of blooming dates in oaks which
saves any mast at all. This variability in oaks must
have been of great importance to the passenger
pigeon, which depended on mast -of the previous
year for food during nesting.
DROUTH, TEMPERATURE, AND FLOOD EFFECTS
Once in a while a phenological record is accom-
panied by weather changes which seem to isolate
some factor in plant or animal development. When
this happens there is a chance to deduce the response
of a whole community to its weather environment.
The most important opportunity which arose dur-
ing this study has already been described in the dis-
cussion of phenographs. Some additional "natural
experiments" on plants will now be considered
briefly. Laboratory experiments, on single species
118
under controlled conditions cover the same ground,
but much more accurately. The only claim for these
cases is that whole plant communities cannot be
manipulated under laboratory conditions.
All deductions from "natural experiments" are
beset with the difficulty of distinguishing immediate
responses from lag effects. The weather often does
not permit the identification of lag effects.
DROUTH AND FIRST BLOOM
The most intense drouth of the decade extended
from April 10 to August 10, 1936. Our dates for
this year are too meagre to yield any measurement
of how this drouth affected phenology.
Four milder drouths covered the month of July
in 1937, 1939, 1940, and 1941. The date of first
bloom in 20 forbs and grasses during these four
Julys shows no conclusive retardation or acceleration
except in 1941, when July blooms were early. This
was probably momentum-earliness from a warm
April, May, and June in 1941.
July, 1946, while outside the period covered by
this report, offers a chance to check on the conclu-
sion that drouth as such does not change the date
of current first bloom. The weather was very dry
(-2.65 ins.) but the temperature was normal
(+0.8°F.). At the Sauk station (used because its
sandy soils ought to exaggerate drouth effects), 32
forbs starting bloom during July were half early
and half late as compared to their own averages. The
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
average deviation was 1.2 days early. This diversity
among species again suggests a lag effect from a
very warm May and June, the species having lost
their momentum-earliness at different rates, as they
did in 1945.
In short, five July drouths show no aberrations
in date of first bloom which are not more plausibly
ascribed to antecedent temperatures.
DROUTH AND LENGTH OF BLOOM
While no effect of drouth on date of first bloom
can be demonstrated, it is possible that drouth might
affect duration of bloom. The best comparison is
July 1945, which was cool and wet, with July 1946,
which was normal in temperature but very dry
(-2.65 ins.). Of 19 July forbs terminating before
the drouth was broken on September 5, 14 termi-
nated earlier and five later than in the cool wet
1945. The average deviation was seven days shorter
bloom in 1946. Since the average temperature in
1946 was normal, it seems likely that the prepon-
derance of shortened bloom was due to drouth. The
diversity among species is worthy of note. No marsh
species were used.
TEMPERATURE AND LENGTH OF BLOOM
The hot wet June of 1944 is now compared for
duration of bloom with the cool somewhat dry June
of 1945. Both stations are used. The comparison
is so striking that the detail for one group of eight
woods forbs is given as follows:
1944 1945 Difference
June temperature,
departure from mean ............................ +2.40F. -4.6oF. 70F.
colder, 1945
Precipitation, 3.1 ins. dryer, 1945
departure from mean .... ............. +2.62 ins -0.49 ins.
78 Small-flowered crowfoot ...................... 18 days 62 days.
104 White trillium .................. ..16, 18 36, 42
118 Jack in the pulpit ............................. 11 20
128 Waterleaf ....................... 27 35
129 Columbine .......... ............ ................. 22 41.44
135 Wild geranium ............... ..... 25 30, 46
139 Tall yellow ladyslipper ............. 15 10
149 Golden ragwort ........ ... ...... 15, 20 17, 41
Average .............1.............................. --....... 19 days
35 days 84 percent longer, 1945
Eight prairie forbs, analyzed in the same manner,
bloomed an average of 27 days in 1944 and 43 days
in 1945, again 60 percent longer during the cooler
June.
Ten woody plants bloomed an average of 14 days
in 1944 and 24 days in 1945, again 71 percent longer
during the cooler June.
In short, the cool June of 1945 prolonged the dura-
tion of bloom 60 to 84 percent in three groups aggre-
gating 26 species. This prolongation is so pro-
nounced as to leave little room for drubt. ' Despite
abundant moisture, blooming periods were short dur-
ing the hot June of 1944, but long during the cool
June of 1945. It appears that heat was the prime
cause of short duration in June, 1944.
FLOOD EFFECTS
On June 3, 1943, the Wisconsin River at the Sauk
station overflowed the sandy old fields which are the
habitat of Penstemon gracilis [162]. This species
had developed flower buds by May 31, and the buds
were about to open when flooded. The flowers were
all killed, though the plants survived and bloomed
normally in 1944.
Floods may have opposite effects on the bloom
of different species growing at slightly different
levels. Thus ragweed [298] on the sandbnrs of the
Wisconsin River may not bloom at all in dry yvarý
unless sub-irrigated by a rise of the river in mid-
sununer, whereas the same rise of water may flod
and destroy such flowers as Mimtulus ringens and
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
119
A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOE SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN
Bidens [307] which have sprung up on the receding
shoreline of the same sandbar.
The two preceding paragraphs deal with the de-
struction of blooms by floods. An even more common
case is the distortion of bloonming phenology in an-
nuals germinating on a receding shoreline. Poly-
gonum and Bidens often show a zonal phenology on
such sites, the earliest plants occurring on the higher
levels, with cumulative distortion progressing toward
the lower levels. All phenology from such sites is
unrepresentative.
COMPARISON BETWEEN STATIONS
The dates of developmental phenomena are in-
fluenced by latitude, longitude, and altitude. The
direction and magnitude of these factors is expressed,
in mass data, by Hopkins' (1918) law, which asserts
that: "Other conditions being equal, the variation
in the time of occurrence of a given periodical event
in life activity in temperate North America is at
the general average rate of four days to each degree
of latitude, five degrees of longitude, and 400 feet
altitude, later northward, eastward, and upward in
the spring and early summer."
Tables 1 to 12 offir a suitable variety of events for
a mass comparison with Hopkins' Law, but the dis-
tance between the two stations is too small to be
advantageous for this purpose. Nevertheless, as
Hopkins points out, his formula may be used not
only to predict the average difference between locali-
ties, but to evaluate the intensity of the local factors
which cause local deviations from the law. From this
viewpoint a comparison of our two stations is worth
making.
ELIGIBLE DATES
All of the animal data are excluded, because of
the difficulty, already explained, of interpolating ani-
mal dates between weekly visits to the Sauk station.
All pairs of plant dates in which a given plant
Latitude: Sauk Station 430 36' North
Dane Station 430 5' North
Difference 31'1 60'
Longitude: Sauk Station 890 40'West
Dane Station 890 25'West
Difference 15' 60'
event was recorded at both stations during the same
year are included. There are 241 such pairs from
April to June, inclusive, and 96 in July and August,
a total of 337. Because Hopkins specifies "spring
'and early sunmer" it seems advisable to segregate
the midsummer data. All items lacking sharpness,
such as budding, ripening of fruit, and harvesting
of crops are excluded. What remains is entirely
dates of first bloom.
SAUK VS. DANE STATIONS
Table 15 presents a summary of the eligible data
by months. For the period April to June, the Dane
station averages 3.3 days earlier than the Sauk sta-
tion, and each of the component months shows a two
or three day difference. In July, however, the differ-
ence is four days, and in August (on meagre data)
seven days.
TABLE 15. Difference in 337 Pairs of Dates of First
Bloom, Sauk and Dane Stations, 1935-45.
Dane Earlier in Sauk Earlier in Total Average
- - Days
Month Net Earlier
Total Total Total at
Pairs Days Pairs Days Pairs Days Dane
April .... 36 163 10 45 46 118 2.6
May ....... 81 519 19 153 100 366 3.6
June ....... 70 442 25 142 95 300 3.2
April-June.. (187) ... (54) ... (241) (784) (3.3)
July ........ 66 434 15 68 81 366 4.5
August .... 14 117 1 4 15 113 7.5
April-August 267 ... 70 ... 337 1263 3.7
Hopkins' Law
The observed three-day difference for the April-
June period is now to be compared with the expec-
tation -difference under Hopkins' Law.
=0.520 x 4 days =.................... .............. 2.08 days later
at Sauk
4
=0.250 x - days= .................................. 0.20 days earlier
5 at Sauk
N et .................................. ............................... *
..................... 1.88 days later
at Sauk
Altitude: Dane (Lake Mendota) 849 feet above sea level
Sank (Wis. R1. at Dells) 815 feet above sea level
34 feet -400 feet =.085 x 4 days
- 0.34 days
earlier al
Sank
Net expectation .................................................................
......... 1.54 days latet
at Sauk
Difference
January, 1947
120
.ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
SThe Sauk station, in short, averages about three
days later than Dane according to our observed
blooming dates, whereas Hopkins' Law would lead
one to expect only about a day and a half. This
distortion of Hopkins' Law either reflects some
undetected error, or it measures the net strength of
unknown local factors which tend to make the Dane
station earlier or the Sank station later than their
geographic positions alone would indicate.
Since both stations lie on the common frontier of
three biotic provinces, local factors might well be
more influential than within the interior of any one
province.
Of the various possible errors, the one most likely
to affect Table 15 would be the "Town vs. Country"
error, for there is no urban area at Sank. How-
ever, the urban error is believed to be inoperative
by June, whereas the earliness of the Dane station
persists beyond June. Also the earliness of the Dane
station is least in April (2.6 days). It should be
greatest in April if distorted by this error. It
seems unlikely, therefore, that this particular error
accounts for the difference between stations.
Hopkins seems to have derived his formula from
a few plants and insects in many localities. We
derive our values from many plants in two locali-
ties. Our data seem to indicate that species respond
differently to the combination of local weather and
astronomic constants like length of day. If this is
true, one might expect some non-conformity with
Hopkins' Law.
In the case of the Sauk station, the tendency to-
ward late spring frosts, working in combination with
the prolongation or momentum effects demonstrated
in this paper, might well have the effect of distort-
ing Sank phenology in the direction of lateness
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
through the spring and early summer. On the other
hand the writers have often received the impression
that the warm sands at Sauk, on certain sites and in
certain early-spring sand species, distorted the Sauk
record in the direction of earliness. These contra-
dictory distortions probably exist, but their "va-
lences" vary in such complex patterns that the mind
cannot follow them.
There is danger of over-simplifying one's mental
picture of a phenological formula like Hopkins' Law.
Table 15 shows that the Sank station was by no
means always late; it was early in 70 cases (pairs
of dates) and late in 267. Moreover a single species
often showed alternation between the two stations
in successive years. All this again indicates that
phenology reflects the interplay of many variable
factors, rather than the continuous domination of any
single factor. i ,
COMPARISON OF 1880'8 AND 1940's
Three published phenology records were found
for localities in or near the stations covered in this
study. These will now be compared with our records.
HENRY'S PHENOLOGY, 1881-1885
This record was started by Dean W. H. Henry
(1881) of the Wisconsin College of Agriculture, and
was carried through under his supervision by a suc-
cession of his graduate students (Trelease, 1884 &
1885).
In Table 16, 18 items common to Dean Henry's
record are compared with those for the Dane sta-
tion. It should be noted that his record ends with
May, but that the items are well spread in time, and
are carried through the four-year period with con-
siderable persistence.
TABLE 16. Phonology for Madison (Dane Station) 1880's vs. 1940's. Data
for 1881 from Henry (1881),
for 1883-1885 from Trelease (1884, 1885).
Species
MARCH
Silver maple, pollen............
APRIL
Lake Mendota, open ........
Hazel, pollen ................
American elm, pollen .........
Aspen, pollen ................
Cottonwood, pollen ...........
Box elder, pollen .............
Wild plum, bloom ............
MAY
Black oak, pollen .............
Lilac, bloom .................
White oak, pollen ............
Sugar maple, pollen ...........
Chokecberry, bloom ..........
American elm, fruit ...........
Asiatic honeysuckle, bloom ....
Silver maple, fruit ............
Black raspberry, bloom .......
Black locust,. bloom ...........
Average lateness, 1881-1885,
in days ....... ........
Item
No.
26
27
38
46
41
45
47
92
88
113
88
97
100
46
123
26
150
175
Recent
Aver.
3/31
4/1
4/2
4/9
4/10
4/13
4/14
.4/29
(5/3)
5/3
(5/5)
5/5
5/8
5/12
5/13
(5/15)
(5/23)
.5/29
1881
5/1
5/13
5/20
5/18;
Sauk)
5/27
1883
4/17
4/13
4/15
4/20
4/19
4/17
5/10
5/29
5/25
5/23
5/16
ý6/13
6/15
1884
4/15
4/17
4/28
4/28
5/17?
5/20
5/26
1885
4/20
4/23
4/26
5/3
5/10
5/19
5/27
6/3
5/31
Avcr.
4/20
4/-.0
4/21
4/28
5/11
5/21
5/18
5/21
5/30
6/6
1881
+ 20
+14
+17
+13
(+ 4)
,,--2
+15
Deviations
1883 1884
+17 ....
+12 +14
+15
+6 ....
+10 ....
+6 +15
+3 +14
+11 ....
+26 ....
+22 ....
(+18) ....
+ .. +12?
+ 8 +12
+14
+19 ....
(+21) ....
+18
+13 +14
1885
+19
+21
+17
+20
+26
(+16)
+14
+19
+22
(+16)
+19
Average
Lateness
1881-85
+19
+18
+12
+14
+14
+12
+19
(+16)
+13
+13
+18
(+12)
+8
+15
----I
January, 1947 A PHENOLOGICAL RECORD FOR SAUK AND DANE COUNTIES, WISCONSIN1
Of the 37 deviations from the average dates shown
in Table 16, only one (black locust, 1881) bears a
minus sign. That is to say, the early 1880's were
uniformly later in their spring phenology than the
1940's, and the magnitude of the deviation is pre-
vailingly large, averaging over two weeks (see
bottom line of table).
Such a uniform deviation raises the question: was
the weather also uniformly cold? The deviation from
monthly mean temperature, according to the U. S.
Weather Bureau were:
Mean of
107 years 1881 1883 1884 1885
February...200F. -lOF, -3oF. -40F. -160F.
March ........ 31oF. 2oF. -401. -4oF. - 6OF.
April .......... 450F. -5oF. +1oF. -2oF. - 3OF.
May.- ........ 570F. +4oF. -40F. --1OF. - 20F.
In short, only two months out of the 16 were
above normal in temperature; all the rest were cold,
and some very cold. There were two warm months,
May 1881 and April 1883. The former shows the
only minus sign in Table 16; black locust was two
days early. April 1883 was only one degree above
normal. Its phenology was uniformly late, no doubt
due to the "momentum" of the preceding March cold.
The warm May of the cold spring of 1881 was
especially noted by Dean Henry, who says: "The
large masses of snow . . . neutralized the rays of the
sun and long delayed the coming of spring, but
when vegetation once started into life, it was with
that celerity which is so characteristic of alpine and
polar regions."
The coldness and lateness which prevailed during
the early 1880's raises the question: was this period
the low phase in a climatic cycle? The best answer
is found in Wing's (1943) graph of the opening and
closing dates for Lake Mendota. During the .ntire
period 1879-1886 Mendota opened late and closed
early. During the decade 1935-1945 Mendota opened
early in nine out of 1., and closed late in ten out
of 11 years. It is clear that Dean Henry's record
coincides with a cold period, and that in this paper
with a warm period.
Whether these fluctuations are segments of a re-
curring cycle is another question which only time
can answer.
HOUGH'S PHENOLOoY, 1851-1859
During this decade, the volunteer weather observers
of the Smithsonian Institution were asked, by cir-
cular letter, to record a standardized phenology on
229 items covering "the date of putting forth and
fall of leaves, blossomung, ripening of fruit, [and]
times of appearance and disappearance of animals."
The data were compiled by Franklin B. Hough and
published in 1864.
Of some 300 stations at which observations were
recorded, three lie within or near the areas covered
in this study. These were Madison (Dane station),
Baraboo (Sauk station). and Milwaukee (50 miles
east of Dare, but on Lake Michigan, and hence not
properly comparable). These stations recorded 26
items common to our record, but few of these cover
more than a single year, 1851. These 26 items have
been analyzed by the same method used in Table
16. The analysis shows no large or consistent differ-
ence between 1851 and the recent average. The data
do not seem worth including in this paper, especially
since there is no assurrance that the recorders were
equally competent or adhered to any uniform stand-
ard.
SUMMARY
A decade of dates of 328 seasonal events at two
stations, 33 miles apart, were analyzed and compared
with prior records.
Spring events during the decade 1935-1945 were
two weeks earlier than the same events at the same
station in 1881-1885.
The northern station is three days later in spring
than the southern one, which is twice the expectation
under Hopkins' Law. The difference between the
two stations is least in early spring and greatest in
midsummer.
The year-to-year variability of events, as compared
with their own averages, tends to be greatest in early
spring, and decreases progressively through May.
Some plants show little variability in date of first
bloom; they seem to be governed more by length of
daylight than by current weather. White clover, the
least variable plant, has a standard deviation of 2.4
days, which is only a third of that prevailing in other
plants during the same month.
Some birds show little variability in arrival date,
despite the fact that they winter in or beyond the
tropics where changes in length of day are much
less pronounced. The least variable birds were rose-
breasted grosbeak (3.1 days) and upland plover
(3.2 days), both only a third of the deviation pre-
vailing in other contemporary migrants.
Bird migration responds to changes in tempera-
ture much more quickly than the bloom of plants.
In 1945 the momentum of an early warm period per-
sisted in plants through two months of subsequent
cold. This momentum caused early bloom in white
trillium despite the fact that it was still underground
during the warm period.
Duration of bloom in a cool dry June, as com-
pared with a hot wet June, was protracted 60 to
84 percent in various groups of plants.
Dates of first bloom in five dry Julys did not
differ from average except in two years, which were
early, probably by reason of antecedent heat. In
one very dry July, drouth seemed to shorten dura-
tion of bloom.
Phenological records are subject to many errors,
but these do not affect all species or seasons alike.
A comparison of two independent phenologists show
a third of 39 pairs of dates identical, a third up to
two days apart, and a third up to 11 days apart.
121
122
ALDO LEOPOLD AND SARA ELIZABETH JONES
REFERENCES
Anderson, Harry G., W. S. Feeney, Theodore M. Sperry,
& John Catenhusen. 1942. Birds of the University of
Wisconsin Arboretum. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts
& Letters 34: 5-22.
Anonymous. 1941. Climate and man. Yearbook, U.' S.
Dept. Agr. Wash., D. C. 1248 pp.
Barger, N. R., Elton E. Bussewitz, Earl L. Loyster, Sam
Robbins, & Walter E. Scott. 1942. Wisconsin birds,
a preliminary check list with migration charts. Wis.
Soc. Ornith. 32 pp.
Buss, Irven 0. & Arthur S. Hawkins. 1939. The upland
plover at Faville Grove, Wisconsin. Wilson Bul. 51:
202-220.
Deam, Charles C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Dept. Con-
serv. Indianapolis, 1236 pp.
Errington, Paul L. 1945. Some contributions of a fif-
teen-year local study of the northern bobwhite to a
knowledge of population phenomena. Ecol. Monog.
1: 1-34.
Fassett, Norman C. 1938. Spring flora of Wisconsin.
Univ. Wis. 176 pp.
Hamilton, William J., Jr. 1943. The mammals of east-
ern United States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, 432
pp.
Henry, William A. 1881. When the leaves appear. Ann.
Rept. Regents, Univ. Wis. Pp. 35-38.
Hopkins, Andrew Delmar. 1918. Periodical events and
natural law as guides to agricultural research and
practice. U. S. Monthly Weather Rev. Supplement
No. 9 (Weather Bul. 643), Wash., D. C. 42 pp.
Hough, Franklin B. 1864. Observations upon periodi-
cal phenomena in plants and animals from 1851 to
Ecological Monographs
Vol. 17, No. 1
1859. Ex. Doe. 36th Cong., 1st Sess., Wash., D. C.
538 pp.
Leopold, Aldo. 1945. The distribution of Wisconsin
hares. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts & Letters 37:
McCabe, Robert A. & Arthur S. Hawkins. 1946. The
Hungarian partridge in Wisconsin. Amer. Mid. Nat.
35: 1-76.
Merriam, C. Hart, Vernon Bailey, E. W. Nelson, & E.
A. Preble. Fourth provisional zone map of North
America. U. S. Biological Survey. (Reproduced in
Anthony, H. D. Field Book of North American
Mammals. G. E. Putnam's Sons, N. Y., 1928.)
Peterson, Roger Tory. 1934. A field guide to the
birds. Houghton-Mifflin Co., N. Y. 167 pp.
Schorger, A. W. 1929, 1931. The birds of Dane County,
Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sei., Arts & Letters 24:
457-499; 26: 1-60.
Thoreau, Henry David. 1906. Journal, vols. 7-20.
Bradford Torrey Ed. Houghton-Mifflin Co., N. Y.
Trelease, William. 1884. When the leaves appear. First
Annual Report of the Agricultural Exp. Sta. of the
Univ. of Wis. for 1883, Madison, pp. 56-73. Rept.
1885, When the leaves appear and fall, Second Annual
Agr. Expt. Sta. Univ. Wis. for 1884, pp. 59-66.
Weaver, John E. & Frederic E. Clements. 1938. Plant
ecology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. Y., 601 pp.
Whitson, A. R. 1927. Soils of Wisconsin. Wis. Geol.
and Nat. Hist. Survey Bul. 68. 270 pp.
Wing, Leonard W. 1943. Freezing and thawing dates
of lakes and rivers as phenological indicators. U. S.
Monthly Weather Rev. 71: 149-158.
Wodehouse, Robert P. 1945. Hayfever plants. Chronica
Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass. 245 pp.
Wright, A. A. & A. H. Wright. 1933. Handbook of
frogs and toads. Comstock Pub]. Co. Ithaca, 231 pp.
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Blbo 'Iconolb
THE CHASE JOURNAL: AN EARLY RECORD
OF WISCONSIN WILDLIFE
ALDO LEOPOLD
University of Wisconsin
In building technique for wildlife restoration, it is of great
value to have precise and dependable records of its decline.
Usable records are scarce. A usable record is one in which all
variables but one tend to be averaged out, either by a long span
of space, or by a long span of time.
A shooting journal is valuable when it presents the bag of
an individual or fixed group, hunting one locality, by one meth-
od, at regular intervals, through a long period of years. Such a
record is the W. H. Chase Journal, recently presented to the
Wisconsin Historical Library. This digest and analysis is pre-
pared to make its contents available to other students.
Walter Howard Chase began the Journal in 1873 at the age
of fifteen and continued it through 1896, when he moved to Sul-
livan, Illinois. He died in 1934.
The Journal recorded his bag by species for each calendar
year from 1873 to 1896. There are no notes or comments ex-
cept an annual note on the opening and closing dates of Lake
Wingra, and another dividing the duck bag as between spring
and fall. The page for 1879 is missing, the stub bearing evidence
of childish fingers wielding a scissors at some later time. The
year 1895 is also missing.
Lake Wingra, with its immediate environs, was the theatre
of the hunting operations. It is one of the five "Madison Lakes"
and lies on the outskirts of Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin.
Part of the terrain is now covered with suburban residences, a
municipal park, and a golf club; the remainder lies largely
within the University of Wisconsin Arboretum. Since the Ar-
boretum is now a centre for wild life research work, this record
of its early fauna is of special interest.
The general accuracy of the Journal is attested by attendant
circumstances. The bags are recorded by tally marks, entered
in changing inks, pens, and pencils, which means they were tal-
Reprinted from the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of
Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. 30, pp. 69-76. t93
70 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Fig. 1. Game killed around Lake WIngra by W. H. Chase. lied currently, and not "estimated" at the end of the season. Chase also collected an herbarium of 1,000 plants, now a part of the University Herbarium. The species determinations attest his competency as an amateur naturalist. The Chase home, in which W. H. Chase lived during the pe- riod of the Journal, is on the shore of Lake Wingra. Dr. Samuel H. Chase, his brother, tells me that his hunting ground was bounded on the north by "Marston's Woods" (now Nakoma) and on the east by the "Dead Lake Ridge," a moraine dividing Lake Wingra from Lake Monona. Toward the west it extended at times as far as Verona. Toward the south it included all of the peat and marl lowlands, then known as the "Big Marsh," now comprising the east end of the Arboretum. Ducks were hunted with boat and decoys, but often also by jump-shooting. Dogs were used during the entire recorded period, the names of three appearing on the cover of the Journal. W. H. Chase fished in other counties of the state, but seldom if ever hunted there, hence the bags in the Journal are quite surely local to the Win- gra area.
TABLE I.
W. H. CHASE JOURNAIL GAME KILLED ON AND NEAR LAKE WINGRA,
MADISON, WISCONSIN
Bag
Corn-
Journal Autho's
per
Names Identification 1873 1874 187S 1876 1877 187S 1879
1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894
1895 1896 Total cent
Redhead 12 8 1
1 4 8 3 3 6 1 1 1 3
52 4
Canvasback
1 2
3
Bluebill LesserScaupRingneck? 15 43 78
28 20 16 15 24 24 5 2 10 11 20 7 39
12 369 2i
Scaup Duck Greater Scaup?
14 9 13 6 31 12 12 Z6 5
128 9
Whistler American Goldeneye 2 1
1 4 6 2
16
Butterball Bflebead 2 5 10
12 4 8 S 2 S 2 6 10 2 3
2 78 5
Ruddy Duck
1 1 1 1 1
5
Mergansers (Undifferentiatud) (M)
(1) (1) (Q)
(5)
Old-wives Old Squaw I 5 3
13 1
Mallard 1 3 7
37 2 7 7 23 7 10 6 2 18 18 17 9 6 10
190 13
Widgeon
1 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 6 4
2 24 2
Spoonbill Shoveller 4
4 1 1 3 1 1
15 1
Greenwing Teal (including undifer. (20) (20) (33)
78 45 20 9 14 15 8 15 6 3 22 7 2 (12) 10
339 21
entiated teals) (species not differentiated)
Bluewing Tea
22 1 S 2 1 2 3 6 8 1 4
55 5
Wood Duck 1 9 4
7 10 13 16 19 1 S 9 11 18 19 2 5 12
161 11
Pintail 3
7 2 1 6 4 1 4 9 5 2
44 3
Gray Duck Gadwall? 1 2
3
TOTAL DUCKS (50) (90) (60) 60 96 144
212 100 92 64 133 81 45 66 14 53 84 67 47 39 87
t6 1500 100
Pigeon PassengergEoa 70 50 105 88 43 25
7 25 1 23 2 20 4
463
Snipe 25 10 10 S 8 3
12 10 4 5 9 10 4 37 6 6 4 8 14
200
Woodcock 1 2 2 1
1 3 2 2
14
King Rail 7 15 10
32
Plover ? 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 3
21
Partridge Ruffed Grouse 10 9 4 7 7 15
2 3 1 10 8 1 7 3 3 1 3
94
Chickens Pinnated Grouse 4 2 4
2 2
14
Quail Bobwhite 1
1
2
Rabbit Cottontail 5 3 6 3 8
10 1 3 8 5 6 2 9 8 13 2
94
PER CENT OF DUCKS KIE D IN SPRING 16 23
17 7 11 8 24 47 7
72 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.
I have summarized the bags by species and years in table 1.
The trend of the bag in certain species is depicted in the graph
(Fig. 1). On Dr. Samuel H. Chase's authority, I have lumped
two "summer ducks" with wood duck in the table, also nine
"winter ducks" with goldeneye. These are evidently slips into
the local vernacular. The distinction in the table between
"Scaup" and "Bluebill," and the identity of "gray
duck" as gad-
wall, may both be considered as doubtful. "Bluebill" probably
includes Ringnecks. The identity of "plover" I have not ven-
tured to guess. Certain bags of rails, blackbirds, mudhens, bit-
terns, cranes, hawks, owls, skunks, muskrats, and an eagle
appear during the youthful period, all undifferentiated as to
species. These are omitted from the table for brevity. Undif-
ferentiated teals and mergansers appear in parenthesis.
Passenger Pigeon. Chase witnessed only the closing scenes
of the pigeon tragedy. W. B. Mershon (pp. 113, 115) states that
the last big Wisconsin nestings were at Eau Claire, Tomah and
Augusta in 1871. This was two years before the Journal began
in 1873, but Chase nevertheless bagged 70 pigeons in that year.
Mershon (p. 152) mentions an unverified report of a nesting
southwest of Lac Vieux Desert in 1874, and of another near Fort
Atkinson about the same time. Both would fall within the Jour-
nal period.
Dr. Samuel H. Chase, who was born in 1873, remembers as a
boy seeing pigeons in the "Sisters' Woods" adjoining the Chase
residence. They were so thick as to weigh down the oak trees
from which they were gathering mast, and so close that he could
see the ripple in each lustrous throat as each acorn "went down."
This must have been in about August 1882, a decade after the
last verified* Wisconsin nestings, and six years before W. H.
Chase bagged his last pigeon in 1888. Dr. Samuel H. Chase saw
his last pigeons in 1885-a spring flock of 12 birds. Mershon
records the last scattered Wisconsin flocks as seen in Florence
county in 1884, Lake Winnebago 1897, and Lake Butte des Morts
1897. The record ends with the single bird killed by Emerson
Hough at Babcock about 1900.
The conclusion is that the disappearance of Wisconsin pig-
eons was no sudden debacle-they occurred in decreasing num-
bers for nearly three decades after the big nesting of 1871.
* A. W. Schorger has since recorded nestings in 1882.
73
Leopold-The Chase Journal
Ducks. The percent composition of the kill (last column on
right in table) indicates the former relative abundance of spe-
cies on Lake Wingra. Scaup, greenwing teal, and mallard com-
prise 59 per cent of the recorded bag.
Aside from this question of composition of the kill, the main
value of the duck record is as possible evidence of trends in duck
abundance.
The annual kill from 1873 to 1880 shows a steady climb (see
graph), but this may represent the mounting proficiency of the
youthful hunter, rather than any trend in duck abundance.
Between 1880 and 1888 follows a nearly continuous decline.
This spans the ages of 22 to 30, when most hunters are ap-
proaching their maximum of zest and skill, hence it is reasonable
to postulate a decline in local birds. Can we account for such a
trend?
It is common knowledge that Wingra is now spoiled as a duck
lake, presumably by carp. Cole (p. 547) shows that carp were
first introduced into Wisconsin about 1879, just previous to the
apparent decline in Wingra ducks. Dr. Samuel H. Chase, how-
ever, did not notice carp in Wingra until the late nineties. The
possible role of carp thus seems beset by contradictory evidence.
The decade following 1888 shows, in general, a rising curve,
ending in a sharp decline after 1894. This decline coincides
with the general drouth of the early nineties (Streiff, p. 294).
E. R. Jones, State Drainage Engineer, tells me that undrained
peat marshes in central Wisconsin suffered deep burns in 1894.
This is the only known Wisconsin record of widespread peat
fires previous to drainage, and indicates extremely low water
tables.
Wing, in his exploration of waterfowl cycles, shows a Brant
bag curve (p. 349) for Monomay Island, Massachusetts. The
general trend parallels the Brtickner cycle of the sun, but during
the two periods here under consideration, the trend is opposite
that of the Chase curve. The minor oscillations, however, in-
elude a number of coincidences with the Chase curve: a low in
1888, a high in 1891, a low in 1893, a high in 1894, and a low in
1896.
The only conclusion which can be drawn is that if many local
journals could be fused into one continuous record, it might shed
important light on past fluctuations in waterfowl.
74 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.
The abrupt termination of Old Squaws after 1878, after ap-
pearing in the bag for the three preceding years, is suggestive
of sporadic changes in the movements of this species. Schorger
records the reappearance of Old Squaws on the Madison Lakes
in 1913, 1925, and 1929. The bird seen in 1929 was in the Na-
korea Golf Club spring near Lake Wingra.
Woodcock. The small kill, all grouped in two periods, is sug-
gestive of fluctuating abundance. Howard F. Weiss saw 22
woodcock in one day on the Arboretum in April, 1933, and I soon
after saw 18. All three of these possible "highs" fall in periods
of apparent duck scarcity.
Phillips thinks New England woodcock increased during the
years just previous to 1925.
Leopold and Schorger (p. 189) record a decrease of jack-
snipe in Dane County during the period 1919-1929, since fol-
lowed (in my opinion) by an increase during the present period
of duck scarcity.
All these fragments collectively suggest the need for an in-
vestigation of shorebird population levels, including a possible
fluctuation inverse to ducks.
King Rail. This species is still an uncommon but regular
breeder on Wingra. Again the lumping of the bag in the period
1873-1875 is suggestive of fluctuating abundance. Dr. Samuel
H. Chase remembers these birds as common about the family
boathouse in the late 70's when he was a small child, but he killed
none until about 1889. This suggests an intervening period of
scarcity.
Ruffed Grouse and Prairie Chicken. Ruffed Grouse disap-
peared from the Wingra woods just before the establishment of
the Arboretum. Cahn found them present yearlong in 1915. It
is hoped that they can be reintroduced. Prairie chickens are
still present at times, but in very small numbers. A single
brood was raised in 1934.
The absence of sharptails from the record indicates they
either never occurred on Wingra, or had disappeared before the
70's. There is still a single remnant in Dane County.
It is notable that when chickens were killed at all, it was in
years of high bag in ruffed grouse. This corroborates the gen-
eral assumption that these two species share the same cycle.
Leopold-The Chase Journal
But what cycle? According to Wing (p. 359), the most probable
fluctuation to be looked for in southern Wisconsin is the solar
"half cycle" of five or six years, which peaked in 1871, 1878,
1884, and 1889. The Chase bag apparently peaks just before
1873, in 1878, in 1885-6, and again about 1888. Of course, in
such a slender bag record neither agreement nor disagreement
with the cycles is to be considered as anything more than a
hint of possible relationship.
Quail. The extremely small bag of two quail in 24 years is
noteworthy. It hardly seems likely that a young hunter with
enough shells and hunting appetite to shoot Soras, and a good
dog to boot, would either have passed up quail in the field or
failed to record them if shot. One is forced to the conclusion
that quail were scarce or absent during the Journal period.
Contrast this with the following recent census figures for the
Arboretum:
Fall Census Spring Survival
Year Authority (December) (April 1)
1929-80 Errington 37 2S
1930-31 Errington 67 58
1931-32 Errington 70 46
1932-33 Errington 41 41
1933-34 Leopold 128?
1934-35 MeBeath .. 35
These censuses represent the quail population on a somewhat
variable area, but an area always much smaller than that hunted
by Chase. Winter feeding has been practiced only since 1933-
34. One is forced to conclude that quail, at least around Win-
gra, are much more abundant now than during the Journal pe-
riod. This conclusion is negatively sustained by Leopold's chart
(Game Survey, p. 76), which records no quail highs in Wiscon-
sin during the Journal period, except one in the northwestern
counties in 1896. It is positively sustained by Dr. Samuel H.
Chase's recollections-he remembers that his father regarded as
quite a curiosity a pair of quail appearing in the family yard
about 1885.
All of the speculations in this paper concerning population
levels are recorded not as conclusions, but as a provocation to
other investigators who may have opportunity to compile other
journals, and thus ultimately make conclusions possible.
75
76 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.
Lake Record. The Journal records the following dates for
the opening and closing of the ice on Lake Wingra:
1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885
Lake opened ............ Mar. 9 Mar. 29 Mar. 23 Apr. 29 March. 2 Apr. 10
Apr. 13 April. 13
Lake closed Dec. 29 Dec. 6 Nov. 19 Nov. 16 Nov. 20 Dec. 2 Nov. 15 Nov.
24 Dec. S
1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894
Lake opened Apr. 15 ........... Apr. 13 Mar. 24 Mar. 24 ............
Apr, 2 Apr. 5 Mar. 10
Lake closed Nov. 24 Nov. 20 Dec. 12 ............ Dec. 4 ............
Nov. 18 Nov. 17 Nov. 15
1895 1896
Lake opened ........... Mar. 30
Lake closed ........... ...........
On the page for 1881 appears a note: "Water highest ever
known to me." Evidently this reflects "The Big Snow" which
fell in February and March of that year (unpublished records
of U. S. Weather Bureau, Madison).
The original Journal may be consulted at the Wisconsin His-
torical Library.
REFERENCES
Cahn, A. R. 1915. An Ecological Survey of the Wingra Springs Regon.
Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 13, pp. 1234177.
Cole, Leon J. 1904. The German Carp in the United States. Annual Report
of the Burtau of Fisheries, pp. 525-641.
Errington, P. L. 1934. Vulnerability of Bob-white Populations to Predation.
Ecology, Vol. XV, No. 2, April, pp. 110-127.
Leopold, Aldo. 1931. A Report on a Game Survey of the North Central
States. Madison, Wisconsin.
............... 1933. Wild Life Management Plan, University Arboretum.
Leopold, Aldo and Schorger, A. W. 1930. The Decline of Jacksnipe in
Southern Wisconsin. Wilson Bulletin, September, pp. 183-190.
Mershon, W. B. 1907. The Passenger Pigeon, Saginaw, Michigan.
Phillips, J. C. 1926. Wenham Lake Shooting Record and the "Farm Bag",
1897-1925. Privately printed.
Schorger, A. W. 1929. The Birds of Dane County, Wisconsin. Trans. Wis.
Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, Vol. XXIV, pp. 457-499.
............ 1931. The Birds of Dane County, Wisconsin. Part II. Trans.
Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, Vol. XXVI, pp. 1-60.
Streiff, A. 1926. Investigation of Cycles and the relation of the Brickner
and Solar Cycle. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 54, July, pp. 289-296.
Wing, L. W. 1935. Wild Life Cycles in Relation to the Sun. Proc. Amer.
Game Conf., January, pp. 345-363.
Qo 2'
-? ~ - 3 t.x r 4',-* Y 71AIMI/
DA.7- C00, N,"LA,, PlOjECT
C mbined report
CJ o zi F. r F-,ru a-ý-I ,i
Winter Feeding
Date March ist,1937 Report No._ __ anth
TowhipDane County Miles Travelled 800
Feeder Locations County Wide
Person in charge Jack Colin No. of Youths in group go
Address Court House, Madison Tel. R 5in Exf - 75
Furnish this information weekly about feeders, birds and predators
in your territory.
1. No. of Feeders___ ..... _Built Serviced 300
2.. No. of Birds seen Cocks 608 Hens 1901 Song
Prairie chickens-319
Quail 649 Phoascnts 2509 Huns 60 Ducks 50 4G*f6,
3. No. of Animals soon Kinds Eeer--9 ( 2 bucks,5 does)
4. Does snow trouble hoppers Wind Cold
5. Is there a poletrap Where located
6. Any owls cauSht Crovis Others
7. What grain used 25 tons ._qgayAmount - Ibs.
8. How often serviced Loss lbs.
9 . A n y l aw v i o l at io n s _ _ S q u i r r e l
s -Y e s
S......Squirr els-Y-es
10. Do cats trouble feeder Yes rats rabbit Ys
11. Do you get assistance from local sportsmen_--
12. Give any other helpful infornmtion
Found dead: 9 pheasants-(ltrain,2 autolfoxlmink,lbroken back
4- quail - ats3 unPt partially eaten)
4 .quail -(2 cats, 2 unknoyM-Dartially Paten)
DAN DO X" V( !.... ;FCT
VWint.er 'e , 'Lg
Date March ist,1_937 Report No._ ._v age month
Township________ Miles Travelled
Feeder Looations Territory east of Madison
Person in charge Stanley Foll No. of Youths in group_
Address 725 E. Jghnsoni 0 J1 aon, W-is Tel.
Furnish this information weekly about feeders, birds and predators
in your territory.
1. No. of Feeders Built Serviced 125
2. No. of Birds seen Cocks 308 Hens 918 Song_....
Prairie Chickens-200
Quail 240 Thoesn-ts 1226 Huns 22 Ducks 0 "Oft
3. No, of Animals seen Kinds Rabbits & sgqq1rr] ,
4. Does siow trouble hoppers Wind Cold-
5. Is there a poletrap VWhere located
6, Any owls oaught_ Crowvs Others
7. What grain used Amount
lbs.
8. How often serviced Loss
lbs.
9. Any law violations
10. Do oats trouble feeder Yes rats rabbits Yes
11. Do you get assistance from local sportsmen Yes
12. Give any other helpful information
Dead birds+ 2 quail,4 pheasant ( 2-cats,1 auto,3 unknown)
DANE CO. N,.YA, FROJECT
SCon ervat CIL W/tS~Z
Winter Feeding
Date March lst,1937 Report Not Ayt
Township shi_ _, Miles Travelled
Feeder Locations Territory west of Madisnn ..
Person in charge Herb Gust No. of Youths in group_
Address _ _Verona ,Wis. Tel.
Furnish this information weekly about feeders, birds and predators
in your territory.
1. No. of Feeders Built Serviced 100
2. No. of Birds seen Cooks - aLHens . .Z Song
Quail 409 Pheasnnts 1283 Huns 3A Ducks__ riri chickens-
119
a U bit s --_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
3. No. of Animals seen 9quirrelsKinds Deer- 2 bucks- 5 does
4. Docs 3now trouble hcppors Wind Cold
5. Is thore a poletrap . Where located
6. Any owls caught Crovs Others Foxes-8 _ _
7. What grain used .Amount lbs.
8. How often cerviced Loss lbs.
9. Any law violations_ _ _ _ _ _
10. Do cats trouble feeder Yes ratts rabbits Yes
11. Do you get assistance from local sportsmenyes
12. Give any other helpful information
Dead birds: 5 pheasants,2 quail (1-train-j q1ton1jf'ry2h kQn
back,
1 mink, 2 no telling-badly eaten6.
Dane County V
Prairie Chicken
Deer
Extract from letter from J. W. Jackson, Peb. 12, 1935:
"I also inclose an extract from an old Madison history written
in 17T4. Under
that date Major H. A. Tenney wrote as follows:
"0When I first visited Madison in 1845----game was profusely abundant.
I
repeatedly shot prairie chickens in the capitol square, and the hunting of
quail
there was common. The last deer killed within the site was in 147---an old
buck
whose way was over the University Hill. He was so sagacious that he was not
taken
until hunted at times for three years. Bears were common, wolves innumerable,
and other wild animals in proportion, In fish and fowls the present (1S74)
generation
have not the faintest conception of the enormous profusion of that period.
They
way they were slaughtered at times in mere sport was a wicked waste. In 1849
the
Winnebagoes camped near the present Insane Hospital. Spreading out over the
country they drove all the deer of all kinds toward the center and killed
all--sparing
none. They had. over 500 carcasses, when a band of citizens went over and
drove them
off, but the deer never recovered from that fatal raid."
RTUDWOF THE YUThATIO 01 THE PUT 1AND
OF DANZ QOVNTY$ WISOQ1ISI
Ant Lawrene Wrolik
toolo al studies of the vegetation on the peat lan* of the
glaxiated part of Dane Ounty, Wisonesin were oonducte with wofor.-
*noe*to the primary and the seondary plant swoessioas. The so.,
condary plant successions, brought about by several introduc
biotisallycontt-olled factors, viz,, artificial drainae, cutting
and grbbing of trees and shrbs, mwing, grazing,, burning, and
soil d isturbancs are particularly hpaaized. The pH values, the
peous ef available phshus, aM the pouns f available petash
per ore, were ale.o determind for & muber of the peat beds. The
relationship of thems factors to plant succession was stuied.
A large percentage of the peat lan has been artificially
drained by 18 moor drainage projects durin the period of ears,
1920 to 196. This has greatly gmented the n atural drainage
The bog (oxysere) succession sere has been avery comm,
primary type in the past, but has largely dieaed. Relict plants
and relict commnit ies of a muber of the charteristic bog species
are still present but these are disaearing. The hywssere type of
succession Is the most oomu primary type at the prosent time, hav-
ing largely replaced the bog type due prinoipally to ses thorough
drain". Both the bog succession sere an the hywsose begin with
the se stage of vegetation, the Assost and
terminate in the ease *voolima unit of vegetatjizo the
asU Assooies. The intervening 4evlopuamtal stages of the two sores
differ makly in acoordawcevith the effectiveness of the drainage
system.
Much of the native vegetation cover of the poet lasnd at the t1
of the advent of the white ma consisted of the JM Oonsocies stage.
There were also fairly extensive tracts of land covered with the 2
Cg socies type of vegetation.
The effects of the introd biotioally.controlled factors have
been s general in their distribution that much of the vegetation is
now undergoing secondary plant suacossions. This has resulted in
the appearance of several now developmental stages of vegetation. Th.
effects of cutting the trees, violent artificial dranae, and gub.
buig of the tree stumps and shrubs are discussed with reference to
secondary successions following the disappearance of the L0& Oonsocies
stage of vegetation. he seoondAy plant successions brought about by
artificial drainage, grauiug, and moving are, traced from the 9waat
Q Aececies stage of vegetation.
The burning of the dried vegetation on frozen or wet soils has
little effect upon th heerbaceous vegetation but will usually prevent
the successful establisheent of shrub and tree species. The buring
of the dried vegetation upon artificialy.-drained peat soils ma
ignite and destroy some of the peat. The depth of the peat destroyed
is usually only one or two inches but may be as much as three or four
feet. Such conditions may be classified into three types, Tit., su-
perficial burning, modiuma burning and deep burning. Burning partially
or completely denudes the soil of its vegetation cover. Secondary
plant successions occur upon these burne-.over land. Tahese successions
are traced from the pioneer stages to the ubclimaz type of vegetation.
The effects of soil isturbanoes, the most Iuportant of vhlah
arw the digging of drainage ditches and the oeonaqmut fomation of
ditch banks, upon the vegotation are of som laportance. Th veg-
tation in the ditches is chiefly of the hydrophytio type, wereeas
that invding the ditch bans is eitgher similsr to that of the ad-
joinin land or is one of the several oharacteristio types psmiiar
to that oiroment.
The floristio cosposition and the freoqmoy of the component
epoe.s oe given for 17 aeas repreenting 12 different types or
steps of vegetation.
Peat lans suporting either §RboeM or vegets-
tion or both had a pH of 4.1 to 68 All t other lans sampled,
lthough supprtins a diverstty of typos of vegeation, hba a pH
ra, of 6.0 to 7.7 ad st of these we within a me nr
rae of 6.1 to T.0. Peat soils uhiah bad been deply buned had
a PH of .S to9.0 at the sWa.- .
Oonsd4ewrin all depths spled, the pounMs of available phos-
-orus pew &re of the unburned peat 1lan varied vdoey. that is,
fro a trace up to 12 pounds per ac. The rw, s"id peat soils
supprtin bog susccesion vegetation of the eA an
= types had a low availabol phosphorus content, that In, 10 pou*0
or loss. With this exqeptioon, there Is no correlation botwen the
content of aveailable phosphors of the un-burn pat soils an the
typo of vegetation whoh is being supported. The severely-bum
peat soils are very low in available phosphorus in the ash layer
which W be due, i part, to the high p of 7.8 to 0.0.
The available potash content of all depths of the area sampleL
ranged from 50 to 3M pounds pe- so. There t no orrelation ber
twee the type of vegtatios cover or the pH of the soils an the
awslable ptash oo2ntot of that soil. ?h. wailable potash coatent of al1 of t)aar as, with on esxeption, whether bwa4 or unburne, waslway hghr In th uipper six-inh laye than inan one of th
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CEMETERlY .. . .. .n
MAP OF
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STATS HIGHWAY COMMISSION
OF WISCONSIN
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E. J. VANDERWALL, DIRECTOR
FORESTS S, PARKS--C. L. HARRINGTON
COOPERATIVE FORESTRY--F. G. WILSON
FOREST PROTECTION--NEI L H. LE MAY
INFORMATION & EDUCATION--
J. H. H. ALEXANDER
COOSERVATion
ERNEST SWIFT--ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
GAME MANAGEMENT--W. I
LAW ENFORCEMENT--A. J.
FINANCE--C. A. NONTLY
CLERICAL--MISS LYDIA 81
[TMflT
MADISON 2
HORI00N MARSH WILDLIFE AREA FILE REFERENCES
Horicon, Wisconsin
January 13, 1947
Professor Aldo Leooold h$ Cj
University Farm
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Dear Professor Leopold:
We have received a memorandum from William F. Grimmer request-
ing that you be suoplied with data regarding locJl oroduction of all
ducks on Horicon Marsh during the oast season.
The situation briefly is that the f'igures comoiled by Ralph
Hookins on brood counts and estimates of all ducks on the State area
during July and August are oresented in the Pittman-Robertson
qQuarterly Reoort now in the Madison office. The data would best be
ts-ken from this reoort as we do not yet have it in this office in
final form. You could easily get a copy of the report by calling
either Mr. Grimmer or Irven Buss.
During the late summer Mr. Hookins estimated that there were
between 3000 and 3500 ducks of all soecles on the area. However,
the actual number of young oroduced in the area is a rather elusive
figure to determine. We do not htve sex or age ratio figures to
a-oly to the above total estimate nor do we have any measurement of
ingress or egress.
I would exoect that ducks coming into the area after the breed-
ing season would be comoosed mainly of wood ducks and baldoates.
Egress is orobably not as an imoortant figure since our loss of
nesting redheads.
If you need any more information in this regard, please let
me know.
Very
,JRS:RD
otQ
168 N~orth Prospect Avnue
Madison, Wisconsin
:une 12, 1941
Hustisford, Wi cosin
D~ear Mr. Nuensohwander:
Udr date Of Tuine 99 Mr. Leopold w rote to me readn
the work that you were doing at Eustisford and attached a list
of the last dates of occurrence of several animls, In the
paper on the Black Bear pepared by Mr. Booker he gave 1686
as the last record for Dodge C ountyand no authori y for the
informtion. Until Mr. Leopold's e er arrived,, was oom
pletely in the dark as to the source,
t ias aac rd that I have for Dodge County is
1859, It sohppn that a bear was killed ne.ar flustisford
in 1856 but the nam of the man who kil1ed it is not given,
unfortunately. For a time I thouwht thnt. -- flh"I A..
as aut of tim
for the 1ttis-
sf r but, m
ba at Hutsfod
Sr t d I c o uow it escaped mention.
Ur* Leopold states that 4uut Lehan kept a journal, If
You haVe not verified the 18 dte by actual inspe#~io of the
Journa, I ernetly urge you to do so,
X would like to stress the imp of e e acouraoy
in Publshing in tion of this mntre Data that depend on
sombodtomemryamvery seldom reliable, In any oase oheck
Yully possible and always olte all the
vdene for it, If shwuner killed the br it s be
possible to record the e mo eth
Insfaras I am concernd, there is nothing more distressing
than to see errors in print for the will heqae nprpetuity.
avoid some errors, but too y result fale to run the
informtion to earth., hr axe several bad errors in Beokerts
paper on the last dates for the Blak Bear in the sothern
oties, For misuse of the Newspaper Notes,
Was 4
tryli
ford
f or
H5XV
as 1A
Mr. Herbert Nnenschwander
June 12, 194.
he gives 1884 for the last date of
Bear in Oreen County, The Bear to
actually killed in Clark County*
the occurrnce of the Black
which the citation refers was
Do you know who has possession of Schwender"s Journal?
It would be a splendid t if it could be scoued for the
Wisconsin Kistorical Society.
Very truly yours,
A~VMkA* W, aSohre
*-2
X'VS:MA
W las 14on trpo In0 w. by Imstb Schoeer Hs~tiefort5*p tostillt
about 1$OM.
1"~t oe)4U4 ** ~in mobbba$ Tonap Re mth of @,Crok
AU~l Xlr~f bftstisord W hid up to IM kile by Me
gtw~fhwrt Aut ?eha.u TAw ket a jerm1 ibIch va In
rie*~mt's possession up to 1$ML
*2*LZt on killd A IM 155 Wwr Leom
*LMg hjkMLat *"a In 191
4*,n oore in MApst 1ý6 iapae I t3wes
.-pA~ ftW4 Prnt -ee 1934
*EhaWnrt sof 10&1 In 193
*Th"o am U "C"ted " ftl"blo avd smUt"ti&t*4,
Dodge Co.
See article, "The H&wgrian Partridge in (Dodge Co.) Wisconsin,"
by
John Beale. Wisconsin Sportsman, Vol. 2, No. 5, April, 1938, p. 8.
Clipping filed Hungarian folder.
TEEV.AN BRuNT MFG. Co.
GRAIN DRILLS ORICONAWS.
FIELD CULTIVATORS -, 28,1936 MOLINE,IL,.
Mr..ldo Leopold,
Old Entomology Bulding,
Madison, Wisconsin
Dear Ur. Leopold :
Under separate corer I am sending you
one each of the Koriccn M.arsh booklets that I w/rote. The
white cony was our first attempt and as you will note it
carries the story in detail frc. 1837 to 1925. You can
readily appreciate that it would take a volume to cover the
last 11 years, if one wanted to set it up in detailed form.
However, the little brown booklet only hits the high spots
end covers the story from 1837 to 1935 inclusive.
W{e have sent out thousands of these little
booklets and they are serving a mighty fine purpose all over
the country.
As you know Aldo, the louse! decision of
the Supreme Court a few months ago has certainly raised hell.
No one will ever be able to tell me that that decision was
for the benefit of the public. It is diffimult for a layman
to understand how the State can lose its rights within a period
of 20 or 25 years, as they suggest. I will bet my last dime
that this decision will be reversed before another year. In
any event the court has decided that "black is white" and
that
settles it. I hope that you will help us wherever possible to
put over the program now in effect to prevail upon the Federal
Government t, Itake over Iloricin -arsh without any further delay.
I am sure you will be able to play a strong part in such a
program as I know the Biological Survey is interested. M:y only
regret is that the professional landowners and the laýyers are
going to reap the profits on Hori'rin Marsh and the poor farmer
will be left out on the limb.
Sincr
1- .1-
I Beaver
IRA E. BURTIS
VICV PRESIDENTS
A. 0. VINZ
H. C. RECKNER
L. H. ZIMMERMAN
H. E. BUTTERBRODT
SECRTARY
KURT BLECK
TREASURER
BURT SHEPARD
ionists CMITE
FISH LIFE
PROTECTION
EDUCATION
SPORTS
LEGAL AFFAIRS
MEMBERSHIP
SHORELINES
VEGETATION
WATERLEVELS
WILD LIFE
GROUNDS
ENTERTAINMENT
PROVIDE WHOLESOME RECREATION q BEAUTIFY OUR SHORELINES
BIRING BACK GAME FISH AND WILD LIFE AT BEAVER DAM LAKE
Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
June 8, 1935
Mr. Aldo Leopold
New Soils Building
Madison, Wisconsin.
Dear Mr. Leopold:
Ed. Volkman recently handed me a copy of your letter
requesting information in regard to pheasant rearing in our region.
In response to your request, I have the following in-
formation for you:
1. Eggs received for hatching ln 1934 ............ 2,900
2. Estimated hatch ( per H. E. Butterbrodt) ....... 80 %
3. Eggs placed in Shaw Marsh area during 1934( per
H. E. Butterbrodt) 1,200
4. Feeding stations maintained in our area during
winter of 19'34-35 ( per Ben Waskow,Warden).... 15
5. Feeding stations maintained inShaw Marsh area
during winter of 1934-35,(per Ben Waskow) ..... 5
6. Pheasants liberated over and above eggs,.1934 .. None
7. We will shortly liberate aboutt 60 adult birds
which we wintered over for breeding purposes in
snots suggested and approved by Ben Waskow, Warden.
T9 exoedite mattrs, I suggest that you address your inquites
to me. Should you desire additional information, please write
me.
Sincerely yours,
~ere tary
1Mr. Ral
Infratics to fill out ft bl* spmsi mW report f
Volkm -3 3l6.*
sroawm outsid parties hwo aked me for wts of it$ bkt
I enmtIw the o~ut =U #ts are caWv ti. When m
toAk i IMI OW*" h nom tint fill In *0
'blanks in th *o&datofterprt ared out th.
Aldo L
1 maxIG 44
*m*Usm
low Soils Building
~Awi S.. 1935
Bev r D= f ~t31 *
are., also a rog 4raft of the reot I woul vteate it
if yo wA Mr. Blo woul fill in the blank figmv In t
Gow with the ro e that he fill In the blank figmes in
the report In4toatM in bla*.
As soon as thos missing figmro h boon rot"Ye
and Cow has sen -* his m~ap OR rfvto the mentor of
wint~ orrag, I will s4 rou the fia rpr and the geea~l
inventory. mp loaow Wo a b as W
I~ar ~sinwrl
Alo*4pl
id corn plow ...,.Q... , ,. . . . . . S* *
wost of Its capacity foi' at Uast a yea?
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Heio Marf was, befor Its drainae In IM0, on
ofth largest an best broirg ground and ih..tin Cru-ns in th ta
ft best taf.tre loaal "rtow agree ~on00.000 ftk per jW
th e sms' aveag mubor of d* bred an tbo uareb befor drainap,
breedin yea was 1924.
G"96 ~ brad* onRrcuu to 1909, s daubtles w=1d do so join
'east ohne toaepn this v.soI*, *Ihi to new reftoe to sk to doxes
breeing pairs in ths state.
Th first private 4ma roa in Amrio. was Instituted on Weber's
?.Md Horicon Mard by A. #. Lagsa In 1891.
Nuwinen has alway held & breeei popuation of rawirt abi*meo
In addition It also prob2l Is a wintering Croi few .ai&~t ohi*a
fros the nort, bat thsis to onoouel.
A hftypesn Ppulation winters on th mars, and a leser&vb~
als bre" th" This pb*&m population Us built up within
th past
five years. The wer ow or peaats tbers in 1929.
Hungaia patridges hae nw i exto their rse nrthward to
within thre. miles of %b souhend oftevrk
Ea~gl*As in thea& of other peat mvares whc b.ws sufertedi P~t
firse, It to bpossible eauat to predic th bftto voptation if reflood4s
valmh IA. 141K
-=-hm" Impossible to preict the stand of gme, 1b. silU hat boonhap
topgrahr am Us.essentially7altered in tbat tbs old condt1a of a
obsrate rver with a grdent aoat be r~stord Ree it is not to be
- that rofl.41in will wotae the pro-dria e soo y The o
plant and anlw oxmty will be, dfferet-ot~er perhap in mem wempoctso.
and wore* In **re
That burne poat s till have waterfow valu to indicated by th#
ftmrble bhItor vf Thers M~oh wM*c lies Jftst up the rver. &a&
Is of
*1*11wr *iaamtW. Thi wes In part teympoaiy refl~oodd In 1928 and prow1
displaye san d o 'both as a "tgsan asv Ue ~M . It to a resonamble
ho etht H i if %%flooded. will add 25 per cent to te puosus breeding
OUS4t of the slats.
lIt to 5 nerl a craint that Its utility forupln gem*# especially
phoaumst will be grater by reason of th41ahwm
It to xwrl a toarItaiy that the ratio between diving and puddle d
will be mr s ilo bAn befor drAae ?Me is partly a matte of
411*v, and partl ofb#5 du post bales whih il UII open water,
Zia smo Il# at& smat applie s " toth prospets for fn
amtamls
an fish
Three of about 800 lake trout tagged'and released in
Lake Michigan and Green Bay last fall have been recaptured.
One of the fish was recaught in Little Bay de, Noc in
Michigan waters, having traveled a distance of about
40 mni1s~n
wn chapter,
wolves on
four feeding
*rds at this
.es. Our feed-
Lrsh.. We were
one day
and also
On our
ýse 4dogs'
iot a bone or
how many
ast have been
still at large,"
wolves.
ar and in
Dedtert Grain
birds in Dodge
Deding period
500 birds.
at of it. The
Sfrom 50 to
aat we were
ppreciated it."
found as a definite result of its energy.
it by no means
Lead birds being
17*
A total of 51,641 game birds were reared on Wisconsin
commercial game farms during 1935. This bird production
included 48,933 pheasants, 297 quail, 36 Hungarian
partridge, 1,691 ducks and 684 wild geese*
WOMEN' S' CLUBS
The Milwaukee County Federation of Women's clubs
announces that it is continuing its program of public
education through the medium of the annual bird house,
essay and poster exhibit to be held in the rotunda of the
Milwaukee Public library, April 4 - 12. Awards and ribbons
will be given winners.
Essay and poster projects will be eligible for entry.
in the state exhibit sponsored by the Wisconsin Federation
of Women's clubs. Boys and girls between the ages of 9 and
16 are invited. to participate. The exhibit is shown at
the annual c~onvention of the Wisconsin State Teachers'
association each year.
ALMA CENTER
L. W. Thompson, secretary of the Alma Center Rod and
Gun club, says he was interested in the story about catch-
ing carp with peas in the March Bulletin
"About using peas for bait, I have heard of. that
before," he says. "But instead of using a fly rod they
use a club. They just dump a few peas in the water and
when the fish come up to take a pea they hit them on the
head."
Mr. Thompson says the birds are coming through the
winter in good shape and announces that the gray fox that
preyed on the pheasants at the feeding stations has been
dispatched. A friend borrowed his coon dog and now there
is another hide hanging from the rafters, he says.
LEGACY FOR BIRDS
The Lake Hallie Gun club, which has ceased operation,
has turned its cash balance over to John Craemer, Eau
Claire, to be used to supply grain for winter bird feed-
ing. R. E. Lindmark, secretar. r of the club, notified
0. L. Fisher, chairman of thelau Claire County Game and
Fish committee, of the availability of the additional
funds for bird feeding.
President
If Wiý. J. P. ABRGDR
Gay Building
Madison. Wis.
My. 2XVIA.iltu dOhflU9 VImaau v.c
lZAAK W alton Angus McDonald, Three l4akes, Wis.
1t r-oss8ertty
Eugene Woodhouse, Lancaster, Wis.
DIRECTORS FOR 2 YEARS
DIRECTORS FOR 3 YEARS
Aldo Leopold, Madison, Wis.
Senator Geo. Blanchard, Edgerton, Wis.
Dr. C. F. N. Schram, Beloit, Vfis.
William F. Borges, Milwaukee, Wis.
Reverand Dr. J. A. Holmes Appleton, Wis. Dr.
E6 E. Gallagher, LaCrosse, Wis.
Facts About Horicon Marsh
The powerful outside drainage interests are making another desperate
effort to prevent the restoration of Horicon
Marsh as provided by the 1927 session of the Wisconsin Legislature. They
are the same vicious interests that have used the
Horicon Marsh as a commercial football during the last 25 years and they
are also responsible for Bill 444A and Bill 737A, re-
cently introduced, which if passed, would repeal or make absolutely useless
one of Wisconsin's greatest conservation measures.
As usual they are using the innocent farmers adjacent to Horicon Marsh as
a smoke screen to conceal their real motives and to
make it appear as though we are fighting the farmers.
At a recent hearing, held in Madison before the assembly committee
on conservation, they presented a wild scheme
which, if put into effect, would create a hand-made wild life refuge consisting
of about 3500 acres in the center of the marsh.
Truthfully speaking it would be nothing more than a slaughter pen as their
scheme further elaborated, reveals a proposal to set
aside an area of about 5500 acres surrounding the wild life refuge as public
shooting grounds. Cleverness is further displayed
in trying to conceal the fact, by describing the remaining part of Horicon
Marsh, consisting of a huge area of about 20,000 acres,
as other marsh lands. The opposition freely admit that these other marsh
lands will mean private shooting grounds, private
trapping grounds, and it will also mean that the public will be barred forever
from these lands by the "keep off under penalty"
method.
Picture in your own mind a wild life refuge of about 3500 acres
entirely surrounded by an area of about 25,000 acres
filled with hunters and killers of every description. This is the scheme
the drainage gang is trying to sell to the State of Wis-
consin, and a part of this wild scheme is incorporated in bill 737A. Even
the most skeptical cannot help but admit that it is
nothing more than a huge joke from every viewpoint, and furthermore
the wild life on Horicon Marsh would have
about as much chance under such conditions as a snowball in H-, and yet they
have gall enough to call this scheme a conserva-
tion measure.
Tremendous pressure was brought to bear by these keen, clever,
masterminds to bring about the passage of
Bill 444-A, and now they are applying this saire kind of high powered pressure
to bring about the passage of their latest inven-
tion, scheme No. 737A. However, underlying this scheme there is a real purpose;
and that is to place the State of Wisconsin in
a position where it must buy every foot of Horicon Mars-hlands, required
for the hand-made wild life refuge and public shooting
grounds, from the drainage gang, at their own price, and at the same time
pay for the huge program of dredging, ditching and
diking as proposed in this amendment.
Horicon Marsh has been drained for nearly twenty years, and the
greatest paradise for wild life in the Northwest
has been wantonly destroyed. From an agricultural standpoint it has been
a dismal failure. As it is now only the drainage
promoters, schemers and exploiters, are able to find fertile fields for suckers
and innocent victims. The drainage gang and their
willing tools have just recently been able to induce the Dodge County Board
to pass a resolution favoring this wild scheme.
About a year ago this same County Board passed a resolution condemning the
legislative act of 1927, in entire disregard of the
fact that conservation and preservation of wild life on a scale of this magnitude,
is entirely without the jurisdiction of a County
Board to cope with. Bear in mind that the author of this hand-made wild life
refuge scheme Is now, and has been for a number
of years, a member of the Dodge County Board, which accounts for these resolutions
being introduced and acted upon. How-
ever, the entire scheme has the ear-marks of the drainage gang, but even
granting that, it is indeed difficult to understand why
this board would permit these outside high-powered drainage interests to
influence, in any way, some of its members. Un-
fortunately, some of the County Board members have also been led to believe
the unfair propoganda and false statements the
drainage gang is capitalizing on, and that is to the effect that the legislative
act of 1927 provides for the flooding of the mars~h,
and which they have stressed as meaning high, dangerous and destructive waters.
The truth of the matter is, that the act pro-
vided only for restoration and putting the waters back to the levels that
existed prior to the drainage steal.
Horicon Marsh, before drainage, was a natural reservoir which
acted like a -huge sponge and held the rainfall and
other waters over a great territory of about 480 square miles, and permitted
the waters to drain off gradually, without damage
to lands and other property below the marsh along Rock River.
The illegal private drainage of Horicon Marsh has resulted in
hurling of flood waters down the straight ditches and
down the channels of Rock River in excessive volume and with terrific force,
causing the waters of the Rock River to overflow
and flood the adjacent lands, thereby destroying crops and other property.
President First Vice-President Second Vice-President
Third Vice-President Secretary-Treasurer
WYC. J. P. ABERG H. C. BERNDT LOUIS RADKE
HAROLD PUGH FRANK N. GRAASS
Claw 'RTMltnv l'P-A A. T..P, Uric T-nritnn Wi.
"Raci'ne Wis Stllr11wen B-.V Wis.
WISCONSIN DIVISION
Al
DIRECTORS FOR 1 YEAR
hank Walton Angus MeDonald, Three 4akes, Wis.
For Fosterity
Eugene Woodhouse, Lancaster, Wis.
DIRECTORS FOR 2 YEARS
DIRECTORS FOR 3 YEARS
Aldo Leopold, Madison, Wis. Senator
Gee. Blanchard, Edgerton, Wis.
Dr. C. F. N. Sebram, Beloit, Wis. William
F. Borges, Milwaukee, Wis.
Reverand Dr. J. A. Holmes, Appleton, Wis. Dr.
EX E. Gallagher, LaCrosse, Wis.
-Pate 2-
The Farmers' and Citizens' Land Protective League, consisting
of more than three hundred farmers, business men
and riparian owners along Rock River South of Horicon way down to the Mississippi,
are also asking for the state's protection
against the drainage menace. Conservative estimates have been made that hundreds
of thousands of dollars damages has been
done to the cities of Watertown, Jefferson, Janesville, Beloit, Rockford,
Illinois, and other cities and villages along the river.
The most feasible plan to provide this needed protection is by putting In
the proposed dam or dams so as to regulate the flood
waters on Rock River below Horicon Marsh.
The act of the 1927 legislature provides, among other things,
that the necessary dam or dams be built to raise and
maintain the water-levels as they were prior to the gigantic steal, or when
Horicon Marsh was, according to the records,
drained 'illegally.' Both branches of Rock River, a navigable stream, were
cut and slashed into ribbons by huge drainage
ditches, and large areas of waters destroyed in open defiance of the decision
of the Wisconsin Supreme Court. That honorable
body rendered an opinion on April 17th, 1908 as follows: 'We hold Rock River
a3 a navigable stream, and that no authority of
law was delegated to the commissioners, to impair or appropriate it for drainage
purposes, and that the drainage district order
would have that effect. This case is reported in Volume 135 of the Wisconsin
Reports, on pages 227 to 238. The petition was
then dismissed and a motion for rehearing was denied September 29th, 1908.
Not withstanding the Supreme Court decision, and
without any authority or permission of any kind, they proceeded and put over
this gigantic drainage steal. They further showed
their utter contempt of Wisconsin's Court decisions, by rendering a statement
about as follows, and which is supported by an
affidavit: "We the Rock River Valley Land Company didn't care a damn
how the Supreme Court decided the Horicon Marsh
case, that the Hustisford Dam would also be taken down and Horicon Marsh
drained, and that said Rock River Valley Land Com-
pany -had too much money invested in that enterprise to stop now, no matter
how the case was decided."
Let it be remembered that on April 22nd, 1927, nearly the entire
legislature made an inspection trip through the
Horicon Marsh to ascertain the facts regarding it. About two weeks later,
the drainage gang sponsored a trip around the
marsh at which time a great number of these same legislators were their guests.
Those trips resulted in convincing nearly all
of these men that Horicon Marsh is suited only for the propogation of wild
life.
Furthermore, in 1928 the conservation commission complied with
the law by placing hundreds of wild life refuge
signs around Horicon Marsh, and for the first time since the coming of the
white man, this famous territory was barred to
hunting and trapping. However, to make the refuge a real success, it is necessary
to have the water levels established and
maintained, but the drainage gang interferred by enjoining the railroad commission,
conservation commission, and other depart-
ments of the state. The drainage gang has raised many questions and objections
to the law as passed, consequently the Supreme
Court of the State of Wisconsin will soon pass upon all the legal questions
that are involved. In view of the fact that this is
their case, it is difficult to understand why they are so alarmed over the
situation, and why they are so anxious to have the 1927
act of the legislature repealed or replaced by a substitute bill or amendment
drawn up to their way of thinking.
This brazen attempt on the part of the drainage gang to have
this great conservation measure repealed, modified, or
changed, is a challenge, or rather an insult to the intelligence, ability,
and good judgment of the members of the 1927 legisla-
ture, who saw fit to carry out the will of the people of the state, by voting
practically unanimously in favor of the legislation
necessary to make the entire Horicon Marsh a real wild life refuge, such
as nature had intended it to be.
We earnestly appeal to the members of the 1929 legislature to
stand squarely behind the legislation passed by
their colleagues in 1927. In other words, Bill 444A and Bill 737A or any
amendment called a compromise, should be killed abso-
lutely. Public sentiment is with you in favor of the legislative act
of 1927 as indicated by the endorsement of these
many great forces; practically every newspaper in the State of Wisconsin,
also farm publications, civic organizations, cham-
bers of commerce, American Legion, game protective associations, rod and
gun clubs, Izaak Walton League of America, flood
control organizations, prominent farmers, Federation of Women's Clubs, and
the 115,000 petitioners and their host of friends,
that clamored for state intervention during the 1925 session of the Wisconsin
Legislature.
Do not be deceived by the unfair and false propaganda, as the
issue is clear cut "INDISCIB[XINATE DRAINAGE
VERSUS CONSERVATION"
Vice-President Wisconsin I. W. L. A.
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Northern States Amateur
Field Trial Association,
Inc.
CLARE L. WILDNER,
Sec'y-Treas.
FOREWORD
The demands each year, of the
Northern States Amateur Field Trial
Association, Inc., require more than
ordinary attention and activity on the
part of your officers, Board of Gov-
ernors, and the Secretary's office.
The fast changing tempo of our
field trial activities requires careful
consideration be given to our part in
the world of field trial programs. To
you, the members, we are deeply
grateful, realizing that no field trial
association is any greater than its
membership.
Any further constructive program
that we have, or advance, will be
measured only by the enthusiasm,
general assistance, and finances,
pledged by the whole membership.
SEC -TREAS.
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I.
The Northern States Amateur Field Trial
Association, Inc., principal office, Superior,
Wis., is established for the purpose of im-
proving pointers and setters, especially
through the medium of holding field trials
to test their field qualities; to increase the
interest in legitimate sport with dog and
gun; to promote good fellowship, social in-
tercourse and acquaintance among sports-
men and a greater refinement in the use of
dog and gun; to encourage respect for and
the enforcement of all laws enacted for the
protection of game, and to assist and en-
courage the propagation and conservation of
game birds.
ARTICLE II.
The officers of the association shall be a
President, a first and second Vice President
and a Secretary-Treasurer. They shall be
elected immediately after the annual meet-
ing of the Association by the Board of
Governors, and shall hold office during the
fiscal year, January 1st to December 31st,
or until their successors shall have been
elected.
ARTICLE III.
Section 1. The government and manage-
ment of the Association shall be conducted
and controlled by a Board of Governors, to
be composed of seven members of the As-
sociation, all of whom shall be elected at
the annual meeting of the Association, and
shall hold office for one (1) year, Jan. 1st
to Dec. 31st, or until their successors have
been elected. The Board of Governors shall
elect the officers from their members ex-
cept the Secretary-Treasurer, who may or not be a memoer of the Board of Governors. When a vacancy for any reason occurs in the Board of Governors or among the of- ficers, the President shall appoint a member to fill the vacancy, with the approval of the Board of Governors. The interpretation of all rules and the decision upon all matters not provided for in this Constitution and By-Laws shall be entrusted to the Board of Governors of the Association. Sec. 2. The powers of the Board of Gov- ernors shall be subordinate to that of the Association, and the Association may at any meeting instruct the Board of Governors as to its action upon any matter, or may annul any former action of the Board. Sec. 3. Four members shall constitute a quorum of the Board of Governors for the transaction of any business. Sec. 4. The President of the Association shall be the Chairman of the Board of Gov- ernors and the Secretary of the Association shall be its Secretary. Sec. 5. The Board of Governors shall have the power to appoint committees and define their duties; to hear and determine all charges against members of the Association, and to expel any member for cause deemed by the Board to be sufficient; to examine the books of the Secretary-Treasurer, and to remove any officer of the Association for such cause as it may deem sufficient; to manage and conduct all field trials by and through such members of the Association as it may delegate for such purpose; to de- cide on all matters pertaining to the Asso- ciation and its affairs not otherwise pro- vided -for, and to hear and determine all
disputes and controversies ai'ising from the
field trials or otherwise. They may from
time to time make regulations upon matters,
not herein provided for and not inconsistent
with the Constitution and By-Laws. They
shall cause to be prepared annually a de-
tailed statement of the financial condition
of the Association showing its receipts and
expenditures during the preceding current
year, the number of members and other
matters of interest, which report shall be
presented at the annual meeting of the As-
sociation (in passing on matters of business
between meetings, written assent of four
members shall be construed as affirmative
action of the Board ) It shall be the duty
of the Board of Governors to pass on all
membership applications.
ARTICLE IV.
Section 1. Any resident of the United
States or Canada who is of good character
and standing, shall be eligible to member-
ship in the Association on payment of the
regular Association membership fee.
Sec. 2. The annual dues of members
shall be due and payable January 1 of each
year.
ARTICLE V.
Section 1. The annual meeting of the As-
sociation shall be held during the annual
field trials of each year. Special meetings
of the Association may be called by the
President at any time, and shall be called
by him on written request of any three
members of the Association, provided that
if, in the opinion of the Board of Governors,
such meeting shall be for good and suffi-
cient reason. Notice of such meetings of
the Association shall be given through the
mails.
"ARTICLE VI.
Section 1. This Constitution may be al-
tered, amended or added to at any regular
annual meeting of the Association by a two-
thirds vote of members present and in good
standing.
BY-LAWS
I.-ORDER OF BUSINESS.
1. Reading minutes of previous meeting.
2. Proposal and consideration of amend-
ments (annual meeting).
3. Reports of special committees.
4. Reports of standing committees anid
Board of Governors (annual meeting).
5. Secretary-Treasurer's Report (annual
meeting).
6. Miscellaneous business.
7. President's written report of the gen-
eral affairs of the association.
8. Election of officers (annual meeting).
9. Adjournment.
This order of business may be changed by
a majority vote of those present.
II.-PRESIDENT.
The President shall preside at all meet-
ings of the Association and snall' act as
Chairman of the Board of Governors. He
shall have general supervision over the af-
fairs of the Association, and shall keep
fully informed as to the acts of all officers
and of all matters pertaining to the Asso-
ciation, and snail see to the enforcement of
its laws and rules. He shall perform all
other duties that may be assigned to him by
the Association or the Board of Governors
and at annual meeting give a written report
of the general affairs of the association.
III -VICE- PRESIDENT.
The Vice-President, in order of seniority,
shall fill the office of President in the event
of his absence.
IV.-SECRETARY-TREA/SURER.
The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep a rec-
ord of the proceedings of the Association.
He shall attend all committee meetings and
all meetings of the Board of Governors,
making due record of the proceedings and
take charge of the correspondence, give
nrtice of the meetings and perform such
other duties as may be required of him or
pertain to his office. It shall be his duty to
collect all moneys due to the Association,
and under direction of the Board of Govern-
ors shall disburse all funds of wne Associa-
tion on vouchers countersigned by the Ptesi-
dent or a Vice-President. At the annual
meeting of the Association he shall present
a written report of the financial transactions
during the fiscal year, with whatever sug-
gestions he may see fit to make. The Sec-
retary-Treasurer's annual dues anct entrance
fees for his own dogs shall be paid by the
Association.
V.-RESIGNATIONS.
All resignations shall be in writing and
addressed to the Secretary. No member can
resign who is in debt to the Association but
may be suspended for non-payment by the
Board of Governors.
VI.-ARREARAGES.
If any member fails to pay his annual
dues within a period of six months he shall
be deemed in arrears. Any member in ar-
rears for dues or for any other obligation,
to the Association shall be notified by the"
Secretary of such arrearages and if the
same be not paid within thirty days after
such notice, then the name of such member
shall be stricken from the roster of member-
ship and he shall no longer be entitled to
any of the privileges of the Association.
Any person having been a member of the
Association and being in arrears thereto on
any account, shall not again become a mem-
ber of the Association, and shall be barred
from entering any dog in its trials until
such arrearages shall have been paid.
VII. -MEETING OF THE BOARD OF
GOVERNORS.
Meetings of the Board of Governors will
be called when deemed necessary by the
President or Secretary.
VIII.-AMENDMENTS.
Amendments to these By-Laws may be
made at any annual meeting by a majority
vote of members in good standing, present
in person.
FIELD TRIALS, RULES AND
REGULATIONS.
1. Trials and Stakes.-There shall be
Spring and Fall field trials on game birds,
conducted by the Association, which shall be
held at such time and place as may be de-
termined by the Board of Governors; but
the time and place of all trials and stakes
to be run shall be publicly announced and
notice thereof given to each member of the
Association at least thirty days before the
trials are held.
2. Eligibility.-No dog shall be eligible
to entrance to any member stakes unless
owned and handled by a member of the As-
sociation. Setters of any breed and point-
ers shall be eligible to any stake; but not
any dog shall be eligible to the Derby or Puppy Stakes unless whelped on or after January 1st of the previous year. For all stakes, the partial pedigree if pos- sible, names, ages, colors and distinguishing marks of the dogs, shall be detailed in writ- ing to the Secretary of the Association, to be filed at the time of making entry or en- tries. Any dog's pedigree, age, or markings which shall be proved not to correspond with the entry Shall be disqualified and all such dog's stakes or winnings shall be for- feited. 3. Prizes - Medals of Award. - Silver cups may be provided, one to be awarded to the winner of each stake and known as the "Northern States Amateur Field Trial As- sociation Cup" and so inscribed. Each cup shall remain the property of the Association and awarded to the winner in trust for one year (or until the next field trial award en- titles the new winner to its possession), and shall be returned to the Association by the person to whom it may have been awarded at the next competing field trial, then to be again awarded to the winner of that stake. Provided that in the event of any one member of the Association winning either cup three times, not necessarily in succes- sion, then such cup shall become the perma- nent property of such member and the Board of Governors or any member, if he so desires after having the approval of the Board of Governors, shall provide another cup to take its place and be competed for in similar manner. Each cup may be suitably inscribed and the names of each winning dog, its owner and the year when won shall be inscribed on cups.
There may be also given three medals of award in every amateur stake known as the "Northern States Amateur Field Trial As- sociation's Medal of Award." Equal awards barred. 4. Time for Entries.-The time for en- tering dogs in stakes shall close at time of the drawings for each stake, except when otherwise advertised. 5. Entrance Fees.-The entrance fees in all stakes shall be decided by the Board of Governors not less than thirty days before each trial. The nominating fee, if there is one, must accompany every entry and start- ing fee must be paid before the drawing for the trials. The custom shall be to hold the drawing the evening before the day of the trials; but the Board of Governors may postpone the drawing to not later than one hour before the time announced to start the running in the stake. 6. Judges.-All trials shall be run before a judge or judges, who shall be selected by the Board of Governors. The Board of Gov- ernors shall instruct the secretary to an- nounce the names of the judges on a date in advance of the drawing. The judges shall be instructed and then be entrusted with the running of the trial after the first brace is cast off. 7. Objections to Entries. Any person owning or handling a dog entered in a stake may object to any entry in such stake by filing such objection in writing with the Secretary, who shall thereupon notify the Board of Governors thereof. The Board of Governors shall hear and determine any such objection, and may, upon its own mo- tion, for good and sufficient cause, reject any entry.
8. Drawing Dogs for Running -Absent Dogs. - Dogs shall be drawn by lot and numbered in the order drawn. Each dog shall run in the first series as a brace with the next available dog in that order. After the first series has been run through, the judges shall announce which dogs they wish to see run again and the order of running them, and the judges shall have the power of calling up and running again any dog or dogs, irrespective of previous announce- ments. Discretion is given the judges to run the dogs as often and in whatever or- der they wish, until they are satisfied which are the best dogs; but they may announce in writing to the Secretary the winners any time after the first series. Any dog absent during any series for more than ten minutes after his number is called shall be disquali- fied from further competition, unless, for good cause, the judges otherwise determine. 9. Notice of Commencement of Trials. Immediately before the dogs are drawn at any meeting the time and place of putting down the first brace shall be announced and posted in a conspicuous place. 10. Order of Program.-All stakes shall be run in order printed. 11. Dogs Owned by the Same Person.- If two dogs owned or handled by the same person should come together in any series, the second dog, so owned or handled, shall change places with the first dog not so owned or handled. This change shall be effected in the order of running if possible; if not possible, then in the reverse order of running. If such separation is found to be impracticable, or without benefit, the run- ning together of two such dogs may be per- mitted.
12. Bye-Dogs.--The bye-dog in any ser- ies should run with a dog selected by the judges, with the owner's consent. 13. Handlers of Dogs.-All dogs in mem- bership stakes must be handled by their owner or some member of the Association that he may designate, other than a profes- sional, "meaning any person who receives or has received compensation for handling or training dogs or has accepted cash prizes for handling dogs other than his own;" but when a dog is down an owner must not in- terfere with his dog if he has authorized another person to handle and hunt him. 14. Manner of Handling Dogs.-Guns. The person handling and hunting a dog may speak, whistle and work him by hand as he may deem proper, but he shall be called to order by the judges for making any unnec- essary noise, or for any disorderly conduct, and if, after being cautioned, he persists in such noise or disorderly conduct, they shall order the dog to be taken up and adjudged out of the stake. Dogs that trail their brace mates at the order of the Judges should be taken up. An opponent's dog must not be interfered with or excited. Trickery or jockeying on the part of a handler will not be tolerated and will subject him to be- ing prohibited from continuing in the trials. The handler's gun must not be loaded or shot except on order of the judges. If an opponent's dog points game, the dog must not be drawn across him to take the point; but if not backing of his own accord he may be brought around behind the point- ing dog. Dogs must be hunted together, and their handlers must follow within a reasonable distance of each other.
15. Misconduct of Persons.-If any per- son shall openly impugn any action or de- cision of the judges, or any one of them, or shall in any way annoy them during the progress of the trial, or shall be guilty of any ungentlemanly or improper conduct, judges may order such person off the field or grounds on which the trials are being run. And any such conduct on the part of any person, whether he be handling a dog or not, may be reported to the judges, and, for good and sufficient cause, they may de- bar such person from further participation in the trial. 16. Spectators - Field Marshall - Han- dling Dogs - Shooting. - No person other than judges will be permitted to accompany the handlers of dogs competing in any heat. Two persons are prohibited from working one dog. If from any cause the handleiF of a running dog is disabled to such an ex- tent that he cannot handle the dog or shoot, by permission of the judges, he may select some person to handle the dog and shoot for him. The judges may in any case require the handlers running dog to go through minutely the evolution of shooting blank cartridges over any or every established point, upon being ordered to flush a bird. The handlers of the two dogs shall go to- gether as when handling a brace of dogs, and shall work and hunt them as in ordi- nary shooting, so that the dogs shall be on an equality as to ground, opportunities for finding, etc. Spectators shall not be allowed nearer the handlers of dogs running than fifty yards to the rear. The privilege is granted handlers to ask the judges for in- formation or explanation that has a direct bearing upon any point. The Board of Governors shall appoint a field marshall who shall enforce this rule as to spectators and
perform such other duties as may be as- signed him by the judges or Board of Gov- ernors, and who shall receive such compen- sation as may be determined by the Board of Governors. 17. "Objectionable Dogs..-Dogs afflicted with any contagious disease, or bitches in season, or unduly attracting attention of the competing dog, will not be permitted on the grounds, and must be withdrawn at the dis- cretion of the judges. 18. Protest.-All protests, when practi- cable, except as hereinbefore provided, must be made and delivered to the secretary of the Association, or in case of his absence, to the president, or in case of his absence, to a member of the governing committee, at or before midnight of the day of running the final heat in the second stake. 19. Time of Heats.--Every brace in the trials shall be run for not less than twenty minutes, and for such additional time as the judges may require to determine the re- spective merits of the dogs. 20. Unproductive Points. - Every dog shall have ample opportunity to discover whether he is on a true point. Pointing fur, feather, retile or scent of game birds shall not be considered an unproductive point. No assistance shall be given by the handler to enable a dog to discover whether he is on a true point. 21. Backing-Holding Dog on Point.-A dog should be held on a point for the pur- pose of allowing the judges to see the dog on Point (only). Dogs should be brought up to back only when opportunity offers without interfering with the pointing dog; and a dog drawing on or pointing game
shall be afforded ample opportunity to locate the same, it being discretionary with the judges to order the opposing dog to be held in check, but until a point be estab- lished both dogs may be permitted to go uncnecked. Should a dog be held an un- reasonable time on a point he must not be penalized for a resulting fault. 22. Testing the Merits of Dogs. - The number of times a dog points, backs, etc., shall not necessarily give him the prefer- ence, but the judges shall consider the qual- ity of the performance rather than the fre- quency of the occurrence, and shall give greater credit to the dog showing in the highest degree those qualities which are essential to a good field dog for practical use. The standard of work shall be a well- balanced performance; that is to say, the judges will consider the quality commonly called "bird sense," the intelligent and use- ful beating out of the ground within proper limits, roading and pointing, ability to find, obedience, and work to the gun, speed, range, nose and endurance. This is intended to include all the details, such as backing, general training, etc. As to ranging, the judges will consider long straightaway casts as faulty work if there are available sections left unworked, and if the casts mentioned are habitual. This shall not ap- ply to a long cast taken intelligently be- times to work out a likely place when the ground is unfavorable near at hand, provid- ing the dog's usual range is good. Swing- ing repeatedly around behind the handler at the end of a cast, working the same ground over repeatedly, leaving repeatedly good ground unworked, frittering away time on bare, unpromising ground, running with no purpose of finding, and looking much after the handler are faulty methods. Continual
whistling and assistance on the part of the handler will also lower the dog's perform- ance. A dog must obey commands with reasonable promptness. Loud and continu- ous whistling or shouting will seriously im- pair a dog's standing in the competition. As to pointing, backing, roading and drawing, a distinction shall be made between what the dog does himself, and what the handler does for him. Coaching and helping a dog in general when he is on the scent of birds must lower the grade of his performance. When, through the marking of birds, one handler has succeeded in getting more points for his dog than his competitor, the judges must consider the merit of the dog independently of his handler's assistance. Working to the gun is of great considera- tion. Faults of puppies in this respect may be treated more leniently than similar faults of dogs in the All-Age Stake. The purpose of the trials is to determine 'which dogs have the best natural qualities nd are best field dogs for practical .use. 23. Breaking Shot-Training.-The per- fect training and obedience of a dog shall not be necessary to entitle him to win, n!at- ural merit being paramount. But every dog must be so trained and under such control as to be susceptible of handling to such an extent as to be of use in actual hunting on the field and to enable the judges to proper- ly judge of his merit as a field dog. The purpose of the bird dog being to afford sportsmen pleasant experience on the field, it is necessary for every dog in the trials to be properly trained. And a dog not reas- cnably trained and well handled must be penalized, and particularly for false'point-
Between Solon Springs and Gordon, Wis., west of Highway No. 53
OFFICERS AND BOARD OF GOVERNORS (1939)
President
Howard L. Carver,
146 Merritt St.,
Oshkosh, Wis.
Dr. H. H. Ainsworth,
Birchwood, Wis.
Fred H. Farnsworth,
501 Plymouth Court,
Vice Presidents
Dr. Chas. A. Manahan, 1st, Larry A. Henning, 2nd
Box 474 1603 S. 43rd St.,
Vinton, Iowa Milwaukee, Wis.
F. P. Ferguson, Ben R. Toensing,
Park Falls, Wis. 1006 Roanoke Bldg.,
Chicago, Ill. Minneapoli
TRIALS ON PRAIRIE CHICKENS, LAST 01 APRIL AND SEPTEMBER EACH YEAR
"MAKE IT YOUR' ACATION TIME"
s, Minn.
CLABE L. WILDNER, Secretary-Treasurer,
Androy Hotel, Superior, Wisconsin
ing, unsteadiness to wing and shot, and chasing feather and fur. But all these faults must be considered by the judges with dis- cretion and reason. 24. Retrieving.--Retrieving shall not be required or considered in any stake in de- termining the winners. 25. Backing. - Greater credit shall be given for the dog which backs voluntarily than to one that backs on command. 26. Range and Speed. - Greater credit shall be given to the dog which maintains the fastest speed and does the most intelli- gent ranging, wide or close, as the character of the ground requires. 27. Obedience and Disposition.-Greater credit shall be given to the dog which works promptly, without noise or :severity, and is obedient, prompt, swift and e6asy to handle.- 28. Bird Sense.-Greater credit shall be given to the dog which shows the greater bird sense. Bird sense is shown in the dog by his desire to hunt for birds, his method of hunting out grounds, his industry in stay- ing out at work and his skill in handling and pointing birds after he finds them.
EXPLANATION.
Breaking In.-Is where a dog, through
imperfect breaking, or from birds rise,
whether the gun is fired or not, and starts
to chase, but stops within a few feet from
where he started, of his own accord or by
command.
Breaking Shot.-Is where a dog runs in
when a shot is fired with the intention of
getting to the bird, and does not stop
promptly at command.
Chasing.-Is where a dog follows the
birds either when a gun is fired, or not, to
any extent, to beyond the control of his
handler for thetime being.
Pottering.-Is where the dog puts his
nose to the ground and attempts to trail the
birds.
29. Definition.-The word "dog" as used
in these rules, shall be construed to mean
both dog and bitch.
The word "amateur" shall be construed
to mean a person who engages in the sport
of field trials for the sole purpose of sport,
one who does not handle or train dogs in
field work for remuneration of any kind-
cash or perquisites.
Application for entry blanks, or any other
information furnished on request to the Sec-
retary, Clare L. Wildner, Superior, Wis.
Note. -The Northern States Amateur
Field Trial Association have their own
grounds in a 20,0007 acre game sanctuary
with furnished club house, kennels, memor-
ial cemetery, trailer camp, chukar par-
tridge farm, and many other Field Trial
necessities just west of State Highway No.
53, between the Village of Gordon and Solon
Springs, Wis.
PROFESSIONAL FIELD TRIAL
HANDLERS
We feel privileged in listing the names
and addresses of the following professional
dog handlers, in that they have all com-
peted with dogs at our trials: believing that
if anyone writes -them, they surely can re-
ceive an expression of what they at least
think of our grounds near Solon Springs,
and the courtesies the Northern States
Amateur Field Trial Association has shown
all professional handlers.
Addison, Tom ----------......... I ------ Kissimmee, Fla.
Andreson, Oscar W .-............----------- Itasca, Ill.
Andrews, Robt. J .--------------------- Kinmundy, Ill.
Armstrong, R. K .------------------ Fitzpatrick, Ga.
Black, C. Bert ------------......Jefferson City, Tenn.
Campbell, John C .---------------- Fitzpatrick, Ala.
Cooling, Carl --------------------------------- Sussex, Wis.
Cox, Tom ---------------------------------- Renssalaer, Ind.
Cummins, Frank -------........----------- Orlando, Fla.
Decker, Harry ---------------------------- Winimac, Ind.
Downs, E. E -........----------------------- Morocco, Ind.
Downs, Jess --------------------------------- Morocco, Ind.
Downs, Tom --------------------------------- Morocco, Ind.
Farrior, Ed Mack ........... Union Springs, Ala.
Gammon, Montague -------- Petersburg, W. Va.
Garr, Roy P .------------------------------ LaGrange, Ky.
Gates, John S .----------------------------- Safford, Ala.
Gray, Geo. A .------------------I--------Appleton, Minn.
Honeyman, Glenn ------------------ Milwaukee, Wis.
Jones, T. W .------------------------------- Sylvania, Ohio
Kirk, Howard ................ Hickory Valley, Tenn.
Lunsford, T. M ................................. Ewing, Ill.
McDuffy, Elton ------............-------------- Ewing, Ill.
C. E. Minninger ----------------------- Republic, Mich.
Parker, John -------------------- Neosho Falls, Kans.
Powell, Robt., Jr .---------------------------- LouiSa, Va.
Pritchett, Mack ----------------------- Catoosa, Okla
Redman, 0. S ............................. Wellston, Ohio
Rodgers, Glenard W.-...,................ Newton, Ill.
Smith, Geo. B .------------------ Solon Springs, Wis.
Smith, Luther -----...........----------- Cleveland, Ohio
Smith, Ray .................................. Dahlgren, Ill.
Threlkeld, Willard E .--------------------- Ewing, Ill.
OUR GROUNDS
Are located half a mile west of Federal
Highway No. 53, halfway between Gordon
and Solon Springs, Wis. They are rolling in
nature, very open consisting of some 20,000
acres, in which any dog can be shown to
an advantage. The courses are 15 miles in
length. The Club House is completely fur-
nished, has electric lights, hot and cold wa-
ter, and will service some twenty odd peo-
ple.
We have ample Pinnated and Sharp Tail
Grouse, and carry on a fall and winter feed-
ing program consisting of about 100 acres
in small patches, of buckwheat, which is
left standing, with 100 artifizial feed hop-
pers filled with grain during the winter with
shelters over them. The grounds are pro-
tected and posted. Erected upon the grounds
also we have artificial nesting places and
dusting pens for grouse. It is the only
place in America where pinnated and sharp
tail grouse are being cultivated as a wild
crop in such a manner.
Our trails are well defined in every way
and our trials can be viewed from horse-
back, an automobile, or from a wagon. Our
chukar partridge farm under- construction
will have a capacity of 5,00.0 birds a year;
kennels holding about 500 dogs, ample horse
barns. A memorial cemetery for members'
dogs, a free pet stock cemetery for the
public. We have carried on a planting of
natural food and cover for birds, in hopes
that in five years, artificial feeding will not
be necessary. The following shrubs have
been planted: Red Mulberry, Golden Wil-
low, Japanese Bittersweet, Scarlet Oak,
Buckthorn, Summac, White Ash, Russian
Olive, Rosa Blanda, Scots Pine, Caragana,.
Northern Holly, Stegara Rose, Bittersweet,
Button Bush, Ninebark, Burr Oak, Wild
Grape, Black Locust, Woodbine, Mountain
Ash, Black Cherry, and Frost Grape.
The Public is always welcome.
AN APPRECIATION
The officers and Board of Governors of
the Northern States Amateur Field Trial
Association graciously acknowledge the
splendid co-operation in every way, from
the following. Through their assistance the
"Douglas County Bird Sanctuary" has de-
veloped into one of the greatest "Field Trial
Grounds" in the United States.
Sports Afield.
Wisconsin Sportsman.
Douglas County Fish and Game Protec-
tive League.
Village of Solon Springs.
Duluth News-Tribune.
Wisconsin Journal.
Evening Telegram.
The American Field.
Douglas County Eoard of Supervisors.
Superior Association of Commerce.
Works Progress Administration.
The Conservation Commission of Wiscon-
sin.
INTERESTING ETHICS OF FIELD
TRIALS
A Secretary of a Field Trial Association
is supreme in power until the first brace in
each stake is let loose. Then the authority
rests with the judges. If there are any spe-
cial rules of the club in judging, the judges
should be informed of this in writing before
the trials start.
A Field Trial Marshal is appointed and
present for the ccnvenience of the judges,
and should be near the judges at all times,
in front of the gallery. It seems plausible
that every judge should be in front of the
gallery in that the competing dog's owner
has paid his entrance fee and tne least the
judge can do is to give the dog attention in
the stake.
Judges and the Press are the invited
guests of the club, and we make every ef-
fort to show them every courtesy possible,
within our means. We have the better
horses for them, and that is true of rooms
and meals. We try to see that they are
given the courtesy of riding to and from
the field trial grounds. Judging and writing
is very hard work, and we all make every
effort to save their energy.
The printed program of any trial, in
naming the judges, automatically names the
Senior Judge first. All announcements at
a trial should be made by the Senior Judge.
All braces of any stake are released at the
order of the Senior Judge, but he first asks
the Junior Judge if ready.
All Judges should have watches, and an
easy way to keep track of time is to turn
one's watch back to an even hour, as each
brace is released.
In the starting of each brace, the Junior Judge should place himself at the left of the Senior Judge. In the following of an out-going dog, away from the course, the Senior Judge designates who shall follow the dog. When a handler calls "point," both the judges, if possible, should ride up, and after they have witnessed the dog on point, the Senior Judge asks the handler to raise his birds. If he desires the handler to shoot, he directs him to do so. Never", should the handler bring his dog up to' 4 pointing dog, until asked to do so by one of the judges. All decisions by judges should be in writ- ing, and handed to the Secretary. It then becomes the property of the club, and the Secretary makes the announcements if he desires. If any one dog in any stake does remark- able work, not in view of the other judge, common courtesy should demand, in case of a dispute in the placement of such a dog, that the dogs under discussion be run in a second series. As a rule no dog should be ordered up unless the handler is asked if he knows where his dog is, or if he can be seen hunting. If a dog gets off the course and returns in frcnt of the judges without his handler, one of the judges should immediately designate someone to handle the dog until the handler returns. Before a brace is released it is well for the handlers to show both sides of their dcgs to the judges, walking them back and forth, especially if there is a likeness in the coloration and size.
Most judges prefer to say nothing about scouting, but in rendering their decisions they take into consideration the amount of scouting that has been given a handler. However, if in any stake scouting is -abso- lutely forbidden, the handler should know this before the stake is started. When all dogs are out of judgment in a stake it be- comes the duty of the Field Trial Marshal to stop the gallery until one or both dogs are under judgment. However, if one dog is out of judgment don't penalize the other dog by holding up the gallery. If an owner or handler asks permission to pick a dog up during a brace, where pos- sible, the Senior Judge should give the per- mission. In case of a handler or owner asking to withdraw his dog from the stake before the stake is run, he should notify the Secretary and the Secretary in turn ask permission from the judges. The Field Trial Marshal should transmit all orders to handlers, scouts, secretaries, and others, from the judges. Don't penalize your own dog by telling the judges what it is all about. They know, and the officers know, that the judges are efficient and capable or they would not have invited these men to judge. At the end of the day if there is time for one or more braces in the next stake, it is far more fair to stop for the day and start the next stake in the morning, giving each brace the same weather conditions in the stake. It is well in judging to always keep in mind a dog as first dog, one that is head and shoulders above the rest in his work. And don't call this same dog back in a series, to win it again.
Many field trial secretaries and officers
are frowning upon a divided place. There
is no question in the minds of the average
.field trial judge that one dog is better than
the other and as a rule, professional han-
dlers do not like divided third places. Own-
ers and handlers, regardless of how effi-
cient the judge is, desire a change in judges
once in a while. This is only human and
shows sportsmanship on the part of the
club. The gallery should bear in mind at
all times that the judges, while judging, are
watching the dogs at all times; not taking
part of their time talking to the gallery and
their friends.
After a trial, every judge likes to have
various individuals thank him for the fair-
ness of the decisions, and the pleasure of his
presence.
FIELD TRIAL AND SHOOTING DOGS
TRAINED
The following Professional Handlers be-
long to the Northern States Amateur Field
Trial Association, Inc.
We believe they should be given a great
deal of consideration when you decide to
send your dog away to be trained.
They are:
Oscar W. Andreson -------------------------- Itasca, Ill.
Chicago Land Kennels
Fred Armstrong _----------------------- Anoka, Minn.
Carl Cooling ---------------------------------- Sussex, Wis.
Thomas W'. Cox ------------------------------ Flora, Miss.
Ed. Mack Farrior ------------ Union Springs, Ala.
John S. Gates -------------------------------- Safford, Ala.
T. W. Jones -------------------------------- Sylvania, Ohio
Frank M. Milliman ------------------ Republic, Mich.
George B. Smith -------------- Solon Springs, Wis.
MEMBERSHIP LIST-AUGUST, 1939
NORTHERN STATES FIELD TRIAL ASSOCIATION, INC.
ADAMS, NORMAN L.
C/O Rueper Leather Co.
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
AINSWORTH, DR. H. H1.
Birchwood, Wisconsin
ALEXANDER, DR. W. H.
Iron Mountain, Michigan
*ALDRICH, C. F.
492 Otis Avenue
St. Paul, Minnesota
ANDERSEN, ARTHUR J.
1814 Broadway
Superior, Wisconsin
ANDRESON, OSCAR W.
Chicago Land Kennels
Itasca, Illinois
ARBUCKLE, LLOYD
Lake Village, Indiana
* Indicates Charter Members
ARMSTRONG. FRED
Anoka, Minnesota
*I3ACON, DR. L. C.
Hamm Bldg.
St. Paul, Minnesota
BARNARD, E. S.
Wuerth Theatre Bldg.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
BRACH, V. FRANK
Glen View, Illinois
BRENNAN, CHARLES 0.
524 Hodgson Bldg.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
BURKE, GEORGE E.
Indianapolis Athletic Club
Indianapolis, Indiana
CARVER HOWARD
146 Meritt Street
Oshkosh, Wisconsin
COLLINS, DR. J. J.
207½ Main Street
Watertown, Wisconsin
COOLING, CARL
Sussex, Wisconsin
CORIDAN, T. D.
Fortville, Ind.
COSGROVE, MRS. ED.
Solon Springs, Wisconsin
COSGROVE, GEORGE
Solon Springs, Wisconsin
COX, THOMAS W.
Flora, Mississippi
DICKEY, JAMES E.
5025 Dupont Ave. S.
St. Paul, Minnesota
DONALDSON, JOHN
707 Summit Avenue
Minneapolis, Minnesota
FARNSWORTH, FRED H. 501 Plymouth Court Chicago, Illinois FARRIOR, ED. MACK Union Spring, Alabama FELTMAN, GEORGE R. Union City, Indiana FERGUSON, F. P. Park Falls, Wisconsin FEURHERM, E. G. 773 N. Prospect Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin FLEER, B. E. 1814 Broadway Superior. Wisconsin GATES, JOHN S. Safford, Alabama GALLAUER, CARL, JR. 4027 West Scott Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin GOBRIGHT, C. F. 1579 E. Milwaukee Avenue Detroit, Michigan HENNEBERRY, G. F. 4001 Ravenswood Ave. Chicago, Illinois HENNING, L. A. 1603 South 43rd Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin HENNING, MRS. L. A. Nashotah, Wisconsin HOPKINS, RALPH JR. 20 N. Carroll Madison, Wisconsin HUMPHREY, DR. W. R. Stillwater, Minnesota JACOBSON, A. T. Menominee Falls, Wisconsin JONES, T. W. Sylvania, Ohio KELLY, MRS. ERMA B. Mgr. Androy Hotel, Superior, Wisconsin KELLEY, JAMES E. 425 Hamm Bldg. St. Paul, Minnesota KINGSFORD, E. S. Iron Mountain, Michigan LONEY, STOCKTON 1717 Winter Street Superior, Wisconsin MacGRAHERAN, JOE 500 Security Bldg. Minneapolis, Minnesota MANAHAN, DR. CHAS. A. Box 474 Vinton, Iowa McNAUGHTON, JAMES W. 2617 East 5th Street Superior, Wisconsin McQUALLIAN, J. R. 736 5th Avenue Antigo, Wisconsin MILES, CURTIS W. Cleveland Club Cleveland, Ohio MILLIMAN, FRANK M. Republic, Michigan MORGAN, DON E. 1922 St. Anthony Blvd. Minneapolis, Minn.
MORGAN, E. J. Island Station, R. 7 Golden Valley Minneapolis, Minnesota NELSON ARTHUR E. 1615 Pioneer Bldg. St. Paul, Minnesota ODEKIRK, C. K. Athletic Club Minneapolis, Minnesota OWNES, LEO B. 370 Summit Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota POUNDSTONE, EARL Park Falls, Wisconsin PLATER, DR. J7, RUE 208 E, Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin PREVOST, LEO Solon Springs, Wisconsin REDMAN, 0. S. Wellston, Ohio ROEN, I. B. Mellen, Wisconsin ROGERS, R. W., SR. 148 Clybourne Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin ROGERS, ROBERT W., JR. 148 Clybourne Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin ROSS, MAXINE Excelsior, Minnesota ROYS, WILLIAM B. C/O Gen'l Casualty Co. Madison, Wisconsin SHEPARD, LAYTON S. 354 Washington Blvd. Oshkosh, Wisconsin SMITH, GEORGE B. Solon Springs, Wisconsin SMITH, NEIL Roth Bros. Co. Superior, Wisconsin STALL, DR. A. H. H. R. No. 1 Akron, Ohio THOMPSON, M. W. St. Paul Ass'n of Commerce St. Paul, Minnesota TOENSING, BEN R. 1004 Roanoke Bldg. Minneapolis, Minnesota TREGILAS, DR. H. R. Drovers Bank Bldg. St. Paul, Minnesota UNDERHILL, HOWARD J, Water, Light and Power Co, Superior, Wisconsin VAN VLECK, H. H. 921 Tower Avenue Superior, Wisconsin WALKER, WM. 501 Plymouth Court Chicago, Ill. WARD, HAROLD R. 432 Security Bldg. Minneapolis, Minnesota WARREN, DR. E. L. 550 Lowry Medical Arts Bldg, St. Paul, Minnesota
WELCH, ARTI
192 S. 2nd StreE
Milwaukee, Wis
TLR W. WHITMAN, B. B. *WILDNER, CL
t Hotel Francis Drake Superior, XWisc(
consin Minneapolis, Minnesota
YALE, GEORGE E.
Yale Laundry Company
Superior, Wisconsin
WE AIRE A CORPORATION OF THE STATE OF MINNESOTA
ARE L.
HISTORY
NORTHERN STATES AMATEUR FIELD TRIAL ASSOCIATION
1922
A p p le to n , M in n - .---- .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..----------------------------------
- S e p t. 1 3 th D r . W a r d A k e s te r , P re s id e n t 1 4 S t
Judging-Geo. A. Gray. Marshall, Minn.
1923
Benson, Minn. -................................................................
Sept. 13th Dr. W ard Akester, President 42 St
Judging-0. A. Drews, J. D. Turner. Marshall, Minn.
1924
M o r r is , M in n - .------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..---
--- ---- ------ -- -------- -- --------- - S e p t . 1 1 th E . E . S im
o n s , P r e s id e n t , 5 9 S t
Judging-0. H. Niemeyer, Dr. Louis A. Heeley. Minneapolis, Minn.
At above trial Puppy Stakes were also held.
1925
Puppy Trials Solon Springs, Wis ---_---------------------- May 3rd Clare
L. Wildner. President, 28 St
Judging-F. A. Walsh, 0. H. Niemeyer. Superior, Wis.
Fall Trials W arren, Minnesota ------------------------------ Aug. 31st
52 St
Judging C. D. Jordan, C. H. Babcock.
1926
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ---------------------- April 30th
Judging-George Kramer, Irving C. Swan. Clare L. Wildner, President
........ 24 St
Fall Trials-Breckenridge, Minn ............................. Aug. 30th Superior,
Wis.
Judging 0. W. Campbell, J. Horace Lytle.
52 St
arters
arters
arters
arters
arters
arters
arters
1927
No Puppy Trials.
Fall Trials-Breckenridge, Minn ............. Sept. 5th Harry E. Speakes,
President, 46 Starters
Judging-F. A. Walsh, Dr. W. R. Humphrey, St. Paul, Minn.
W. H. Bean.
1928
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis .......... ................ May 7th M. J.
Gibbons, President, 44 Starters
Judging-Thatcher A. Parker, G. E. Wood. St. Paul, Minn.
Fall Trials-Barnesville, Minn ................................. Sept. 18th
66 Starters
Judging-Dr. T. Benton King, J. D. Ellis.
1929
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ......................... April 28th M.
J. Gibbons, President, 25 Starters
Judging-J. B. Thompson, Dr. H. C. Durkee. St. Paul, Minn.
No Fall Trials.
1930
Puppy Trials, Anoka, Minn .................................... April 27th
Earl Poundstone, President, 46 Starters
Judging-Frank Walsh, G. R. Feltman. Mellen, Wis.
Fall Trials-Sisseton, S. D . .................. Sept. 13th
43 Starters
Judging-J. B. Thompson, C. H. Babcock.
1931
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis .......................... May 2nd Earl
Poundstone, President, 28 Starters
Judging-G. R. Feltman, W. B., Spears. Mellen, Wis.
Fall Trial' -Solon Springs, Wis ........... .................. Sept. 19th
27 Starters
Judging-Clare L. Wildner, W. B. Spears.
1932
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis .....................April 29th C. T. Carney,
President, 34 Starters
Judging-G. E. Wood, Dr. L. C. Bacon. Des Moines, Iowa
Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............................ Sept. 17th
32 Starters
Judging-Martin J. Hogan, F. A. Walsh.
1933
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ....................... April 29th C. T.
Carney, President, 33 Starters
Judging-J. E. Dickey, C. L. Gloyd. Des Moines, Iowa
Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............................. Sept. 16th
23 Starters
Judging-Martin J. Hogan, C. L. Gloyd.
1934
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............ May 6th
Judging-W. B. Spears, Clare L. Wildner. C. T. Carney, President,
34 Starters
Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............................. Sept. 16th
Des Moines, Iowa
Judging-Thatcher A. Parker, Howard Carver,
44 Starters
Clare L. Wildner.
1935
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ........................... May 4th Art
Welch, President, 47 Starters
Judging-W. B. Spears, Frank A. Walsh. Milwaukee, Wis.
Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............................. Sept. 21st
73 Starters
Judging-Martin J. Hogan, J. Horace Lytle.
Fall Trials had dedication of 20,000-acre Bird Sanctuary and Club House.
Principal Speaker,
General Ralph Immell, Administrator, Works Progress Administration for Wisconsin.
1936
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ----------------------. --May 2nd Wm. Walker,
President. 40 Starters
Judging-0. H. Niemeyer, Howard L. Carver. Chicago, Ill.
-Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............................. Sept. 26th
92 Starters
Judging-Thatcher A. Parker, G. R. Feitman.
1937
Puppy Trials Solon Springs, Wis ........................... May 1st
Judging-Harry Decker, Lloyd Arbuckle. Wm. Walker. President,
74 Starters
Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ............................. Sept. 25th
Chicago, Ill.
Judging.-Frank A. Walsh, Martin J. Hogan,
106 Starters
Lloyd Arbuckle.
1938
Puppy Trials---Solon Springs, Wis ....................... April 30th
Judging-T. D. Coridan. James E. Kelley. Howard Carver, President
61 Starters
Fall Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ......................... ...Sept. 24th
Oshkosh, Wis.
Judging-T. D. Coridan, Lloyd Arbuckle,
111 Starters
E. C. Poundstone.
1939
Puppy Trials-Solon Springs, Wis ........................ April 29th
Judging-CGeo. R. Feitman, James E. Kehey. Howard Carver, President,
56 Starters
Fall Trials Solon Springs, W is ............................. S-pt. 29th
Oshkosh, W is.
Judging-Fred C. Leggett, Dr. Ben H. Talbut,
Starters
Earl Poundstone.
During these seventeen years the Northern States Amateur Field Trial
Association, Inc., has
had only four Secretaries-'E. R. Henkle and Clarence Aldrich, of St. Paul,
Minnesota, Howard
Carver, of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, and Clare L. Wildner, Superior, Wisconsin.
"Mlp wP
DOUGLAS COUNTY
LEGEND
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LAKE $StJ;ZVIE OF DOLK S COkuN'TYj, "COMf$It
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A-
LAOS OF 0UGUS COUTS Y
j. There are SO l3s in Dougla couny that c ver twenty or more acres.
The total area of these lakes is
about 11,900 acres. During the summer of 1931 thirty-six of the larger lakes
were surveyed and studied in detail.
Many of the smaller lakes that were not studied are landlocked and too shallow
to support plant ulife.
ORIGIN
Lakes of Douglas county owe their origin to glacial action which.
completely altered the topography of
the land, causing partially. drjined and-umdrained depressions that became
1swaqps *.and. .lakes. kany lakes in the
pine barrens are relic lakes. Those arc found in the deeper depressions
of the old Glacial Barrems lake bed
which once covered the southeastern part of Douglas county.
LA STUDY
Lake data tabulated in this report describe conditions of lakeJs
considored important to their utili-.
z.ation. It provides information essential for knowing the environment for
fish found in eaoch lakeo. Such a com-
parative study of lakes is necessary fpr, a better understanding of lake
ecology so that a more- ffitiont fish
planting program can be conducted.,
Information in regard to water level vaoriations, fishing condi'ticis,
and other data wl.s obtainod
fm personal observatio, and from persons lUving in the vicinity of the
lo . ..
The bottom*in practically all lakes stud~od was covored with a
dark greenish black organic material
termed muck. The depth recorded in some of*tho la.os is somowbh, greater
than the actual depth since the
sounding apparatus often sank some distance into the mruck bottom.
Tomper7.ture and water for analysis of lakes were take:n from
the surface and, in come cases near the
..bottom.
The carbon dioxide content was deterninod by Seyler's rtethod.
"Carbon diokide may exist. in wnter in
throedifforont for=s - free carbon dioxid6, bicrbonnte, andcarbonate. Ono-half
the cazbon dioxide as car-
bonatot plus one-half that is bicnrbonaote, is Jaomwn as bound. carbon dioxide..
The harOness and softness of the wator in each l.k owas based
on the amount of bound carbon dioxide
presont'in the lae wa.teor which remains feirly constant.
*THE EFFCT OF Sý.oý
TE"PEUTMS ON IiMS
Slasoncl temperature changes alter the character of the vater.
In the spring -7hen the tenporatura of
the water is uniform, a conploto ciraulation of the water is possible, and
the gases dissolved in the water are
distributed in a fairly uaiforir manner. As the season progrossos, the surfa.co
waiter becom.es warm while the lower
water remains fni2ly cool. This condition is accocpvnieJ by the zoning of
water into an upper and lower region,
and the water circulation tends to become restricted within its rospoctive
u-nns. Shallow lakes seldom become
zoned .
In the lower water zone which does not have access to the airp
the cLcomposition or decay of the or-
ganic mattor and t1he rospira-tory processes of aquatic life result in the
oxidatirn an.d accumulation of carbon
dioxide. If the oxrgon becomes sufficiently lac1lrng in the deeper water,
a condition will develop that is not
suitable for aquatic ,niýl life.Groat Lakes fish such as whitefish,
lIke trout, and ciscoes that require deep,
cool water only o:ist in the lowor deep wtter zone *ihero there is a sufficient
supply of oxygon in the suxor
months, Since in LXst iiln? laeos of Wisconsin only the sha/lower portions
of akoc are suitable for fish t'ýfo
c 'hiring the surmzor months, the stoc'ing of inland lakes with
Groat Lakes fish has not boon succossfal. The effoc4
Itiveness ofthe -zoning of 7xater is cxtriezely variabl-e since there
aro.1T%,ffactors to. consider such as wind, cur-.
rent, dloihi'type of botton.xxd..the'ike. In the fall the lowering
of thq ate tomporaure on the surface is
. followed by-the--sbasonejl- 6vorturn, and a fozogenadtus '.oev.ondition
zgý,. .rqsu; .s..
- triet" A.kquati'c- life,6 like trr istriibl-lifog, i diretli.and.
indi.roctl.. .ependont the balaqLce .of avallable
avail,~ -, fp(ineral
or-~ -&e.tozh6i rItQypee.. of life.
--i yorylsrft wark! there+'.su~ly lhc!vof'variety ar::Udcco
kef-bo'h plant and: anial life. In such
+. s:tlý'e. stockin&:'.0f dyed 'pikeishWo&-
hifish'-ay dbg'.1e p an_...zQroJly oxist, but does.not propagate,
....zeffd in r..st caseco-. neteven- .Ool6,. In. -very sdft- ater'l
ý-s,.-o.thor fish .ftenr i s-n ell. aid dco..not be-
.coneo aun at. - 6t -fthese l2ms-cXe or'haio :boen onsi gore
7,goo. fishing-1&.s fo:r bass anO -pvn fish, but it
"isqyito -noicolthat in'i.cst c6tsC E these lakes b-coa o=ozsil¥';
c~etDclby.-oxeo~sivc fishing bec use, fish-pro-
* g~tioin in++vdry- soft water£ a vdry sloi wrroe- .
-.
~n af-las I0IOGIC.LL ~LTIOIN TO CIUG'fl'.
1W7YTZ:RýVEL-
teo' nty-'parthe.. uly, th. i laks in the,9
sruthlaost orn. t of tah
county, 9ho water. level has dropp&o, considerably bocfnuso diroct;ropipi-tit.ndi
t - 9 r into rz+Dyv
of' thcýt caos does nl.+efua thc': soege:ý ý-d*
ovp er tilPn:.6Vf -,tator.frO. tho.r. -f.f.. -l. ,1D: is alJroad, quito
shallow,
this krp of miater level is acco.r.-ppniod by conditicns unfav-rable
for fish life, as is the case in Sauhtry Poc oot
." ' (T.3 N.;; A 1"if), v h wl+er a. larg nu.berf f4'h.
di+d+ ini- :rolofge<+ porir-t'cf-.+hth'ithq- ine 1930. In
sha llo¶t TI+kes s. " thcro'u.h.+'froe zii + vz o ±r-i+
etlse .bring.. on',n .unf~vo-rnblo+ . Condlit..- .. ion;.. f~r, + ...
f:'iseh. . p°robabhy'.. d++un to
the lack of cxygon. .. ...-
.4 fr th dat h o'v, r,.iSOd'O duo to thd* 0.dAng of th: cu1ati,
thec su1qn change is na:favorabl for
aquatic pl~ant life.-il tibio lo'ol :i,'s - Ci~t e-d ill suc-hl
izs~ 1aetter--fi:L i n -i&oilc1it~scib
hastened and i7Lrovod upon by the planting of ac! itional aquatic
planlts.
-- ; ., - . ... . . -. . ... .. . . . . L I JI E P I4 T L I E ,
. :.; : : -
~ tpo.oI pli~cov~ f aerio has ' ov d af eff~et Aoi'X
. Thc.-iotene of fore'st ýccver
S .... ... n t bQ avorh-o ..P0a4 , cV d ..cevpr :6f fdrt. srbuld
bv or-,e1 fbc kvrint aiii --6 f orest covcx ..roun.ýý 1
w s., , -, . oroe't
cover in t"l region r-d- lhsson"
tLio 6'ar-,ztion 'ot ior- E +forost cover i-,al-so aclv'at ogous since- it-
shades
n-. protects the vator,.,of ,aices fror ind. This is. icia. for
aquatic ck't?.tf :fqrost, eevQr.particulorly
aroun.do'ndAos'i " o;roring lth6 hrbo'se. ' , trS: -orv'o6ýi'
zi'c dh-inot'tof .rivorfqow+i". hich'in. t3+u so. + ere
S.. ..; con. sit ---t e... .
- . o f ... .. -. -r- .t'sy s.tem.... -
f. q..tiC.pIU+ life, .bothne 'andland r'ge,' diri6+ly -and
indirecý!.ý urnishes fmd+ foo,.quatic animal
..i.e.t.....i.. X . .life6 .at ýc.f1i.' .,dati.c pltnta'
oer food',an-d sl1tor ae d.cks and- -.- .s ..
Wisconsin is called tho:playgr6uad of the Midd"-sWest
because of-it s. i.any. fishilg,,akps In V -of the
fact that intensive fishing of iniý zd s hs resulted in
a scarcity of fish in many of these laokes, efforts
have been mm.do. to conserve'g6od fiing'by prottiv"-b
I.p With~f . .sh lavu. a-,hve . . . .
done much to retard fish depletion. In order to offset fish depletion
directly, an ixtenslve fish stoc~dng
program is being conducted. However, the p.nnting of fish in the
inland lokes of Wisconsin has boon inefficitht
in many cases.
In former years many inld lakes wore extensively stocked with
such Great ýIals fish as whitefish, lake
"tro-t. and cisches. Successful. results are to be found in.few-lakes.
In: ouglas. county whitefish, lake tr6ut, and
ciscoes are reportedin-.W bite Fish Leke (To -43- N., R. 12 E) and lake,
trout a found in-Eound La (T.r,, R.13L).
Many lakes have been stocked with wall-eyed'pike., a lakes where
wall-eyed pike-have' aleady existedp
-stolpng results have been successful, Undersnotal condit4-us wall-eyed
pike, on the average, will become' of
legal size by the fourth simr,. The pleatln& of wall-eyed pike, in
lakep where. they have never existed often die-
tilrbse the, bplan.ce of nature" in' a way found to.: be unsati sfactory
for the edating fisl, prticula;rly young bass.
'In lakes where &'few wall-eyed -pike of. the mnyx planted
survive.some pike often beCom4e'quito large and
are- qur voracious, Narally, they devoui- many young .fish, paxticularly
ypll bap a .This destruction of youn bass
"plus the fishing- out of the larger bass results in. so few bass
that. tho fishing .for. larger game fis is, lessened*.
"If a wall.eyea pike Is caught- in such- a Ilake, the lake is often
reported to be ful! of pike, though they Won't
"-bite, A halo- of fish drems developing .oudssch lakes heightens
the fishgrman's o pectations' and increases his
ardor, even if his "luck"' is had, If fish stockIng could be
loo1d upon -in-the -as way thi-t fanners study the
results of seed planting from the-. crop yield, much' atror'af the, past:could
be eliminated, Fish dreams and expectep-
tions are not r'esults-, -fish- caught are resultsi-. --
- 'stly~, lale iwprovement irkust alvraysý talm into coinsidoerat
ton drainageo. dopthv*, andf th~arnes s..of the
wa.ter.-- ,
- any brush refuges 'and-:sapi-g tangles, have~beenplIaced in
W i~sconsin Woese inrec6nt. er o~~.is
protection for-.ial fish* Bass -spawning boxes and minnowspw ers have .ls.idepn
placei5. ' imny 161;ee*s This.-work
has been carried om 'by atate a. federal agencies. - ,-+ - ".
" r.- ...- ;
Those desiring further information on lake and stream improvement
work should wrte. to Mr. Otis Bersingv
,-io~logy Division- of the Dpý%arftrent -of Coxiaervat ion@ Capitol
Building, Madiso~n, o-cnii
M TO IMPROVE TROUT STRAMS , - . ,
- .
Restoration of original conditions-.s usui4ly imrat."ablea
but by sklll use-of dams+ deflectors, or
- other ewtificia 0.vices, dhangedfew.- co'nd1tions - ma'y be~za t6 restore
the balance.of productivity to a stream*
It will alse often be possible, to..inzprovo-6 n the natural copditioils
of dvater course -althou6 they may never lave
been 6ubject t'ma ns destru.ctive'uses,
RNISIITZS OF k. GOOD _TROUTJ ' STRE~&ý are pure water, fazrorable.
jabge of' water texpera.tiir, breeding areas adequate
shelter, O+ndt+ food supply, prot.ecution, ano absence of ..oeti.t.ie
life."
The ideal condition will be that which gives pro p 1anceof these
fa0tors. t develop'a stream into a
inig b ological-unit, ander -micW e"+nditions a wi,
produ.ce.the maxim=. fish . .crop possdb-l. If
the-i p'odfction' is stil iadequate to meot -the .ishing ..ditional
rish-,st-.be 'supplied by stoc.ing
or also additional protection through a shorter fishing -season will be
requirod.* -
118H~~~ ~~~ SThPM JU VIETW ..Dpt.. of - .Agriculture )Forest Servi
e, 1 936.-
t
't '.
Thi i~ C 2 I~ OFFC~STRYTh W~iL ~i
The ipfage.ent of fish, ga-e, a'd t'.r-bcaring a'inals io so!etinmes
referred to as a specialized branch of-forestry
because an intelligentI interest- i'n wild l-"6 1by the hýa-mer,
fsther.an and lqver of nature is important in the use nd
developnment of fox'est. ,and for recreo, ionol purp~sos. The planless utilization
of land by man in the past has, often
altered naturmal enviro,!:it.-nin-a ..wy-han i- to fish =and gal e .Srts
en have elso. exacted.,a hea.vy toll of fish ahd
ga.e which cca setyti "n 9o'ents & faor have rst.re., with little
success.. In fa.ct many species of gawB ozd.-fiz , are
extinct or docreasing very rmvicly 4.nc de.i.r..bte hInting int fis~hiLg
regions sre Still bei~g redaced. Therefore, for--
estry. in-i'elati-on to-w4il3. life ~hudreceive -azre c-onaideration.. A
- -..
torest lad. in its reo tiofa h:t& .midrlife-eive.n b la *'sified
as ftio b. 1 OW Z. (a) Upland -. .oresz.t b S . d "
Lakes and streams.: Tho iz?.and forest are as 1ave. Varied gýae conditions.
The Aostru tiLdh d the virgin !t'nkr, .=
particularly de~t.i-e.#y foret fir.ýs, 'have,. hd a.ard effet 'onbwi
d life. Cut-ovcc i'ad*burned over land- laekci
cover for deer etc1 Where a second growth of deciduous f0rest becoLos ,establi.shod
de-r seem to again thrive. In fact,
some clai:. that,, 'rowth timber is more desirable for doer then t he 'orlginal
ntand s The old pine sites where
the scatt~ere-d. ack,,pilv iscrub -oak type .f ceotr-.exltts at present
have. least_ to offer for ga.-t, HJowever,, gaae talies
conducted by the" Wsc Jid Bc, Inventory showed that hajtai grouse,
dd-6ccasionally d~or, frequent such .areas.
Stands of aspen wht bii'oh, zand other ] oarýw-ds, often with a
-. nderstoi' ýf -spruce and balsaz, as well as:thd .few T-e-
maining stands Q:* Virgi taber, f±rnish desirable covur for -deer
and-'partidge., The black bear, are still gour& in
some forest re ginn'. iPreoiatory anir.als, particularly timber wolves,
have been relentlessly hunted for their bounty
and pelts- and- have beco.-e. quite .scarce.... As. a roultt the ,.qowshoe
.abbits, one of the main foods for wolves, are be-
coring very abunadat.~ (As xmar-ds- lifty patrg of ýthe, hind. legs
of' the snwshoo. rabbits ioze ýile, the Ploaia of
one wolf-.. ache,. .been fo~u~ leay. .spr!.ng,.) ..... (.,e heavy,.bristly
fur on the hing legs of these rabbits is
probably the reason tely were left). An over population of rabt as already
caused. considdrablde . . ....ew ..
ýp lan te d *wh t e a
-i t deer , w o l d ...... .
p tdapine-' othcc ifei.s. Ho~ever, if wolves become too abundant,
deerwould* suffer. This shows
that predatory. anirals. hLve a-patt to play in ,aintaining a balanced wile-life
conditiobn. A bette± Udertandin ...
of predators in rnlaDion to gaoe:can be acquired by reading Aldo Leopold's
recent book,:.,,Geme eManageent,, partic-
ularly Chapter-,X on "Predator0 ontrol
Swamps also 1ýa- .-versified types of ane environ.'ent. ,-Pureand
_iAxed stands of Cedar, balsai., @VZuee and tam,-
,arack offer'-cýoessary .brouingrand-.-shelter--for deqr
Lake in- sdction-
- 1
Tradi ng-point
;iid popt ofti ce
Area in acres
kaxiwma dpth in ft .
le,. now,
orke. ihan outlI at
or is.-1an~ilod1wd
Water IS: "°":-g :,:
Aquatic vegetation
surrondindg 1
Swiizminbe&ches
-Toirist AAccommodat ion
9 P.oies -
171
S
L.k as
* None.@
Land~loockPdý&
Clear,
Very soft.-
Snake
19.
Wascott
6 miics
lair
7):
AB318 i
8.1M.p Bas:
B!ue.!s,
Cl~rai.,
"C1ad.i
ni 2"r:od
fC%.
tood.
Poor
*oen
God:
Al?~nder
12
Gordon.
m6,Smiles
4g
$uI ish-
Mh-ogi*Ss
-. noo... . -..
T,6.nlocked.
Clonx
,_'uncLaýý-,U r00
ro t var e I
:S .png'an
b act
Pai; *
4--
1±y e
-I
W~cott
6 miles
37
U. . Ba,96-
Bluegil t
Pejoh
None
S:,LaVr 'oct
.-(1e Z :::. :
n, varcoi
nr~t varied
ap'ling-
Good
~Fatrly.
Good
N. Pike
BgThea4
'None
Drainge
. Modium hard
varied
Black* sp'udci
PoWr
B.'ocellnt
Red
"29-
.9
'Rock Bass
.Bluegills-"....
Crappies '
W. :Z.pi,
ýN. Pike-
RoekBss
Be~lugtl
..Drainagw
ear .:. . .
'liedium -
'Ab- l t n' :.
varied
"Sai dwo od"
-xcollen.
p. W. of bound C02
(S.); (c) 10-20 p. p.
H.): and (e) Over 30
Carbon dioxide.
m.
irod Ii!Y Wi
t 6r Cai ) 0- o
Yields a very soft water (V. S.); (b) 5-10 parts p. p. m* of bound C02 yields
a soft water
yields a medium water (M.); (d) 20-30 p. p. m. of bound C02 yields a medium
hard water (M.
*
'
PO po MO of bound C02 yields a hard water (H.). Note: po p. ip,= parts per
million; COX
Gordon*
7 miles
7oor7
77
WiýScott
1.5 miles
Good
2924
T
, I - i
Fair-A r
A
I JL i ] r [ ii ii i
T 43-1 10 W
* .Name of .lak
26
:. .-- !
Gordon
6 ti .
106 . "
YPk
Niione
I
Landlocked
Clear
AObmdant
Foresat
Excellent
saut.ys..,
* ev_ r, ;;z
7 _-; . *
/Y :QSCL 2 .
"I
w ek.d
- **O, ,,;.
10
I'aitly good
L .M.. Bass
Blue Gil1l
- - s 43.x - R 12 V
43 N -R 11 w
*A - - - - - - - - - - _-, - - - - - -
-Bvlu6, Gill
L*M. Bass
-Lm~locekd
*4 _tl e's ....... "
S. . :, --
..... ..9' . .
-Oak
& " ,.e
Goa
Wascett
12 ', - .
I
"rj
I n~nt
Gordml
9,95 miles.,*
..d .1.
63 I
scr'ub Cai
Mmap1 0
E1xcellent
3~oqjflenýE
o 1T thes-a Snkor - ±Tawt y*
~Rough fýsh xportedl~n lakes of, Dougl,
jkr ar e found i n mo 't 8~~ 0 ~. riv'ei
mon in most moug'Lscounty akee - Though: the sukers- n redhorse are s ed
by most f isren, .hek ihdoub.edly
are of iaportazce as food for gaame fish.
",_ by . f r" t.ie
Rock Bailss .
3&itefish "
Ciscoes
lake Trout"
Ladlckeds
t ':7as. .a,.'e;"- )
"clear
scarce
4 s
Good.-_
* . +
]
T 44 N - R 10 _
Sh --' ... . .... ........... . ...~ ±
Lake im secOt1 --
7'adi]3 PID.-
p*stAztfie
andN nt
rish suitable
for planting
Lake- i s
Water I
jq-datic vegetatiom~
Land cover
1!
au~rrouz4d4i -
Swi=mRgflteaches
Tfourist Accannodatiofl
Cran~berry.
Crappie
Blue Gll1
Bullhead
Br~owm
rub oak
Good
W scotW...
EPike -
LolL. Bass -
Blue Gill
9~.5,miles
Good.
Perch
mile
614J
L n~ss
Bi-6'Gill
LJ4 Bass
S~ocft"
Abu-.7--.
Brush
Poor- :.
Perbon,
L.Ui* Bass
LIwdlocked'&
ru1Q 6a
Private
- U --
3Ekllenl
7-'1
L44. s
SJ.. ý"Bss
Perch
Lake Srout
Crapleye -
Aba.'r t z :
7~C- i~
if H6v-
better-dnvironm6xitýfOr fish . -
Drainage of lakes liy'an o6utle't means 'a cha.nge 6 f wa - w u i-.5 in,
h
ever, if the. change of water conditions is"not sufcent, for i
enough so that' ýthe amount of oxygen .dissolved in 'the water will
not be con~umd d... . the winter.free. -.
1'
ýta I
F
Rcck Bass
Blue A ll
Perch
WallO76 Pike
CrleppPi ik
I
!
( Crappie )
I . * .
a ss
5s
A t
%
m
L
i
!
d
!
i
3- r-, 13 W
r- .
V-
-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~J RLA 1.,lW *~~'5j
i2 ýi
44-~St- -H _7P,10W-
mumrcus
shallow
La12es i=.
c zoib oak:
brush
Solo Springs
N. Pi e .........
L.M, Uass
S,,Mo Bass
Crappie
P erch
catfiash afs
L.M. Bass Octfish
River
Med~l12z
Varied ',
Excellenit'
Excellent
... ha. d. th ssentia o. fo .-h life. . .nat-urally- dpends on the
c aracter of- the lak :o :ri-mvrjYer . ft w .*& .aks
hhe anb.bumn tioi. of::.oganlc.. matter is s, lj 1 s compaared .ith
os of .-.ger-.car bo.at,.O conte.t. So- t water
lakes sho ld be at least 12 ft. .n "pth:.-
%4f6 11.- Rm4 w -N'-.~ R 11 T
TRl1WTE]'3W
NqaW .t L al
k i sotioQD
a~nd post obff'±cc-
Area in acres;.:,
''deptih i-n feet
6eme ;"fij in lake now
. N.' . ".,
Fish su~itable
. . . . ..'". +
L nie has outlet'
Aquatic vegetation
Land covor"
surrounding late
Swimming Beahes
tmini suing
21
Nxcellen - I o
5M ......
39
L 'M. Bassa
1N. P .ike.
Walleye Pike.o
Crappie
Blue Gill
Sunfish
Walleye Pike
* *.P.iko....
Crappe
Blue i
Bainag,
Brown
Medium hard.
Abundant
Varied
P opIl~es
Brush
Excellent
Excellent i
Dowling
7, 18
eriozt
N.... e-s
fil *
21, 22
-Mas.Olug.O
L.M. Bass-
Panfish--
L.Me Bass
Ptf s hl ...
Merdwo
Mixed
Hardwoods
JAJLUi.Uo,
12, 13
I 1mnY
I
"I
tUUiMAL!
TPnP jiTlt
21 54.
Walleyo ..... X o
11. Pike j A...ike
L.Mo.: Bbss,:
Musleluzn0 Rock Bass
Panf .isI.. Blue Gill
Excellent
L. Me. Bass
U.
Bbiea Gil, l
Blueowzill
Dra.i u 2&
Medium
Abunidant,
sapling
Hardwood
Fair
Excellbnt-
Dringe
Brown
-Me diuzn
Blacký. Asb;
J71eye P ike
I. Pike
Rock Bass
1 Varied.v'
I xcellnon
- - . 4..
x~Jl eI.M
Steele
52, 35..-.
10 .
Perch : i
""l+ ......
Me diiw
Varied
Spruce
i
""ea _
laaetais :fsPr1 .on is ,,-+, ,+...
.-"Becse of the scarcity ,of .;ish foodad.-shelter in very soft . ..
....... . ' J ou 1*~-" aed, in
i~mproVe fish environmozit in very.soft water lakbs aquatic+gegetation and..9!umps,
of. brush should be P... a.n
the shoal water regions.
--- - ' i '-
T, 4 6 N - R 11 W T 7--ý R 13 W
6*5-rýalos,
1 =,IAE, -
ý05 Miles*
I .11"'k".. '
Tourist a ation
ccb6bod
Excelj()3jt-
Nebag.a 1 oL.'
og -.
Brush
1
T6
Sa e Pik
Noamon
w- ....
LyIman
Sperio r .
Bennett
+-. .v ,
!
'tr .,-+.. ..
x ellent -
I
2.
.COME AND VISIT US
rOU WILL I~JTSY
Driving these Agricultural, Scenic and Historical
Tours, through all parts of Douglas County,
Wisconsin
£ ! ii .L ±U J U I V.Z =)1I III U 'td I LI I u u ULU
JL - , V %;UI t.i bt VU4 -
usual places of interest, together with a cross section of
our hinterland.
Our County (Douglas), through which you pass, lies in
the heart of the most fertile valley of the Northwest.
Clover you will note, grows like a weed. This County is
the fifth largest in acreage (856,894 acres), of any in
the State, and is most suitable for diversified and Dairy
Farming.
In a normal year, its total production sells for over Five
Million Dollars.
The side trips from these tours, lead to hundreds of
lakes and streams, furnishing a playground for you and
your family, to enjoy to your utmost.
It is the purpose of these tours, not only to give our local
citizens a cross section of our County, but the visiting
public as well. These tours have been mapped out after
careful and intelligent study and are based upon ac-
curate and reliable facts; touching these areas that give
us a general study of the resources of Douglas County
as a whole; featuring the good substantial farm areas,
our lakes, streams, scenic views, parks, recreational and
historical spots, and when taken as a whole, should add a
new interest in our relationship to our "out-of-door
places."
/
COMPLIMENTS OF
DOUGLAS COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
COUNTY SEAT, SUPERIOR, DOUGLAS COUNTY, WISCONSIN
These tours of Douglas County's lakes and stem, its wood and wild life,
are dedicated to everyone who. likes to get out of doors, and finds
pleasure in exploring out of way corners. They are dedicated to those who
like to fish, not alone for the sake of catching fish, but for the thrill
found in the strike of Trout, Bass and Muskies, in their mad rush for your
lure. Douglas Countys- out-of-doors invites you for a vacation. You
will find as we have found, an endless variety of the things that you like
to do, together with rest and healthful recreation.
PICTURE50UE 'TOUR5
DOUGLAS COUNTY , WVVCONS
AGRICULTURAL 5CENIC AND HI1I'ORICAL,
COMPL MENS OF BE.GINNGTTHE OFFICES OF THE.
BSuPEMr A550o-ýTK)NOf' COMMERCE 5ERIORASSOC:XIArIO 0 OF COMMF-CE
OPU.P IVER 51XTrY Mt LF5 tN UNWH
ANDRO OTErIL I ADROb"HOTEL, SUPIEQ1ORVWSCOft4%N
THE FAMOUS TROUT STPI IVT'H
5UPEIOP DOGLA COUTYW5COSINL(CICHLAVE.N,GEPMAN BPIW N D
NUMERI OU GUIDtS AZMAIL4,_
AT BE.LLWOOD
NUMBEIR |Z"TOUR--
N UM .IR T~kAND T VARL
f FARM RE5 LA
NUMBER 9 TOUR:==:4VLIAME~-
;/7/TFFF/TF/; " 0 _ULUTY. SUPERIOR BRIDGE__:'
'
A'1 SU popr IFI
fipm
OWBRRAW FISHTRAP
FOP BATHING ON THE 0
S#( ANTI!NTO FTYIi. Q.
D C1111 A
D O L.G
.3 /.EAUI OF THE ,
INDX O 5 ,BO-LqST CABINS I QN FALLS
%1U~r BORREA lr pUNWSI.O RMFU
C44e=1CF
1!WD UGL S EtTvP. P PLA tSCAMP
BR LESW
C COU WO/
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This map of tours is our way of presenting to you, an accurate picture
of Douglas County's
beauty and natural recreational facilities, together with her agricultural
opportunities. Over these
tours and side trails, hundreds of species of wild animals are to be found,
but none are dangerous.
In taking the Northern Tour, first we cover what is known as the "Red
Clay Belt," consisting of
Pinery, and some admixture of hard woods such as: White and Yellow Pine,
some Cedar, Spruce,
Balsam and Fir. The regions south of the Northern Tour that reach down Into
the county along the
St. Croix River and east, contain Pine together with a somewhat heavy mixture
of hard woods on a
sandy soil with a great deal of Jack and Northern Pine in the loamy sands.
It has been tmpoesble to give you complete information about resorts
and hotel accommoda-
tions at the lakes and out-of-door places that are described in this folder,
but It may be said that
accommodations are available in every locality to suit anyone's desire. Douglas
County has great
recreational facilities. It has many fine lakes as well as many splendid
Trout Streams.
Trout and Trout Streams are numberless, headed of course by the Brule
River, as one of the
greatest Trout Waters In the United States. Native Brook Trout are most widely
distributed, then
the Rainbow, the German Brown, the Steel Head and the Locklaven.
Bass. Do you know that the Black Bass offers as great a sport for the
angler as any species
of fresh water fish? It strikes savagely at surface and near surfac baits.
Muskellunge have a record as the most coveted prize of the fresh water
angler. They strike from
the rear. It requires skill and fast thinking, to land them, but you are
rewarded with a thrill you
never forget.
Pan Fish are common in our lakes, such as "Croppies," "Rock
Bass," "Sun Fish," "Blue Glls,"
"Perch" and 'Bull Heads."
All Douglas County Agencies are co-operating to maintain their fishing
and hunting heritage.
Our wild animals and game birds are increasing in number each year. We want
to appre-
ciate our playground for the sheer beauty of It, and desire that you leave
it as unspoiled as you find it.
Our farmers are the local custodians of our game. Its future depends
upon their efforts.
Compiled by:
CONSERVATION CO , DOUGLAS COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
J. A. Raffaelle, Chairman, Gordon, Wis.; George Cosgrove, Solon Spring,
Wis.;
George Nelson, Foxboro, Wis.
"Carelessness with any form of fire in the woods, marks the tenderfoot"
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, WRITE:
Roy Guest, Conservation Director of Douglas County, Wis., at Gordon,
Wis., or S. P. Gray,
County Clerk and Superior Association of Commerce, both at Superior,
Douglas County, Wis.
It is easy to travel in Douglas County because excellent signs
showing Federal, State and County routes, have been placed
to keep you on your course. Warning signs plainly mark
the approach of every danger. In following these highways,
you need have no fears, regardless of weather conditions.
*LAKE GORDON .il11l If I f% , '17 r w - -
Dedication Program
At Douglas County's new Dam. which forms "Lake Gordon," consisting
of 3300 acres. 12.00 o'clock to 1:00 P. M., Satur-
day, July 10. 1937. Band Concert by a 31-piece W.P.A. Band, under the direction
of Earl E. Shane., at the Dam, six miles
west of the Village of Gordon. Signs will indicate the way to the dam. Gordon
is reached by following State High-
way 53.
1:00 P. M. Invocation: Rev. Philip Gordon, L.L.D., Pastor, "Chippewa
Indian Priest, Centuria, Wis. (Gordon, Wis., was
named after Rev. Philip Gordon's grandfather, Antoine Gordon).
"Chippewa is merely the English name for
Ojibway."
Dedication Ceremonies, opened by J. A. Raffaelle, Chairman of
the Village of Gordon.
Introduction of Dignitaries: Clare L. Wildner.
Hon. Bryn Ostby, Mayor of Superior.
Leonard Moran, President, Superior Association of Commerce.
Frank R. Bell, W.P.A., Director, District No 5, Stevens Point,
Wis., under whose direction the project was
about completed.
Sanford P. Starks, Director, W.P.A. for this District, under
whose direction the project has been completed.
Win. B. Stevenson, W.P.A. Director for Douglas County.
William Gordon, 87 years old, and it was after his father,
"Antoine Gordon," the Village of Gordon and
Lake Gordon were named.
Dedication Address: M. W. Torkelson, Administrator, Works Progress
Administration, State of Wisconsin.
Response: P. 1. Fitzgerald, Chairman, Douglas County Board of
Supervisors.
Acceptance of the Project: by 1. A. Raffaelle, chairman of the
Conservation Committee, with Geo. Cosgrove
and Geo. Nelson, of the Douglas County Board of Supervisors.
Address: B. 0. Webster, Superintendent of Fisheries, Madison,
Wis., representing the State Conservation
Commission.
Address on Conservation: B. J. Gehrmann, Congressman from this
District, Washington, D. C.
Address: General Ralph M. Immell, Administrator, Works Progress
Administration for Wisconsin, when the
project was started and under his direction, and a member
of the Conservation Commission, State of
Wisconsin.
Special Invited Guests
H. Schreiber, Superintendent, Camp Pattison, SP-11, Pattison
Park.
Duncan Cameron, Superintendent, Camp 105-S, Minong, Wis.
Oscar Carlson, Superintendent, Camp 77-S. Brule, Wis.
M. M. DeBow, Superintendent, Camp 53-S, Riverside, Danbury,
Wis.
Harry Johnson, Superintendent, Camp 54-S, Smith Lake, Hayward,
Wis.
John Hanson, District Forest Ranger.
E. L. Vinton, Area Forester,
Paul Skamser, Business Manager, Evening Telegram.
Geo. A. Babb, former Chairman and member of Conservation Committee,
Douglas County Board.
Elmer Peterson, Assemblyman, Second District, Douglas County,
Wis.
M. H. Hall, Assemblyman, First District, Douglas County, Wis.
W. F. Grimmer, Superintendent of Game Management, Madison,
Wis.
C. L. Harrington, Superintendent of Forests and Parks.
Vernon Hamel, Engineer Hydraulic, W.P.A.
J. P, Budzynski, W.E R.A. Works Secretary, at time dam was
started.
John H. Kelly, W.E.R.A. District Director, at time dam was
started.
Harold W. Mead, Chief Hydraulic Engineer, W.P.A., under whose
direction the dam was constructed.
Senator Phil E. Nelson, Eleventh District.
Senator F. Ryan Duffy.
Senator Robert M. LaFollette.
Congressman B. J. Gehrmann.
H. W. MacKenzie, Conservation Director, Madison, Wis.
GOVERNOR PHILLIP F. LA FOLLETTE.
At the conclusion of the ceremonies, under the personal direction of
B. 0. Webster, Superintendent of Fisheries,
and with the help of the C.C.C. boys, Tames McNaughton, Conservation Warden,
Charles Garvey, Forest Ranger, and
County Wardens, Archie Olson and Ray Anderson, a thousand cans of catchable
fish will be released, together with
200 pheasants, giving the general public a definite idea of the proper way
to release fish and birds. The public is in-
vited to bring picnic baskets and enjoy the day, and the various churches
at Gordon have grouped together and will
serve light lunches at the dam.
The Douglas County Board of Supervisors will act as the Reception Committee
at the dedication ceremonies.
EARLY HISTORY
"Lake Gordon"
The early history of the St. Croix Flowage which is now "Lake
Gordon," dates back, the same as other historical
spots, to a location previously occupied by Indian tribes, with their villages.'
Just above the present dam site, there was
located in the olden days, a large Indian Village called by the Chippewas:
"Na-may-way-ka-wa-gon," meaning, "fishing
sturgeon through the ice." These Indians had their own cemetery, but
now all traces of both village and cemetery have
disappeared. The "village" occupied one of the most beautiful spots
of the St. Croix River, about five miles from the
present village of Gordori, Wisconsin, where Antoine Gordon, Grandfather
of Rev. Phillip Gordon, arrived and estab-
lished a trading post and stopping place, in 1862; and carried the U. S.
Mail, from Bayfield, Wisconsin, to St. Paul, by
contract.
At the time Antoine Gordon moved to this territory, there were many
Indians scattered along the St. Croix Valley,
in at least 15 villages or small groups, numbering several hundred men and
women. The Chippewas were mostly mem-
bers of the so-called "Lost Tribe of the St. Croix." William Gordon,
who is still alive, and Father of Rev. Phillip Gordon,
remembers the St. Croix in the early days, as a fisherman's paradise, and
a natural sanctuary for deer and wild ducks.
This territory was surrounded by a great stand of virgin timber, white and
norway Pine, and the old logging dam, upon
which the preserit dam is constructed, was constructed for logging operations.
The loggers moved their operations up
the St. Croix River as far as Solon Springs, Wis., which was then known as
White Birch, but Gordon, Wis., on the St. Croix
River, approximately eight miles from Solon Springs, was headquarters.
The large saw mills were located at Stillwater, and the logs had to
come down the rivers, it being the only means
of transportation to the Mills. It became necessary to provide reservoirs
to hold a volume of water for each spring drive.
The most advantageous site was picked by these lumberjacks, and that is the
site of the present dam. It was con-
structed nearly 60 years ago, and was the beginning of the St. Croix Flowage,
known now as "Lake Gordon," upfon the
St. Croix River.
The old dam was built in 1687, by the Musser, Sauntry & Tozer Co.,
and used until logging in this territory had its
final drive, and was constructed of timber and rock. It had five 18 foot
gates, which were 11 feet 8 inches in height; the
style of the gates at that time, known as half moon type. In about 1888,
early in the morning, they had a scare that
the dam was going to give way, but through quick work, the lumberjacks saved
all the properly. The dam was repaired
and strengthened after that date, with no further trouble.
"Lake Gordon," or St. Croix Flowage, as it is called, was
the key to the water supply for all the logging operations
along the upper St. Croix River and its tributaries, and depended upon its
water supply from the Eau Claire Lakes,
through the Eau Claire River, and St. Croix Lake, through the St. Croix River,
at Solon Springs.
The first steamboat that ever appeared on the flowage came from Stillwater
in 1888, and was familiarly known as
"The Baby," and was christened with due ceremony later as the "City
of Gordon." Its length was 20 teet with an 8 foot
beam, and a propeller, and the "City of Gordon" remained in service
until about 1895, when it was reshipped to Still-
water. It is still running at the present time, being used as a tug.
In 1895, Captain McDougall, of Whaleback fame, designed a second boat
for the company. It was built ai Gor-
don, and launched at the landing just below the present Ranger's Station.
This boat was 28 feet long, and 12 feet wide,
with a steam engine. It continued in service until 1912. A great many people
confused this boat with the "Mary Buck."
It is true that the "Mary Buck" played an important part in logging,
in the early days, but this boat was on the Eau
Claire Lakes only. Her old hull is still pointed out to sightseers on the
upper Eau Claire Lakes.
All boats on the flowage were used to haul supplies, and for towing.
The logs were rafted, and taken by the,
little steamers, on down to the present dam. The spiinig drive always started
as soon as the lake opened; usually the
early part of April, and lasted until early July. In those days, lumbermen
always tried to finish with a drive by the 4th
of July, aid ended with a large celebration. There would be from 300 to 400
men on the drive; the logs would go down
the St. Croix River as far as the Rush City Bridge, and the Moon Company
would handle them from there to the mills at
Stillwater.
The White and Norway Pine timbered in this area was of a superior grade.
It is impossible to estimate the amount
of timber taken off. Although there were many different camps, it was not
unusual for one camp to put in four to six
million feet of logs during a drive. After the Norway and White Pine had
gone, of course, the Jack Pine was taken off,
and the last and final drive was made in 1912. This finished logging operations
to a large extent, in the Gordon area,
and the last stand of virgin timber was history.
TODAY
Lake Gordon
Probably the largest project in the north, completed under W.P.A.,
started under W.E.R.A., and a project with the
most far reaching benefits in Douglas County, the damming of the St. Croix
River 6% miles west of this village. The
dam is completed and of reinforced concrete construction, 12 feet high, 106
feet long, and creates a flowage of approx-
imately 10 miles long, averaging % mile in width, creating 175,000 feet of
new shore line. Contained in this area, are
17 beautiful wooded islands, all owned by the people. One of the first of
several proposed units of water control, in
Douglas County's water sheds, that is completed. It is assumed that with
the storage of this water, it will raise the
levels in approximately 30 lakes just south and within six miles of Gordon,
Wis.
A survey shows now, that the water at the dam in "Lake Gordon"
is at its height, and' within a few months, the
whole area will be a level piece of water. "Lake Gordon" covers
approximately 3300 acres, and with its completion, there
will be better summer resort facilities, increased recreational possibilities,
and a preservation of fish life, and bird and
water fowl foods. It is fed from two sources: the St. Croix River which runs
out of St. Croix Lake at Solon Springs, and
the Eau Claire River, which flows out of Eau Claire Lakes, and empties into
the St. Croix River above the dam.
Through various Federal Projects, this, a new Dam, has thus been constructed,
creating the largest body of water
in Douglas County. The fishing for small mouthed Black Bass, Wall Eyed Pike,
Crappies, Perch, Blue Gills, and other
Pan Fish is a well known and popular sport, and needs no comment from anyone.
For years this flowage has been a favorite nesting place for many species
of wild ducks, shore birds, pheasants,
and smaller tree nesting varieties, and anyone interested in the out-of-doors
will be thrilled by the close contact with
fur and feathered wild life around its bayous. It is not a solid body of
water, but is made up of many miles of wild,
meandering shoreline, and is filled with islands and peninsulas. A real vacationist
can spend many days on this new
lake, and not entirely explore all its regions and recesses, there being
no end to the islands, channels and thorough-
fares. As one fishes this lake, he naturally feels that every time he casts
in a new location, he is fishing at some
point where the lake must end, but only to find further on, a new channel,
which leads him to other bayous.
The shore line on the flowage is a natural jagged shoreline. On the
north is the famous Douglas County Bird
Sanctuary, consisting of 20,000 acres. The shoreline around this "Lake
Gordon" forms an excellent breeding and propa-
gation grounds for fish of all varieties, as well as water fowl.
Through the Conservation Committee of the Douglas County Board, consisting
of J, A. Raffaelle, Chairman, George
Cosgrove, and George Nelson, a new park is being formed at the dam, on the
south end, consisting of 40 acres with shel-
ter houses, fireplaces, benches and tables, which will be an ideal recreational
out-door place for all the people.
County Board of SuONriN
DOUGLAS COUNTY, WISCONSIN
C ounty C lerk ..... ............................................
D ep u ty .......... ..... . . .......................... ..........
C hairm an .............................................................
V ice-C hairm an ...... .............. ................................
COUNTY BOARD MEMBERS
Art Olson ............................................................ Amnicon
John Theien .... ...................................... ................
. ........ Bennett
M ilford Ulven ........................................ ..... ... . Brule
Martin Carlson .................................... Cloverland
C harles M aley ................. ............................ . . . .
D a irylan d
J. A . R a ffa e lle ...-.-------- ._.-.---------------- ... .............
............ G o rd o n
Albin Anderson ----- . .. .. . . ............. Haw thorne
L. A . Sutfin .........................................................
. ... H ighland
John W . Lake ...................................................... . Lakeside
John N. Pellm an ...........................................................
. M aple
Harry Lundeen ....................................................... .
Oakland
P. J. Fitzgerald .........................................................
. Parklcnd
Paul Law in ............................................................
Solon Springs
G eo. C . N elson ..................................................................
Sum m it
Sig Salveson ....................................................................
Superior
I. Ingebretsen ....................................................................
W ascott
.............................. .............A. R. Cole
. ------------------------------- - S . P . G ra y
--- _ --------------------------. ----------.------ _ - _ ----- .....P .
J . F it z g e r a ld
.................................. .............. ........ Ja m e s L a
v e lle
VILLAGES
Hjalmer E. Danielson .............. Lake Nebagamon
Frank Sajec, Jr . ....-.-..-.------.---..... .................O liver
N. H. La Pole ......................................................
... Poplar
George Cosgrove - -- .......... ------------.Solon Springs
CITY OF SUPERIOR
Richard Webb ....................................... First Ward
George M. Paulus .................. ............. Second Ward
Werner J. Salin ............... . .... Third Ward
Take S. Golberg ....... ... .... .......... Fourth Ward
T. W. Tracy ............. ...... ....... Fifth Ward
James S. Mace ----------------.....-------.-......................Sixth
Ward
James D. Lavelle ............................................ Seventh
Ward
Arthur E. Rieckhoff ....................... ...... Eighth Ward
Peter Waseen ...........................................................
Ninth Ward
George A. Wassum ...................... .-----------.......
Tenth Ward
CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
I. A. Raffaelle, Chairman, George Nelson, George
Cosgrove.
This souvenir program dedicated to William Gordon, for whose father,
"Antoine Gordon," the Village of Gordon
and Lake Gordon were named.
Syllabus
By CLARE L. WILDNER,
Executive Secretary,
Superior Association of Commerce.
SUPERIOR EVENING TELEGRAM JQ8 PRINTING DEPT.
READ THIS:
It's a Conservation Examination. April 21, 1937.
Educational-"yet in fun." By the Douglas County Fish and
Game Protective League, at its
Thirty-second Annual Banquet at Superior, Wisconsin.
We will not give any publicity to the results except to those winning
places. If you want your
paper returned, or a list of questions with correct answers, just drop a
postal card to Clare L. Wildner,
President, Douglas County Fish and Game Protective League, Superior, Wis.
MERCHANDISE PRIZES FOR "BOTH MEN AND WOMEN."
1st Place: Electric Lamp. Superior Water, Light and Power
Co.
2nd Place: Case Stokley's Finest Canned Vegetables.
3rd Place: Card Table. Grand Rapids House Furnishing Co.
For "Women Only."
1st Place: Wear-ever Percolator. Bingham Hardware Co.
2nd Placet Conklin Desk Pen. Androv Drug Store.
]kin Treatment. Ford Hopkins Co.
Huot's.
s Coffee, by L. L. Dungan.
hem. Start right away to answer. Find out just what
n your name and address. Winners will be announced
ne in this room can compete, excepting Miss Grace
12. Q. The Hooded Merganser, found in North-
ern Wisconsin in the summer time, has
what kind of a bill?
A.
13. Q. What are the last ducks as a rule, to
leave Northern Wisconsin waters in the
fall?
A.
14. Q. What ducks are found in Northern Wis-
consin, rarely come ashore?
A.
15. Q. Do Mallard Ducks found in Northern
Wisconsin, consume Mosquito Larvae?
A.
16. Q. What is the handsomest duck found in
Northern Wisconsin?
A.
17. Q. Are ducks, geese and swan, found in
Northern Wisconsin, placed in the same
family?
A.
18. Q. In Northern Wisconsin, our permanent
residents are the Partridge and Rough
Grouse. Are they the same bird?
A.
19. Q. What shore bird family residents are
found on the Brule River, that we prize
highly?
.A.
20. Q. What ducks stay in northern Wisconsin
during the winter?
A
11. Q. Are toads and frogs detrimental to wa- 21. Q. Is the Wilson Snipe
found in Northern
ter lilies? Wisconsin the same
as the Jack Snipe?
Aý
A.
of 37. Q. About where in Douglas County is the
old Weyerhauser Mine ?
A.
nd 38. Q. Do Bass in Norther Wisconsin eat
aquatic vegetation?
A.
39 Q. Are Muskellunge the largest fish in
4g_
SPECIAL NOTICE:
Any employee of the County, State, or Government, in Conservation work,
must make an effort to
answer the following fifteen questions. The questions that you do not answer,
or answer incorrectly,
will take off three points from your standing on the first fifty questions.
We admit that the following
fifteen questions are hard, but to make it fair for you who have been trained
in Conservation, this
seems the correct way to do it. As an illustration: If the Fifty questions
have been answered cor-
rectly, your.mark will be 100. If you fail to answer any of the following
fifteen questions, 45 points
will be taken away from your 100 points, leaving your paper with a mark of
55 %. So please join in,
and make an effort to answer the questions. Your paper will not get publicity.
1. Q. Do we have any fish-like forms in the
north, that do not have upper and low-
er jaws?
A.
2. Q.
Is the true Lemming found in Wiscon-
sin?
A.
3. Q. Can any northern fish live for twenty-
four hours out of the water?
A.
4. Q. Have we a migratory bird treaty en-
forced with Mexico?
A.
5. Q. Name two states in the Union that have
a wilderness area set aside within nat-
ional forests.
A.
6. Q. Can Pheasants thrive on a diet of weed
seeds only?
A.
7. Q. Is Tuberculosis in Pheasants, transmit-
tible to humans?
A.
8. Q. Does the Ptarmigan ever appear in Min-
nesota or Wisconsin?
A.
9. Q. Do the adult Woodticks have more legs
than the larvae which hatch from their
eggs?
A.
10. Q. Name the state that conducts a free col-
liege for training volunteer game ward-
ens?
A.
11. Q.
A.
Does a Skink have legs?
12. Q. Name a North American Bird that does
not build a nest, brood its eggs, or care
for its young.
A.
13. Q. Are there any big game Mammals found
in Minnesota or Wisconsin that do not
occur in any other state in the Union?
A.
14. Q. Do any Minnesota or Wisconsin fish pro-
duce sound?
A.
15. Q. Does the Snowy-Owl change from grey
in summer, to white in winter?
A.
LOOK: The Northern States Amateur Field Trial Association will award
$5.00 to the County,
State or Federal Conservation Employee, answering these fifteen questions
correctly. If no one an-
swers them all correctly, they will award $2.00 to the one receiving the
highest mark on the last fifteen
questions only.
Take this examination out of book; sign and hand in before business meeting
is over.
N am e ---------.-----------------....................-------------------------------
.........................................................................
Syllabus:
Address --------------------------------------------------------------------------
April 21, 1937.
CLARE L. WILDNER,
President.
Superior,
Wis., April 21, 1937.
To the Members of the Douglas County Fish and Game Protective League:
During September your Executive Committee, confronted with the drastic
fire hazard of last sum-
mer, believed that we should enlarge upon our six-year Conservation program
along the lines of water
conservation, creating new reservoirs either at old logging dam sites, or
new sites controlling lake
levels, improve our streams with rolling dams and deflectors not only to
maintain fish life both from the
idea of depth and temperature, but also that if a similar fire situation
presented itself this controlled
water would be of use in combatting fires and a water conservation program
was set up, approved by
your Executive Committee, approved by the County Board, and forwarded to
a number of people for
their opinions and it is a pleasure to quote for your benefit portions of
letters we have received in rela-
tion to this water conservation program.
Phillip F. LaFollette, Governor of Wisconsin:
"It seems to be very thoughtfully worked out and I am referring
it to the Conservation Commission
for their careful consideration."
B. 0. Webster, Superintendent of Fisheries, Wisconsin:
"It is a very elaborate program for your County. A great deal of
this work can be carried on in our
lake and stream improvement section."
W. F. Girmmer, Superintendent of Game Management, Wisconsin:
P.
or Field
water c
rent
P. K. Whi
"I wa
"YTlu
remedies yol
F. G. Wilson
"I have
and it
when
ndent
rater c
ne Iuure oes
Minneapolis,
needs of each stri
!y are to be appli(
Live Forestry, Wis
program in great
ty with a great deal of interest. You
such as you are planning in Northern
aradise for men."
q this problem."
I you have been entirely positive in the
k remarkably fine piece of work."
and wish to commend it highly."
C. L. Harring
"I surely
prepared for
Frank A. Bell,
"I have re,
lated on formu]
"It will go
do to control fo:
A. Di
progr
such e
ests and Parks, Wisconsin:
it a great deal of thought into its preparation and that it was
Ls County."
'een Bay, Wisconsin:
great interest and feel that you and the league are to be congratu-
ie to this six-year conservation program."
iot only conserving your lakes and streams, but will have much to
Sincerely,
CLARE L. WILDNER,
President.
Superior, Wis., April 21, 1937.
AND GAME PROTECTIVE LEAGUE:
It is very natural with a program such as we have had, that whoever is
directing it, should have the
absolute power from the Executive Committee. At no time have the members
been hesitant in giving
this power to me. I have done my best, and what lies ahead in conservation
for Douglas County, is up
to all of us. No Conservation Department or State or County or local conservation
club, can do this
job alone. It is too big. All must unite. And Conservation means forests,
meadows,, shrubbery,
growth, good lakes, an adequate supply of water, marshes, wild flowers, and
all other natural wilderness
areas and their inhabitants.
We have not touched yet upon conservation education. This is of supreme
importance. Nor do
we know much about, or have we done much on this subject of cover. But we
have kept in mind the
essential values of conservation. We find new obstacles meeting us on every
side, but we have all
stuck together as never before. I believe we have learned to the fullest
extent, what it means to co-op-
erate.
There is before you a Conservation Examination. I hope all of you will
take it. The award is in
the form of merchandise prizes, and no one will see any paper of anyone entering
the examination,
excepting those of the three winning first places. After the papers are corrected,
we would be more than
glad to return them to you if you so desire, with a correct answer for each
question. The examination
is not difficult, but there are some hard questions, of course. I think everyone
in this room should know
at least 40 per cent of the answers. We have tried to make them common, everyday
questions that you
should be able to answer, on every phase of "out-door life." Everyone
in this room is eligible to enter
the contest, except Miss McMullen, who is my assistant in the Association
of Commerce office, and my-
self. We compiled the questions and answers and of course, are not entitled
to participate.
I mentioned to you last year that I was very proud of the people working
on these conservation
projects. I do not feel, as I told you last year, that they are working for
subsistence. Rather do I feel
that they are building in conservation, and I take my hat off to them. They
have been very loyal, and
it is only through their help that it will be possible to do any future work
on any project. I am proud
of their attitude and their friendship. Their compensation is just the same
as ours, in feeling that
possibly, after all, they have done something constructive in the work being
accomplished in conserva-
tion in our community.
CLARE L.
WILDNER,
President.
Douglas County Fish and Game
Protective League.
1937.
Superior, Wis., April 21, 1937.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
To the Officers and Members of the Douglas County Fish and Game Protective
League:
The Legislature has been in session for several months. Numerous laws
have been introduced
affecting conservation.
It has been our privilege to see that the officers of the Douglas County
Fish and Game Protective
League received copies of the proposed legislation, "with no comment
from the committee."
The Executive Committee of the Fish and Game Protective League recommended
to the Legislative
Committee, through the Fish and Game Committee, set up by the Conservation
Commission of the
State, the support of the following:
1. That the State Legislature be asked to make a blanket appropriation
to the Conservation Com-
mission in order that its work shall not be dependent upon monies received
from licenses and fees.
2. That the State Legislature provide all monies received from fines and
game violations, become a
part of the funds of the Conservation Commission.
3. That the State Legislature reinstate the law providing for compensation
to any person giving in-
formation leadig to the arrest and conviction of a game law violator.
Further, under new laws, they proposed and asked for the following:
1. That the Legislature approve only appointments to the Conservation Commission,
if the selec-
tion is a conservationist.
2. We recommend that the State Legislature make it compulsory to establish
at least one Water
Fowl Refuge in each county in the State, through the co-operation of
various Conservation Clubs,
and to be permanently maintained and directed by the Conservation Commission.
3. That the State Legislature enact a law in that Retriever Trials can
be legitimately held in Wis-
consin under the supervision and direction of the Conservation Commission.
(Note: This recom-
mendation is made due to the fact that we believe, that 57 per cent
of Pheasants and Ducks
downed by the average gunner, are lost, and to educate the public through
retriever trials, of the
worth of retrieving dogs, is a step in conservation.)
4. That the State Legislature be asked to appropriate to the Conservation
Commission a sum of
money large enough to form a monthly publication, edited by the Conservation
Commission, such
publication to be available through a very small fee, to paid members
of various Fish and Game
and other Conservation Clubs throughout the state. The purpose of this
publication shall be:
1st: To create a greater appreciation of Wisconsin's out of doors.
2nd: Through this medium to develop a permenent conservation program
for the whole state.
3rd: Encourage co-operation in conservation activities.
4th: Perfecting educational mediums of artificial wild life propagation.
5th: Providing educational conditions for greater natural increases
of wild life.
6th: Correcting the polution of various streams and "akes in Wisconsin.
7th: To add recreational facilities in all state parks, and other state
owned properties, and to
further the development of state owned lands.
8th: Restoring sub-marginal lands to their natural state.
9th: To further conservation through education.
10th: Striving through conservation to make Wisconsin more attractive
as an "Outdoor State."
Respectfully submitted,
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
PHIL NELSON,
Chairman
JOHN FRITSCHLER
ED. HANTON
AGNES CHARBONNEAU
MRS. ED. COSGROVE
Superior, Wis., April 21, 1937. 'EE OF THE DOUGLAS COUNTY AGUE e are now in this sanctuary, 65 feed atches. consisting of a uuarter of an
Superior,
Wis., April 21, 1937.
To the Officers and Members of the Douglas County Fish and Game Protective
League:
Following is a brief report of the Fish Propagation Committee, showing
fish received from State
and Government, and the various lakes and streams in which they were planted:
CANS OF: MIouth
Bsass
- --------------- 15
1 R
10i
10
10
11
12
Wall-
Eyed~
30
30
60
30
30
32
52
30
30
Blue Crap- Bull Muskel-
Gills pies Head" lunge
20
6
10
10
10
10
20
6
6
10
10
10
10
2
15
3
10
10
15
10
10
10
20
Chairman
----------------------------------
----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
---------------------- - ----------------------------
----------------------------------------------
------------------------------- ----------------
------ ---------------------------------------------
Superior, Wis., April 21, 1937.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FIRE PREVENTION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT COMMITTEE OF
THE DOUGLAS COUNTY FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE LEAGUE
This Committee always dovetails in with the activities of every other
committee, and it is very hard
to give a concrete example of its work alone, as a fire prevention and law
enforcement committee. How-
ever, through a system of education just before Deer Season, at quite an
expense to the League, we ran
various articles and items in the Evening Telegram, calling attention to
human life that was in danger
during the coming deer season, together with the necessity of shooting only
at Fork Bucks. We believe
all of this publicity was beneficial, due to the fact that no one in Douglas
County was taken for a deer
during hunting season, and killed. There were some minor accidents of course,
with men with guns.
In addition to this, after a careful survey by C.C.C. boys and Conservation
Wardens, there were
only 25 carcasses of deer found that were unlawfully killed. We believe this
to be the direct result of
the educational campaign we carried on for the season.
As far as fire prevention is concerned, everyone reading this report
knows that last year, Doug-
las County suffered through someone's carelessness. The greatest forest fires
it has seen in years, and
this was of course, due to a large extent to our drouth situation. We gave
every assistance we could, to
the Conservation Commission and the W.P.A. set up.
May we further state that every man that has been arrested in Douglas
County for a violation of
conservation laws, has been checked with our membership list. Only one member
was arrested and by
an outside warden, for a minor violation of the law, and the court thought
so little of it that the case
was dismissed. The Fish and Game League interceded for no one, in any fractional
violation of any
conservation laws.
FIRE PREVENTION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT COMMITTEE
LOUIS EFAW, Chairman
G. 0. CARLSON
RAY ANDERSON
ART SEDIN
L. E. BRACKETT
ANNUAL
Superior, Wis., April 21, 1937.
REPORT OF PREDATOR CONTROL COMMITTEE FOR 1936-1937
To the Officers and Members of the Douglas County Fish and Game Protective
League:
Your Committee opens this report by ,quoting from a distinguished naturalist:
"Concentrate game or birds, and you usually concentrate their
foes.
We frequently hear the statement that even our destructive hawks
are necess
erica su(
lat in
chief
Call
ory
1a nd demonstrates that predator control is essen-
[IL IQ i
of game and other birds.
Five protection to game and
Ily solved, is to determine
be exercised.
r of their destructiveness, are a
of
orn
urce of revenue
,pen
en paid as
tote Cubs..........
Commission, the Doug-
The committee wishes
las County Board and also
Respectfully submitted,
H.H. VAN VLECK,
A. MATTIOLI,
ANDREW BOE,
W. E. HAILEY,
LYMAN T. POWELL,
Committee.
The worst
'OW
Superior, Wis., April 21, 1937.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REFUGE AND SANCTUARY COMMITTEE OF THE DOUGLAS
COUNTY FISH AND GAME PROTECTIVE LEAGUE
Springs, there has been erect4
of bird houses. Our Bird Hous
houses were all placed in the
mnd are taking only the winnin
conservation
ri the schools,
,ear we have
. them in the
re now being
,ierK
JOE R.
OTIS E
wa!
ther
-"
April 14, 1937.
REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE
To the Members of the Douglas County County Fish and Game Protective League:
As an Auditing Committee appointed by your President, we have carefully
checked the records of
your Treasurer, Snyder Clemens, together with stubs of check book, and written
orders of your Presi-
dent and Secretary, for money drawn upon Treasury, and your finances as follows:
From April 22, 1936 to April 14, 1937:
RECEIPTS:
Cash in Bank April 22, 1936 -----------------------------------------------------------
- --- - -------------------------------------- $ 63.74
Receipts from sale of Memberships and Banquet Tickets (1936) -------------------------.----------------
533.50
Receipts from Trust Fund in U. S. National Bank ------------------------------------------------------------------------
22.28
TOTAL INCOME OR RECEIPTS
$619.52
DISBURSEMENTS (By Check)
Flowers for Banquet (1936) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 3.00
Androy Hotel, Banquet meals (1936) -----------------------------------------------------------------
184.20
Bird House Contest Prizes ----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------- 23.00
Prizes (1936) Membership Drive ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 8.50
Express on Pheasants ----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------- 16.73
Memberships:
Upper Wisconsin Association ....... -----------------------------------------
5.00
More Game Birds in America -------------------------------------
------------------------------- 2.00
Advertising:
Banquet ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------...
.....-------------------- 10.10
Notices of Annual Meeting ----------------------------------------..------------------------------------
8.75
Banquet Tickets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13.72
Obey Deer Laws ----------------------------------------------........------------------------------------------
10.00
Postage ---------------------------------------------------------........-----------------------------------------------.-----
5.93
Traps for Sanctuary -----------------------------------.................-------------------
------------------------ 1.80
Express on Moving Picture Film ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.24
Feed Hoppers, Draying ...................................................-----------------------------------------
4.75
Telegram s -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.51
Cotton Tail Rabbit Shoot Material -----------------------------------------------
-------------- --------- 12.40
Expense of Conservation Exhibit ------------------------------------....----------------------------------
22.25
TOTAL EXPENSE:
$ 345.88
Cash in Bank April 14, 1937 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 273.64
First National Bank Balance April 14, 1937 ------------------------------------------------------------------
$ 291.68
Checks not presented for payment, No. 196, $5.00; No. 197, $2.79, and
No. 198, $10.25 --------------------------------------------------------..
.............. .. .. ..---------------------------- 18.04
$ 273.64
Funds in trust, U. S. National Bank.- -------------------------------------------------
$ 200.51
Respectfully submitted,
AUDITING COMMITTEE.
A. N. ANDERBERG
CARL A. PETERSON
DONALD MacRAE
Vote-erout and hand in. Andrew Ekstrom, L. A. ,Peter Clemens, and Jack Marcus. only s m the floor anyone OFFICERS: y Fish and Ga
Memrftwsdaiu
1532 %1ww4lt AWIm
:&Mary 2, 1937
Dcgl Couty Fish & Gam Protectj Leagu
te1or Asocation of Cmw
proaam, but nor atac with D County is
limited to *nttI$4 to W opinion. Of s.."# I a
-ters bat I an to g what ne namly,
opoQif suggstiosa fo uoeet
I Mar you *IntiaW and wish w )~ie bait s*j
With b40 a,
Your sincrey,
Ad Leopo
v Profesr of Ga Un
Superior Assoeiation of Commeree
ANDROY HOTEL
SUPERIOR - DOUGLAS COUNTY, WIS.
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT,
LEONARD MORAN,
N. W. MUTUAL LIFE INS. Co.
VICE-PRESIDENT,
SNYDER CLEMENS,
LONEY & CLEMENS,
"INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE"
TREASURER,
CARL NEWMAN.
SPEAKES CO.,
"BUILDING MATERIALS-
DIRECTORS
A. J. ANDERSEN,
WHIPPLE PRINTING CO.
HENRY BECK,
C. REISS COAL Co.
LESTER BICKFORD,
BICKFORD-LINDBERG FUEL Co.
R. C. BUCK.
R. C. BUCK, CIVIL ENGINEERS
J. A. CAMPBELL,
WISCONSIN STATE BANK
A. M. DORAN.
.MGR,' SUPERIOR HOTEL
HARRIS ERLANSON,
ERLANSON LUMBER Co,
RALPH FALSTAD,
"ACCOUNTANT'
0. J. FLYNN.
G. N. RAILWAY CO,
JOHN FRITSCHLER,
HANITCH, JOHNSON, FRITSCHLER
& BARSTOW,
"ATTORNEYS"
CLOUGH GATES.
EVENING TELEGRAM CO.
ELMER HARD.
N. P. RAILWAY Co.
C. F. HERTLEIN.
N. W. OIL Co.
JAMES R. HILE.
HILE & DAHL, 'ATTORNEYS"
OLAF JOHNSON.
N. W. MUTUAL LIFE INS. Co.
DELOS KELLOGG,
TWIN PORTS CO-OP. DAIRY ASs'N
GEO. LEAMON.
LEAMON BAKERY CO.
PERCY LONGTINE
N. W. OIL Co.
A. MAcARTHUR,
MACARTHUR EQUIPMENT Co.
JAMIES C. McKAY.
ASS'T DISTRICT ATTORNEY
L. R. McPHERSON.
BUTLER II MCPHERSON. 'ATTORNEYS'
REED MERRELL.
MERRELL & MCMAHON. INC.
"-AUTOS"
PAUL SKAMSER,
EVENING TELEGRAM CO.
DR. T. F. SMITH.
"DENTIST"
ROY SPRINGER,
ROSS ELECTRIC CO.
JOHN SPROWLS.
POWELL &1 SPROWLS. -ATTORNEYS'
H. J. UNDERHILL,
S. W., L. & P. CO.
HARRY WAITE.
GRAY PLUMBING & HEATING CO.
January 19, 1937
Mr. Aldo Leopold
Prof. of Game Management
College of Agriculture
Madison, Wisconsin
My dear Sir:
After a great deal of research work for
Douglas County, we have set up a "Water Conser-
vation Program" in hopes that it will interest
all conservation minded people.
The program in itself is enclosed, and has
the approval not only of the officers of the
Douglas County Fish & Game Protective League,
but also of the Douglas County Board of Super-
visors.
It really explains itself in quite a little
detail. We do not expect that in its entirety,
it will be carried out, to a successful com-
pletion. However, with the various Federal and
State set ups and C.C.Camps in this district,
we are at least bringing to them a detailed pro-
gram with projects, upon which they can proceed.
You are being solicited because we know
you are deeply interested in everything that
pertains to conservation. We would like very
much to have you read it over, and comment
upon this water conservation program as you
see fit.
Most sincerely yours,
Clare L. Wildner,
President,
DOUGLAS COUNTY FISH & GAME PROTECTIVE LEAGUE
CLW:GM
1 Enc.
CLARE L. WILDNER.
SECRETARY
WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR DOUGLAS COUNTY, WISCONSIN,
FOLLOWING UP IN DETAIL ITS SIX YEAR CONSERVATION PROGRAM.
By: The Douglas County Fish & Game
Protective League
Superior, Wisconsin
Sept. 11, 1936.
There is a general feeling that we have been confronted in
Douglas County, with a terrific hazard this year, during the drought
period, in relation to forest fires which have destroyed a great
deal of Douglas Countyts playground, that it will take years to re-
place.
The Douglas County Fish & Game League believes that its six
year program should be enlarged upon, along the lines of water con-
servation, consisting of the creation of new reservoirs, either at
the location of old log-ing dam sites, or at new sites; the creation
or erection of lake level control dams downstream at the outlets of
existing lakes, that our rivers and streams should have improvement
dams where needed, erected, of low rolling dams in character, to con-
trol the minimum stages of the level of each river, in that the
river has sufficient water, through the use of various dams and
deflectors, to maintain fish life, both from the idea of depth,
idea of temperature, and the development of a general use of fire
control.
We feel that water conservation can be approached from many
angles and especially from the fire fighting angle; that our whole
system of water conservation in Douglas County needs planning and
control, in order that it may be conserved and held in so-called
rolling dams or reservoir dams, that it may be preserved through
the summer months when drought is a menace to all of us.
We ask that thio program receive the support and encouragement
of conservation minded people, including state and federal agencies
as well as those that live here so that in years to follow, we will
have some kind of buttress against the effects of drought and fire.
This program provides information in relation to Douglas Countyts
waters, with the hope in mind of assisting in developing the
suggested work contained herein. We are running across the county
from east to west, suggesting deflectors, rolling controlling and
reservoir dams; then other water conservation set ups, with only one
thought in mind, that of welfare and well being of all.
ROLLING, CONTROLLING AND RESERVOIR DA,
Totogatic Ounce:
This river runs across the S.E. corner of Douglas County; is
very picturesque, and contains a grea deal of rock formation. In the
summer time one can practically walk across anywhere. We suggest
here, improvement in the way of dams all along the river where the
dams are needed, especially rolling and reservoir dams. At one time
it was one of our nicest trout streams.
-2-
Eau Claire River:
Here, likewise, rolling and controlling dams are needed. There is
a great deal of rock formation along this river, and material is
available along the river. This river's water supply is controlled
by the Eau Cleire Lakes.
St. Croix River:
Especially the portion of the St. Croix River west from the
Flowage, needs a great deal of attention with deflectors and dams of
all types. In the summer it is practically impossible to punt a boat
from the flowage down to the so called Thompson's Bridge. This is
one of the best small mouthed bass rivers in the 13.S., adl that
portion of the St.Croix River west from the flowage needs attention,
as well as the headwaters east and north of the flowage. The source
of this river is the St.Croix Lake.
Moose River:
At one time the Loose River was one of our better trout streams.
Today the water is spread all over. It has no depth and practically
no fish life. Deflectors and rolling dams are needed here very badly.
Tamarack and Spruce Rivers:
These two rivers merge into the Tamarack in the S.W. part of the
county. They need attention in a great many places, with deflectors
and rolling dams.
Black River:
The source of the Black River is Black Lake. This river runs
north into uanitou Falls. By all means this river should have the
immediate attention of those interested in conservation, if we are to
maintain falls at all.-
Amnicon River:
The source of Amnicon River is Amnicon Lake. It runs south and
then east to Lyman Lake; then north into Lake Superior. At one time
this was a wonderful trout stream. In places now, in the summer time,
there is practically no water. This river has a great deal of
material along its banks; in fact, all of the rivers we have mentioned
have, and should have immediat6 attention as far as rolling dams and
deflectors are concerned.
In and around St. Crois Lake, we have Leo Creek. Catlin Creek,
Rock Cut; all trout streams of importance, and feeders to the St.
Croix Lake. They should have our immediate attention.
Ox Creek:
"Ox Creek has its source in Douglas County, emptying into the St.
Croix River. The lower portion of Ox Creek, especially, is a very
nice trout stream, and is available to the fly fisherman. It has
rock formation along its course, and here deflectors and rolling dams
are needed. This is also true of the upper portion of Ox Creek.
Brule River:
So0e very effective r'crk has already been done on the Brule
River, and this should be continued by come agency, in rwlaces -here im-
'rovement is needed, in order that the rater may be conserved and
utilized to the best advantage for trout.
Po-lar River:
Emrties into Lake Superi-r. This river has rock formation, and
material is.of no consequence as far as an exoenditure is concerned.
This river is very lo,' in the summer, and the -ater could be utilized
through a system of dams.
Viddle Riverl
At one time Middle River vras a very fine trout stream. It empties
into Lake SuneriC'r; has rock formation along its banks, and this
river, through deflectors and reservoir dams, can be saved.
Balsam Creek:
This river is an asset to Douglas C-unty from a fishing stand-
point but has been neglected for years. "aterial is available, and
ryater here can be conserved and the river, with deflectors and dams,
recreased ipto a real trout stream. Any of these rivers mentioned,
have feeder creeks. These creeks can be orened up, increasing not
only depth, but the flor of water to the mother rivers.
Lekes W'ith Outlets:
Douglas County has the following lakes i-ith outlets: St. Croix
Lake, Nebagamon Lake, Minnesuing Lake, Lyman Lake, Dowling Lake,
Amnicon Lake, Safford Lake, Snake Lake, Cranberry Lake, Eau Claire
Lakes. Ie propose that dams be erected at these outlets, controlling,
and establishing the water level on each lake, that those having
prorerty on these lakes may be protected, and the rater conserved in
the lakes to an established level.
Dams for the Control off- i~sh ji.l*-
The Mrule ier runs through section 10, T. 49, R. 10. This
section is ortned by Douglas County. At one time there was a dam in
this river, which controlled in a way, rough fish and other large fish
coming up the river to apawn from Lake Sunerior. About 1910 this dam
ras blown out, and now the Brule River is infested with large fish and
rough fish, including some carp. "Ie believe that this type of dam will
control these fish and that the Brule will return back to one of the
greatest trout streams in the t-rld.
There are two more sites on the Brule River -here we believe the
same type of dam should be created; one known as the Mill Site, N.1.
quarter -f the S.E. quarter, Section 11, T. 47, R. 10, and the old dam
site a quarter of a mile S. of the Forest Rangers' Cabin, in the N.
of the S.E.¼ of Section 42, T. 47, R. 10, Douglas County, 1is.
T o r n. of G o rd on o -D am o om:k n
.We b~lieve that reservoir dams should be erected,of some kind,
at the six mile dam location, in the N.E.1 of the N.tV.¼ of Section
10,
T. 43, R. 11.
Town of Summit:
. Headwaters of Balsam Creek. IIEý of the 1F1. Sec. 7, Township
46,
Range 15. Little Balsam Creek. NEI of the T-V, See. 32, T. 460 R.15.
-4-
East one-half of the SEý, Sec. 17, Township 45, R. 15. Headwaters
of
Em pire Creek, NE- of the N Sec. l1, T. 46, R. 15. Black River.
SU, of the SW*, sec. 0, T,46, R. 14. Bear Creek. NX of the NWi,
Sec. 2, T. 45, R. 14.
Town of Dairyland:
spruce River, Falls Dam, NE* of the S I Sec. 17, Township 43,
R. 15. Dead Man Dam. II. of the SZ.1, Sec. R. 43, R. 15. Old
Logging Dam, NW* of the SE; Sec. 32, T. 44, R. 15. Tamarack River,
Radigan Dam. SWq of the SE , Sec. .0, T. 43, R. 15. A rolling dam
in the NEX of the NEý of Sec. 20, T. 44 R. 14. On Tamarack River.
Also, a dam in Tamarack River in the N4 of the IEý of Sec. 29, T.
43,
R. 13. Spruce River Dam in the S of the NEX of Sec. 28, T. 44, R.
13, and a dam in the NE of the NW1 of Section 1, T. 44, R. 13.
Town of Highland:
Rock Lake-Retention Dam, $*, N*, Section 33, T. 45, R. 10.
Town of Amnicon:
On the Middle River, Sec. 0, T, 47, R. 12* Amnicon River, Sec.
7, R. 12, T. 47. Bardon Park. Sec. 29, T. 45, R. 12.
Torn of Lakeside:
-Water Control Dams. Bardon Creek. Sec. 16, T. 48, R. 11. Lake
Creek. Sec. 17, T. 48, R. 11. Middle River. Sec. 18, T. 48, R. 11.
Bowser Creek. Sec. 15, T. 48, R. ll Middle Creek. Sec. 16, T. 48,
R. 12. Amnicon River. Sec. 8, T. 48, R. 12. Lake Creek. Sec. 20,
T. 48, R. 11.
Town of Hawthorne:
... Middle River Dam, SE of SWV of Sec. 34, T. 47, R. 12.
Town of Superior:
Bruce Johnson Park Dam. Sec. 15, T. 47, R. 15, on the Nemadji
River. Nemadji River Dam, Sec. 21, T. 47, R. 15, Sec. 14, T. 47, R.
15. Water Control Dams.-Nemadji River. Sec. 14, T. 47, R. 15, Sec.
15, T. 47, R. 15. Clear Creek. Sec. 15, T. 47, R. 15. Rock Creek.
Sec. 16, T. 47, R. 15.
Town of Solon Springs:
Big Dam. Moose River. S of the SWM of Sec. 35, T. 45, R. 13,
and a rolling dam on the SWx of the SE of Section 22, T. 45, R. 13,
and a rolling dam in the SWi of the S of Sec. 13, T. 45, P. 13.
Town of Wasoott:
TOtogatic Ounoe River. Rock Dam# N* of the NFA- of'Sec. 1, T.
43, R. 10. Depot 1Dam. SZý of the Sq 'eo. 11, T. B~, R. 10. Black-
burn Dam. STW4 of Sec. 30, T. 43, R, Snake Creek, e1cof the 8WJ
of Sec. 25, T. 43, R. 10. Norway Dam, o of the A Sec. 21, T.43,
R. 10. Moose River, Buck A Day Dam. S of the S of the Sec. 11,
ber Cooreekn Darnm4o h W. Nof h to
T. 44, R. 13. Cooper Mind Dam, N''of he of ec 7 T. 43, R.
13. Miles Creek Dam NWt of the Sl of Sec. 4, T. 43, k. 12. Cran-
berry Creek Dam. of he S4 of hec. 30, T. 43, R. 12.
Rearing Ponds and Hatcheries:
The Conservation 6Zmmission has accomplished quite a little work
on the hatchery at Brule that ras donated to the State by public sub-
scription. We feel that the hatchery should be enlarged, using allthe
building for hatchery purposes, and rearin- " .onds established making
it
an zll year substantial trout hatchery.
1. Trout and Rearing Ponds, on the publicly owned land rholly
w~ithin Sectio, .'' 47, 1. 12, lying just west of Highway 53, near
the village of Wascott at the head of Bergen Creek.
2. Bass Ponds. The Conservation Commission itself has made
surveys of Douglas County in relation to bass ponds. 'Ie desire that
bass ponds be created in the thoroughfares between Nebagamon and
Yinnisuing Lakes and at the outlet of Amnicon and 1Yinnisuing Lake and
the thoroughfare between Middle and what is known as Fowler or any
further places that this survey covers.
3. Pike Hatchery. The Conservation Commission has promised us
for a 'oeriod of sme'years now that it will establish in Douglas
County a pike hatchery. We have suggested this on the St. Croix at
the floge if the run of pike substantiates a hatchery of this kind.
4. Increased water sun 1 . At the north end of the Club House
in the Bird Sanct ary, Sec. 14, T. 44, R. 12, on publicly owned land,
there is a small lake fed entirely by springs. We feel that an 4ttem-
pt should be made by driving points in this lake to increase the denth
of this vater for the enjoyment of the public at large.
Polution of Waters:
From a recreational standpoint and the natural life of various
fish, an effort must be made for the prevention of poluting our waters,
not only rivers but all lakes.
Xew Lake:
T e county owns some 700 acres north of section 10, 43, 15. There
was an old dam here known as the Radigan Dam some years ago. We de-
sire that a new lake be built here for the general use of the people.
Also a flowage lake north of a dam to be built in section 28,44,15.
Conclusion:
The purpose of this rater conservation program has been to devel-
oo through observation, these lake and water lanes, in bombating the
forest fires in Douglas County. ',e believe that with these rolling
dams and controlling dams, our water can be conserved for Douglas
County, and that when a situation confronts us again as it has the
last month, water willnot only be available through r'ater lanes to
combat forest fires, but also-will prevent their spread, and at the
same time, produce in our rivers and creeks, hide-outs for fish, and
watering places for domesticated animals as rell as rild life. It
rill be an educational opportunity for those who love the out of doors,
to anpreciate exactly what water means to a community.
DOUGLAS COUNTY FISH & GV2 LEAGUE
Officers:
Clare L. Wildner, Pres. Snyder Clemens, Treas.
Geo. Babb, Vice-Pres. Louis G. Nagler, Sec.
And members of Executive Committee:
Geo. E. Yale, Cecil Williams, Al Haglund, Louis Efa*, Harithorne, '7is.
Phil Nelson, _Maple, Wis., Dr. T. F. Smith and Pueben Ruckdashel.
Released.
-5-
2532 UniversityAem
Mac 11* 193
Mr, 0*79 L. Wildner, President
Doulas County Fih & Game Legu
btpettow Ass .oato of Oopews
$porw. Wiscsina
Dear Mr. 1118awr
I hav ra e oi, proram with great intr s.
It is tit my opinion a real gain to have these variou pro
jeat. all of reod In that rope you are a ftll jum shea
of a other cout X nw of,
UntLI I m bette Macuite with u c ty, howe
I mUal e.ot tha asom of th detail will evnml show Inter-
tew.s bw~a one proje an anet., s a b predto
Th~s is a inferne at least, ta mest of t
projects are to be paid for and administered by the. public. This#
I fear, will brea down whe extnde ove th hlnrhr
regon Of cous, 1h*is is not our f.1to bt It reflets t*h
nearly=vwmla failur of private initiative ax omwnesip in
oons~atio.n This met, I think, evenuall b. caed in we* wa.
I n't ow e am.
I look dto gtting auainte with a
Aldo Leopold
Prfessor of 0m Mangament
Superior Association of Commerce
ANDROY HOTEL
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT
LEONARD MORAN,
N. W. MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO.
VICE-PRESIDENT
R C. BUCK.
R. C. BUCK. INC.. CIVIL ENGINEERS
TREASURER
CLARENCE GRACE,
EMPLOYERS MUTUAL INS. CO.
DIRECTORS
E. S. BERTHIAUME.
BERTHIAUME, INC., "GROCERS"
PETER B. CADIGAN
CADIGAN & CADIGAN, "ATTORNEYS"
SNYDER CLEMENS.
LONEY & CLEMENS,
"INSURANCE AND REAL ESTATE"
S. S. CURTIS.
NATIONAL LSR. & CREOSOTING CO.
WM. R. DAVIES,
"SUP'T OF SCHOOLS"
A. M. DORAN.
"MGR." SUPERIOR HOTEL
HARRIS ERLANSON.
ERLANSON LUMBER CO.
RALPH FALSTAD.
"ACCOUNTANT"
CLOUGH GATES,
EVENING TELEGRAM CO.
ELMER HARD.
N. P. RAILWAY CO.
C. F. HERTLEIN,
N. W. OIL Co.
JAMES R. MILE.
MILE & DAHL, "ATTORNEYS"
DR. A. F. JACOBS,
"DENTIST"
PERCY LONGTINE.
N. W. OIL Co.
ALPINE MACARTHUR
MACARTHUR EQUIPMENT CO.
HUGH McDONALD,
SUPERIOR LAUNDRY Co.
L. R. McPHERSON.
BUTLER & MCPHERSON. "ATTORNEYS"
JAMES C. McKAY
ASS'T DISTRICT ATTORNEY
CARL NEWMAN.
SPEAKES CO.,
"BUILDING MATERIALS"
E. .B OSBORNE,
"FARMER" "VITAMIN D MILK"
T. J. ROTH.
ROTH BROS., -DEP'T STORE"
PAUL SKAMSER.
EVENING TELEGRAM CO.
NEIL SMITH,
ROTH BROS., "DEP'T STORE"
DR. T. F. SMITH.
"DENTIST"
ROY SPRINGER
ROSS ELECTRIC CO.
JOHN SPROWLS.
POWELL & SPROWLS. "ATTORNEYS"
HARRY WAITE,
GRAY PLUMBING II HEATING Co.
I IPFItR - flriI I(1 A Cr WIQ
March 2, 1936.
Mr. Aldo Leopold,
Professor of Game Management
1532 University Ave.
Madison, Wis.
Dear Mr. Leopold:
We are enclosing herewith, copy of a six year
progressive conservation program for Douglas County,
as set up by the membership of the Douglas '-'ounty
Fish & Game League, which I believe explains itself.
It has to do with our most vital resources; land and
water. Included in the program are benefits not
only for those who love to study our out of doors
and enjoy animal, bird and vegetable life, out also
benefits to those who desire to hunt and fish.
We have gone a little farther with this program
than the ordinary b'ish & Game League perhaps, in
that we are presenting the program not only to the
Conservation Commission, State of Wisconsin, and
conservation under the various Federal set ups, in
asking their co-operation in the prosecution of the
program; but also, to those seeking public office
in this county, asking them to endorse the program
in writing, and to assure us that if they are elected
to the public office they seek, they will, by vote
and action do all in their power during their term of
office, to advance this program for conservation in
Douglas County, Wis.
I would greatly appreciate your personal comment
upon the program as a whole, or in detail.
Most sincerely yours,
Clare L. Wildner,
President,
DOUGLAS COUTh4TY FISH & GAME LEAGUE
CLW: GM
1 Enc.
CLARE L. WILDNER,
SECRETARY
A SIX YEAR PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATION PROGRAM
sponsored by the
DOUGLAS COUNTY FISH & GAME LEAGUE
AT SUPI8:RI, WISCONSIN.
BELIEVING THAT the natural resources of Douglas County are
the heritage of the whole people and should be conserved
and utilized for their benefit, they have set up and approv-
ed this program for the promotion of the welfare and well-
being, not only of Douglas County citizens, but for the bene-
fit of those who visit us from the outside. The Executive
Committee of the Douglas County Fish & Game League, through
which its activities function, feel that only through a clear
understandina of conservation in its broadest sense by every
citizen in our community, can we render effective service as
a whole, and ask that all public officials, the Conservation
Commission of Wisconsin, the Conservation Committee of the
Douglas County Board of Supervisors, and Federal "set ups"
under conservation, carry out this program as quickly as
possible. This program is presented after a great deal of
study and planning, and creates in conservation for Douglas
County, great economic efficiencies and use of its out doors
and will coordinate politic, civic, community and individual
efforts in the planning for Douglas County's conservation
needs.
A. WATERS
1. Doulas Lake. We desire that there be created immedi-
ately a lake known as the flowave at Gordon, Wisconsin and
that public recreational areas be maintained on the property
adjourning this lake and that all of the land owned by the
County around this lake be properly zoned.
2. Artificial Dams for Lakes and Ponds.
Just south of the main portion of the village of Solon Springs,
St. Croix Creek crosses Highway 53 and runs into St. Croix
Lake. On the west side of Highway 53 the creek runs through
a low land that is practically all owned now by Solon Springs.
It is our desire that a series of trout ponds be established
here in the form of small artificial lakes.
Thompson Dam. 8EJ of the SEJ, Section 11, Township 43, Range
10. At one time there was a dam at this location. We desire
that this dam be reclaimed, and that a lake be created on
Douzlss County owned land east of this legal description.
Nebaýzamon Creek flors out of Lake Nebawamon from the west
across County road S. in about the SE-1 of the NEJ, Section 36,
Township 46, Range 11. The County owns the land along this
river rest of County Highway S. We desire that a dam be built
here for trout ponds.
3. Lake Levels of Douglas County Lakes.
The follorinc lakes have outlets and it is our desire that the
levels of these lakes be established by artificial means in
the form of permanent dams at the outlets so that in the fu-
ture the water levels of these lakes can be controlled for the
betterment of property and fish life. The lakes are: St.
Croix, Nebagamcn, Ninnesuing, Amnicon, Lyman, Dowling, Safford
or Red, Snake, Cranberry, Eau Claire and Ox Lake.
B. SPAWNING BEDS ON LAKES
We desire in lakes under A3 and including Douglas Lake, the
new lake formed at the St. Croix Flowage, the construction
of spawning beds by means of brush refuges and log tangles
weighed don, of course, with rocks for the purpose of
creating minnow spawning beds and bass spawning beds. These
refuges in lakes not only frmhide aways, but also increase
the food for fish, Some of the work on one or two lakes has
been started.
C. DAMS
IWe give herewith the legal description of various old logging
dams in Douglas County that should be reclaimed in the form
of rolling dams with available material to conserve the water
supply in the various rivers upon which these dams are situated.
Brule River Dams
This famous trout stream has been bothered a great deal with
rough fish coming up from Lake Superior. We desire a dam on
the Brule River started at the so called Clevedon Site; that
three dams be built to control fish and not water at the fol-
lowing locations on the Brule,
1. Clevedon Site. SW1 of the NW¼, Sec. 10, Township 49,
Range 10.
2. Mill Site. N'V of the SEý, Sec. 11, Township 47, Range 10.
3. Old Dam Site. One quarter mile south of the Forest Rang-
ers cabin. NE¼ of the SEJ, Sec. 22, Township 47, Range 10,
Douglas County, Wisconsin.
4. Fish ways in each and all in order that the rough fish that
are so objectionable to trout can be controlled. After this
process of control is established, Big Lake and other sec-
tions of the Brule, where rough fish are known to be should
be removed; together nith the removal of silt in Big Lake,
Lucius Lake and the upper parts of the Brule River, to-
gether -ith a continuous improvement in the form of deflec-
tors and rolling dams the whole length of the Brule River
where advisable.
Town of Summitt
Head raters of Balsam Creek. NEJ of the NEI Sec. 7, Town-
ship 46, Range 15. Little Balsam Creek. NE¼ of the NEC,
Sec. 32, Township 46, Range 15. East one-half of the SEC,
Sec. 17, Township 45, Range 15. Head waters of Empire Creek.
NEI of the NW7, Sec. 11, Township 46, Range 15. Black River.
S of the ST Sec. 9, Tornship 46, Range 14. Bear Creek.
NEI of the N&,, Sec. 2, Township 45, Range 14.
Town of Gordon
Eau Claire River. Six Mile Dam. NEý of the NWr, Sec. 1,
Township 43, Range 11. Mend Dam located in the NW. of the
SW-, Sec. 33. Township 44, Range 10. Chase Dam, N*. of the
N4, Sec. 36, Township 44, Range 10. Buber Dam on Crotty
Brook. N¶I of the NE, Sec. 30 Township 44, Range 13,
and a Rolling Dam in Section 1', Township 44, Range 13.
TOWN OF DAIRYLAND
Spruce River. Falls Dam. NE¼ of the Sew, Sec. 17, Town-
ship 43, Range 15. Dead Man Dam, NW¼ of the SEE, Sec. S,
Township 43, Range 15. Old Logging Dam, NWý of the SEj,
Sec. 32 Township 44, Range 15. Tamarack River, Radigan
Dam. S 4 of the SE-, Sec. 10, Township 43, Range 15. A
Rolling Dam in the NE¼ of the NEJ of Sec. 20, Township 44,
Range i4. On Tamarack River. Also, a dam on Tamarack River
in the NW7 of the NE¼ of Sec. 29, Township 43, Range 13.
S ruce River Dam in the SEI of the NEJ of Sec. 29, Township
URange 13, and a dam in the NE4 of the NWl of Section 1,
Tcwnship 14, Range 13.
TOWN OF HIGHLAND
Rock Lake - Retention Dam - SEJ, NEJ, section 33, Township
45-R-10.
TOWN OF AMNICON
On the Middle River, Sec. 9, Township 47, Range 12. Amnicon
River, Sec. 7, Township 47, Range 12. Bardon Park. Sec. 29,
Township 48, Range 12.
TOWN OF HA'TTHORNE
Middle River Dam, SE* of SWI, Sec. 34, Township 47, Range 12.
T01N OF SUPERIOR
Bruce Johnson Park Dam. Sec. 15, Township 47 Range 15 on
the Nemadji River. Nemadji River Dam, Sec. 21, Township 47,
Range 15, Sec. 14, Township 47, Range 15.
TOWN OF SOLON SPRINGS
Big Dam. Mooi'e River. SEý of the SWi of Sec. 35, Township
45, Range 13, and a Rolling Dam on the SW¼ of the SE¼
of
Section 22, Township 45, Range 13, and a Rolling Dam in the
SW1 of the SE+ of Sec. 13, Township 45, Range 13.
TOWN CF WASCOTT
Totogatic Ounce River. Rock Dam. NW of the NEt of Sec. 1,
Township 43, Range 10. Depot Dam, SE1 of the SE , Sec. 11,
Township 43, Range 10. Blackburn Dam. SW'i, Sec. 30, Town-
ship 43, Range 10. Snake Creek, SE-s1 of the SWO, Sec. 25,
Township 43, Range 10. Norway Dam, SEj of the NW1, Sec. 21-T
43-R10. Moose River. Buck A Day Dam. SW¼- of the SEI of
Sec. I1, Township 44, Range 13. Cooper Mine Dam. NE of the
NW¼ of Sec. 7, Township 43, Range 13. Miles Creek Dam. NW¼
of the SW7 of Sec. 34, Township 43, Range 12. Cranberry
Creek Dam. X, of the SWI of Sec. 30, Township 43, Range 12.
D* STREAM IMPROVEMENT
The Brule River, our greatest trout stream, together with
the Middle, Poplar, Amnicon, Moose, Tamarack, Totogatic,
Ounce, and Eau Claire rivers are wholly or a part within
Douglas County. These Rivers as a whole with perhaps the
exception of the Brule River have had little or no attention..
We desire that there be created a stream improvement progra
with low log deflectors or rock dams or dams with material that
is evailable as a part of this program; believing that in
the construction of these rolling dams there will be cre-
ated small reservoirs that will hold a part of this water
back and lessen the down stream destruction of waters in
the spring and after a very heavy rain. The pools created
by the dams not only provide a source of water for livestock
and wild animal life, but also makes fishing better Rnd
should effect the water levels of nearby lakes. Where there
is an abundance or evidence of soil erosion it could be bet-
ter controlled with these rolling dnms.
E. DEFLECTORQ
It is a known fact that deflectors aid the fish life of any
stream and we desire that deflectors be established at proper
places throughout the length of the rivers mentioned in D,
F. REARING POND$ AND HATCHERIES
The Conservation Commission has accomplished quite a little
work on the hatchery at Brule that was donated to the State
by public subscription. We feel that the hatchery should
be enlarged, using Pll the building for hatchery purposes,
and rearing ponds established making it an all year substan-
tiel trout hatchery.
.1. Trout and rearing ponds on publicly owned land wholly
within Section 24, Township 43, Range 12, lying just west
of Highwry 53 near the village of Wascott at the head of
Bergen Creek.
2. Bass Ponds. The Conservation Commission itself has made
surveys of Douglas County in relation to bass ponds. le
desire that bass ponds be created in the thoroughfares be-
tween Neb~gamon and Minnisuing Lakes and the thoroughfare
between Middle and mhat is known as Fowler and at the out-
let of Amnicon and Minnisuing Lake ot any further places
that this survey covers.
3. Pike Hatchery. The Conservation Commission has promised
us for a period of some years now that they will establish
in Douglas County a pike hatchery. We have suggested this
on the St. Croix at the flowage if the run of pike substan-
tiates a hatchery of this kind.
4. Increased water supply. At the no~rth end of the Club
House in the Bird Sanctuary, Section 14, Township 44, Range
12, on publicly owned land there is a small lake fed entire-
ly by springs. We feel that an attempt should be made by
driving points in this lake to increase the depth of this
water for the enjoyment of the public at large.
G. POLUTION OF WATERS
From~arecreational standpoint and the natural life of vari-
ous fish, an efort must be made for the preventlon of polu-
ting our waters, not only rivers but all lakes.
H. FORtSTRY
We submit herewith a number of pieces of acreage owned by
the County that we desire be left as deer refuges properly
surveyed and marked.
1. Sections 3g-34-35-36, Township 49, Range 12, Douglas Co.
2. Sections 2_-27-34 -35, Township 46, Range 15, Douglas Co.
Sections 3-4-5, Township 45, Range 13 and Sections 27-
29-29-34, Township 46 Range 13, Douglas County, 'is.
3. Section 3 Township 44, Range 11 and Section 33-34,
Township 45 Range 11, Douglas County, Wis.
4. Section 23-24-25-26, Township 47, Range 12, Douglas Co.
All the above land is county owned.
Io ARCHERY AREA
lMany people in Wisconsin are interested in hunting with the
bow and arrow. This kind of hunting naturally calls for
somewhat of an open place and there should be erected in this
area a small shelter house for their convenience* No other
form of hunting should be allowed in this area. By all means
it should be accessible by automobile. We have chosen for
this area where no hunting be allowed except by bow and ar-
row, Sections 31-32-33, Township 46, Range 10, Douglas County,
Wisconsin, all on Douglas County owned land.
J. DOUGLAS COUNTY BIRD SANCTUARY
This area consists of some twenty thousand acres, three miles
south of Solon Springs and one-half mile west of Highway 53,
practically all in the Town of Gordon and directly connected
with Lake Douglas on the St. Croix River. There is a Club
House erected here now on county owned land in Section 14,
Township 44, Range 12. This club house is for the use of the
public and serves 26 people. As yet It is not completed and
we rsk for its completion and together with this, the land-
scaping of lands adjourning the club house.
K,. WALKING PATHS
Walking paths around the lake that is directly in front of
the club house and further; the area should be further cleaned
of dead and down debris which is only a hide out for rodents
and rabbits. At this particular time in this bird sanctuary
there are fifty odd acres sewed to buckwheat, millet and am-
bercane for winter feeding of birds, from one-quarter acre to
ten acres. More small patches of ground should be utilized
every yepr in addition to the amount already sewed to grain.
For the feeding of birds there has been set up separately
under WPA a miniature bird g me farm in this same area con-
sisting of breeding pens and brooding houses for the rearing
of pheasants. This must be prosecuted to completion. In
additton to this the area could stand four or five shelter
houses for the benefit of those that visit this area summer
and winter with open hearths, benches and tables,
L. CONSERVATION EDUCATION
We ask that It be taken in our schools in Douglas County,
studying our most vital resources, land and water. How
land is and should be used. How it is eroded. How winds
May rhip it into the air, How the humid may be destroyed
by fire. How the water is formed in lakes and pools, end
then the forest, the vital habitat of many animals and birds
and then wild life. These, we believe to be the major sub-
jects to be taught. When the children begin to learn in the
schools whpt forests, waters, marshes end other resources
that can be estiblished, really mean to us then .7e will have
helped create a body of public opinion strong enough to in-
sure for all of us, conservation.
U. PUBLIC SHOOTING GROUNDS
We believe the time is coming .hen it will be impossible to
shoot on privately owned lands due to no trespassing signs
and we feel that re should start noi to formulate plans of
public hunting and fishing grounds maintained by the County.
N. TREE PLANTATION
Te heve F npimber of county owned acres desolate and largely
lifeless in this county. We have started one tree plantation
in the Town of Highlnnd and we ask that more new forests be
crested on publicly owned land. Then this is done, new ani-
mal and vegetable life will appear and at the same time there
will be created a shelter for increased wild life*
0. WINTER FEEDING OF BIRDS
"We have effected the campaign inaugurated by the Douglas
County Fish & Game Leavue for the winter feeding of birds
through feed hoppers with shelter houses over them. But more
feed stations are needed, wildly scattered and regularly
stocked over our bird areas. We feel that the grain for these
feed hoppers, the grit mixed in with the grain, should be
available for distribution before December 1st of each year,
not only through private donations, but donations from the
County Board and the State Conservation Commission.
P. CONTROL OF PREDATORY BIRDS AND ANIMALS
We desire that Douglas County maintain a reasonable bounty
upon predatory animals and birds throughout the year.
Q. WILD FLOWERS AND NATIVE SHRUB$
Douglas County is bleseed every year with native flora of this
region end wild flowers growing in profusion all during the
summer months. They are in their height of bloom during these
months and must be protected in some manner from those who
trespass without thinking. This can be accomplished through
education and especially through small areas designated as
nature or flower sanctuaries on publicly owned land enriched
by careful compreensive development plans for these small.
areas more as a display area of our rild flowers as is true
of native shrubs.
R. PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS
1. City Parks. There are a number of parks in the city of
Superior in which there are no recreational conveniences, such
as tables and chairs, shelter houses or playground equipment
of any kind. Other parka that even the debris is not disposed
of. We desire these parks in the city to be further serviced.
Also our park areas in the city are not proportioned to our
population. At the same time there is a great deal of land
owned by the city that can be used and must be used for park
purposes that we desire prosecuted, especially the city owns
considerable land along the Nemadji River that is ideal for
park purposes.
2. County Parks and playgrounds. There are a number of county
owned pieces of land that we desire be cleaned up so that the
land can be used for parks and playgrounds and constructed upon
them various forms of outdoor camping equipment end shelter
houses for the purpose and benefit of all the people. The lo-
cations are as follows: The east one-half of the erst one-hlf
of Section 36, Township 44, Range 13 located just south of the
new dam at the flowage. The west one-half of the N*T of Sec-
tion 13, Township 45, Range 10, lying north and attached to
Sand Lake, west of Highway H. Section 25 and the north one-
half of Section 36, Township 45, Range 10, surrounding Leke
Catherine, Douglas County, Wisconsin. Section 10, Township 49,
Range 10, Douglas County, Wisconsin at the mouth of the Brule
River. Section 24, Township 43, Range 12, Douglas County,
Wisconsin lyine just west of Highway 53 near the village of
Wascott, and at the mouth of little Brule on Highway 2, Town
of Hewthorne, 40 acre Park, NW1, Sec, 4, Township 4b, Range 12.
S. HIKING PATHS
There are numerous places in Douglps County on publicly owned
land, some with scenic beauty, others 4ith historic background
that can be enjoyed by the people if there are created a sys-
tem of hiking paths through these various areas. The paths
should be at least six feet wide, follow the general high
ground in the various areas. Some places, of course, would
necessitate foot bridges. We Psk that immediate attention be
given to these hiking paths, especially in the following areas:
The north area of Douglas Lake following the high ground back
from the water levels set by the engineers. The hiking paths
around Twin Lakes Flat Lake and Muskrat Lake in Sections 33
and 34, Township 45, Range 11, also Section 3, Township 44
Range 11, Douglas County, Wisconsin, and also in Section 10,
Township 49, Range 11 where the County owns the land on each
side of the Brule River and portions of Sections 25 and 36,
Township 45, Range 10 in and around Lake Catherine. As there
is to be created trout ponds and breeding ponds in Section 24,
Township 43, Range 12 in the village of Wascott, there should
be created hiking paths along this area; also hiking paths
along the Totogatic Ounce River. The County is about to pur-
chase the property known as the Copper Creek Mine in portions
of Sections 14-15-22-23, Township 47, Range 14. There is an
area celled the Bear Creek Refuge in Section 11, Township 45,
Range 14 that is not accessible now to pedestrians. Hiking
paths should be established in this Prea. The Old Weyer-
h'euser Mine in Section 12, Township 43, Range 10 was a
stretch of interesting country that should be made available
by hiking paths. The Lake Stw Croix Brule Portage.
The head waters of the Brule River enst of Solon Springs.
This is an old historic trail that should be brushed out end
be evailable to those that seek nature at its best. Hudson
Bay-La Points. Running' from about the NW7 of the NIT of Sec-
tion 33, Townnhip 43, Range 13 in a northeast direction to
Highway H. just north of Sand Lake. Section 14, Township 45,
Range 10. At various intervals throughout this area this
trail is exactly as it was left. This area should be cut out
and opened up so that nature lovers could enjoy this scenery.
Hudson-St. Croix. Running from the SWi+ in a northeast direc-
tion to Manitou Falls and then on to Copper Creek Mine. Por-
tions of this trail must be reclaimed for its historic and
greet beauty. Ontanagan Trail running along the south shore
in an easterly direction should be opened up on that portion
of land. In various places in Douglas County other refuges
have been established and it is only fair that some attention
should ble given to them so that they can be at least used.
We have special reference to the Tamarack Wild Life Refuge;
the Wescott Deer Refuge; the Bruce Johnson Perk; and the Coo-
lidge Memorial Woodland Wild Refuge.
T. HUNTING AND FISHING
It is the desire of every member of the Dougles County Fish
and Game League that the open seasons for fishing be established
on the same dates as those of adjoining states in this locel-
ity Hunting Dates. It is our desire that the hunting of wild
game birds be established in that portion of each fall at a
date when it is possible to take the birds with gun and not run
the season into very late fall. This is also true if an open
deer season is to be established in this County. Even if the
season is short we desire that the season be made 0o that deer
can be at least pursued under favorable weather conditions.
U. PURCHASE OF LAND 1. For Water Control
On the west side of the County in about Section 19, Township
45, Range 15 there Is a lake known as Black Luke in a ssampy
ares which controls the source of water for the Black River.
This land is of little or no value and must eventually be
purchased by the County to control the water supply of this
river. Head waters of the Brule. Douglas County owns pre-
cticplly all the land rith the exception of a few acres in this
area vhich controls the water supply. We desire that the re-
mainder of the land be obtained by the County in order that the
people themselves can control the supply of water in the Brule
River and the naturel beauty of this area.
2. For Public Access to Lake Frontage
Figuratively speaking, the people own no lake frontage for
recreation on any of Douglas County's lakes. We desire that
There be purchased or condemned areas not less than one acre
of lake frontawe on all of Douglas County's larger lakes for
public use and that these are-s be serviced for bathing fa-
cilities and picnic grounds for the use of the genertl public.
V. MARKERS
There are several places of historic nature in Douglas County
that we desire marked by permanent markers and made accessible
by hiking paths. And further there are a number of places
available to outdoor people on the various rivers on County
owned lpnd that are not accessible Ft this time. Ie desire
that suitable markers be placeo on roads that will indicPte
through hiking paths, accessibility to these rivers so thpt
they may be used by the people.
1. ROAD BEAU7TIFICATION
!Te are all Interested in the enjoyment of scenery in the vmri-
ous vistas traveling our county roads and there is no reason
why a beautification program cannot be carried on on every town
road in Douglas County, not only adding to the beauty and scen-
ery in general, but at the sAme time it is An economic under-.
taking in that these trees alonz the right of -ays in the win-
ter become natural snow fences and in addition, in the summer,
a natural place for our feathered friends. Let us go furtber
than thst and beautify the immediate wfounds of our schools,
churches and other public buildinis in the rural districts.
X. SLASHINGS
Throughout Douglas County 'qe hpve permitted orners of land to
go in and cut the trees they desired end lepve their slpshinvs
as a fire menace to their surroundina neichbors. Lezislptien
at all times should be enacted that those that desire to cut
their own timber should at least be made, under the Iw, to
clean up their own debris.
Y. CHRISTMAS TREES
We believe that the time has come vwhen lecislation should be
enacted, either by the state or local government, to check the
very wasteful slaughter of the so called Christmas trees each
year.
CONCLUSION
THE PURPOSE of this six year progressive conservation develop-
ment plan for Douglas County is to point the -ay for essentials
in CONSERVATION to those -ho are interested in the " out doors"
of Douzlas County and will create a future for Douelas County
as a community and does insure for all of us, and future gen-
erations, desirable and wholesome out door conditions and vives
an opportunity for appreciation of DouglAs County's natural
beauty and carries -ith it the underlying principle that our
naturnl resources are merged into a general proerpm for the
benefit of all.
Douelas County Fish & Game Leas.ue
Officers:.
Clare L. 'Vildner, President
George N, Peterson, Vice-President
Snyder Clemens, Treasurer
Louis G. 11peler, Secretary
And Members of the Executive
Commit tee -.
George E. Yele, Cecil "fillirms, Al Haelund, Louis Efaw, T&ew-
thorne, visconsin, Phil Nelson, Maple, ¶isconsin, Dr. T. r.
Smith, arid Rpben Ruckdnshel.
Released Feb. 29, 1936
3/21/3m
Lake ftporl Hucat A Min ft (C.arQe Peal, Superioro Amsix)
opate a far fam in gF rats within s m. Use ts
anot gme, Re tol J, F. WiUder 221 Oge Av u pst, Ste to.Vat in late
winter whe he in f o the La. he has to op out m rats wit tails
fnzen to the too, after *to bavo o out tofed
Thes rats Ziwv In both bns and houses, !Rh rats maintain their ov
openins In the to.
Thinks they -m T5 pairs, on 90 acres, but this q to off,.
DOU44 0..
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 43 N. R.IOW.-1933
LEGEND
UPLAND-FOREST LOWLAND-FOREST POPPLE NFERIOR FORE OPEN SWAMP
A
NUMERALS I-2 ALLNUERAL3 CI T COVR 0DIS-E
- SP-A UMI LS 3
JALL UMERALS-3 O-DHD5-J,1 ýLL NUMERALS-
-LAND COVER- PLANTING RECOMME
- LAKE MAPPING-
O MiLE I
.-"',,'COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPREMENTS-
SHOREUNE L. LAKE P-POND
AI-HARDWOOD a-SEDGE MARSH - HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG
SHORE LINPBEAVER POND
01-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
1O'WYDE B.P) " DAM
SOME CONIFERS DS-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS-'A BANK
10- HIGH X.BATHING BEACH
19-INFERIOR BI 0-OPEN LAND (NO IMPROVED DIRT ROADS FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) ====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE
BANK IOD'HGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE - --.- TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
U-NON-COMMERCIAL-Cl CROP LAND E OCCUPIED HOUSE IiSCHOOL B-
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND CA FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH
Ba 1. MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS I SUMMER HOME 5 POST OFFICE C-
CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT l NUMBER OF [a FILLING STATION Y-
" " SAND
A2-HEMLOCK WITH PASTURE -TELEPHONE LINE r SUMMER HOTEL b-
' GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE H-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE *CAMP
SITE
82-WITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED RR 5A-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED FARM LAND 8 STORE ,SAWMILL CEPT
LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE ALOGGING CAMP A CREAMERY
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND a] CEMETERY N CHEESE FACTRY HARDNESS
O WATER
AND MAPLE 9= U =R
83-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION Y.1-VERY
SOFT M.H-MEDIUM HARD
CS-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING _L-SOFT
k-MEDIUM &HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) IAMETER CLASSES FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"S"-BALSAM 0- 3 SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDER.WILLOW 3-68 AVE-DIAM-CLASSEP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
RED DOGWOOD, ETC 6-12 FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGR0APHIC
bOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.J (IN INCHES) L5-SEDGES AND REEDS
WtICONSIN DEPT. OF AORICULTURE AND MARVETS IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE WI. CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT, HIST SUIRI
N
-4
N..
I-
z
0
U
a
-J
hi
I..
N.-
'C
a
I
S
u
4,
6
00
A
00
I5
o)-
0
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T. 43 N.R II W.-1933
o . ...... ..
0 4 v .. ...j........ 3 ,,,. .
-FOREST LANDFORET
-- LAND COVER -
LEGEND
CI cT COVER 0-01-L KM-E L APPI
|PLANTING RECOMMEN:~DI --LAKE MAPPING--
.'.-%.'COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- SHOREUNE
L. LAKE P-POND
AI-HARDWOOD "Z-SEDGE MARSH HARD SURFACED ROADS
BOG SHORE LINEB.PBEAVER POND
B8-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
IOWIDEjB.D. " DAM
SOME CONIFERS DS-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS-%- BANK
10' HIGH I X-BATHING BEACH
UT-INFERIOR BI 0-OPEN LAND (NC IMPROVED DIRT ROADS 4 FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) ====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE
BANK 10 -HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
c-ION-COMMERCIAL-C CROP LAND U OCCUPIED HOUSE II SCHOOL B-
OF STONES
D0-SCRUB OAK AND CA FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH
B- " MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS 1 SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE C-
CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT r NUMBER OF 1i 1 FILLING STATION Y- "
SAND
A2-HEMLOCK WITH PASTURE '-.-'TELEPHONE LINE 11 SUMMER HOTEL b-
GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE PH-HRAILROAO -POWER LINE *CAMP
SITE
B2-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON I FIRE TOWER --ABANDONED R.R. SA-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED FARM LAND I STORE --SAWMILL CEPT
LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
02-JACK PINE & LOGGING CAMP iCREAMERY
AS3-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND ID CEMETERY CREAM TRY
__-_A___PIN___ CEEER CHEESE FACTOR HARDNESS
OF" WATER
AND MAPLE IM R
83-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION YS-VERY
SOFT M.A-MEDIUM HARD
CS-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
A.SOFT M-MEOIUM HARD
DS-SPRUCE (BLACK) DIAMETER CLASSES FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
F
"35ý-BALSAM 0-3 tSP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDERWILLOW 3- 6 AVE-DIAM-CLASS EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BT THE STATE
RED DOGWOOQ ETC 6-12| FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
BOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.) (IN INCHES) SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONS1N DOPT Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE WAS CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WI&. GEOL. AND NAT. HI3T. SUIW
II
N
'4
I
SI
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 43 N.R. 12 W.-1933
LEGEND
UPLAND-,oRS, LAND COVREr INR OPEN SWAMP1
FARM LAPIND
NUMERALS -2J [ALNMRL'J C COVER O-DO5O-EII LALNUEALS-J C-)PSP-AvJ
U ,,~M'EALS 3-'*/
- LAND COVER -
-_______-LAKE MAPPING--
.'."COVER BOUNDAR'
Al-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITI-
SOME CONIFERS
"IF-INFERIOR BI
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
C'-14ON-COMMERC IAL-C
DI-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2-HEMLOCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHtTE PINE
C2-RED PINE(NORWA'
D2-JACK PINE
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
B3-WHITE CEDAR
C3-TAMARACK
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK)
"W-BALSAM
A4-TAGALDE RWILLOA
RED DOGWOOD, ETC
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH
C4,-GRASS MARSH
-'-SEDGE MARSH
D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG
DS-RECENT BURN
0-OPEN LAND (NO
FOREST GROWTH)
C-CLEARED FARM
CROP LAND
CA FARM CROPLAND
WITH STUMPS
PP-PERMANENT
PASTURE
SP-STUMP PASTURE
A-IDLE OR ABANDON
ED FARM LAND
DENSITY OF STAND
NIAMETER CLASSES
0- 3
3O-B AVE-IAM-C LASS
6-12 FOR AREA
ETC.J (IN INCHES)
- ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
- HARD SURFACED ROADS
P IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
= PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROAD!
- IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
==== UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE
0 OCCUPIED HOUSE
0 UNOCCUPIED "
S UMMER HOME
NUMBER OF *
--.TELEPHONE LINE
f.HRAIL ROAD
F IRE TOWER
STORE
A LOGGING CAMP
Ill CEMETERY
- - TRAIL
I1SCHOOL
C HURCH
POST OFFICE
FILLING STATION
SSUMMER HOTEL
-POWER LI NE
-'--ABANDONED R.R
--.SAWMILL
b CREAMERY
CHEESE FACTORM
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
LIS-SEDGES AND REEDS
SHORELINE L. LAKE P-PONr
BOG SHORE LIIIE4B.PBEAVER POND
STRAND lOWIDEIBDnt DAM
SBANK 10' HIGH I X-BATHING BEACH
FLAT DUE TO VATER RECESSION 75'
WIDE BANK I0 HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
B- OF STONES
B- " " MUCK
C- " CLAY
Y- " SAND
b- " GRAVEL
(&CAMP SITE
SA-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EN
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
VA-VERY SOFT MH.-MEDIUM HARD
&-SOF T A-MEDIUM H-HARD
*NAME NOT YET APPROVED by THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC BOARD.
WISCONSIN DOPT. Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WIS. CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WIS& GEOL, AND NAT. MIST. SURV
N
-4
I
a
I,
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 43 N.R.13 W.-1933
'70
AS
~A
1l9
r 7,
110,5 //
nj I24 ,e~
I A4
C4
02
- , A -'
.....1. ...0....... .
.1... ol " ..... ....." .. S- Orr
.--- . ..............
.. . .: ... .......
CIS - I ." / o *
At.. ~
PI- ~~Y DI j
. . .' . ,. ..
,D, -
I'- .iF
071A y~ vu
'-4 ' .... - !---. . %O -, % :
: ,
C
,. 11--1' cRrSTAL
Y
SfJLLJ 1d,, o '
io . 271 ....... It..... , .............. .........+
D 2 RAlLRA
in.,
05 0
3 0A!A I!
U3
__ 2JL- L a. I I _]Lw4ri #= 4
LkT
A' DR ~ AA c 2 ~
at
w " ".-P '.: ; , 0.6
of
Sl .............,
_,,.i . .2 .. .... * 34 // ........_,- +.t
l %. '..... ............ I. 35, IA J
D2
IA
IMF, ". .El .
L'a=,1 '
L....:.a, ==a_ = ,_= =._J = == == =_'c
FUPLAND-FOREST F FO RE 5T
NUMERALS 1-2 [ALL UMERALS-1
- LAND COVER -
LEGEND
POPPLE INFERIOR FOREST F--pE s-w-Am-I WA PAR LAND
CI u 1 COVER -O.5-EI ,o wUMERALS- [A [...PSz.. J
IPLANTING RECOMMEMN-
--LAKE MAPPING-i
..COVER BOUNDARY
Al-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITH
SOME CONIFERS
"WI-INFERlOR BI
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
CT-NON-COMMERCIAILC
DI-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2- HEMLOCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHITE PINE
C2-RED PINE(NORWAI
D2-JACK PINE
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
83-WHITE CEDAR
C3-TAMARACK
D3- SPRUCE (BLACK)
A4- TAGALDER,WILLO'I
RED DOGWOODQ ETC
84-CAT-TAIL MARSH
C4-GRASS M
ZW-SEDGE M
D4-LEATHERI
05-RECENT
0-OPEN LA
FOREST
C-CLEARED
CROP LA
CR FARM CF
WITH ST
PP-PERMANE
PAS
SP-STUMP P
A-IDLE OR
ED FARM
DENSITY OF
4ARSH
IARSH
LEAF-BOG
BURN
AND (NO
GROWTH)
FARM
NO
ROPLAND
rUMPS
NT
3TURE
ASTURE
ABANDON
LAND
STAND
XAMETER CLASSES
0-3
3:-B AVE-DIAM-CLASS
6-IS| FOR AREA
ETC.J (IN INCHES)
WICON3IN DEPT Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN CC
-ROADS AND IMPRVEMENTS-
- HARD SURFACED ROADS
M IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
= PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROAD!
- IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE - ....-TRAIL
* OCCUPIED HOUSE SCHOOL
* UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH
SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE
NUMBER OF 1 FILLING STATION
+--TELEPHONE LINE 1 SUMMER HOTEL
H-HRAILROAD POWER LINE
FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED RR
STORE ---SAWMILL
&LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
SCEMETERY b CHEESE FACTi
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS W1, FLOAT
ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
IS-SEDGES ANr REEDS
SHOREULNE L. LAKE P-PONC
SBOG SHORE LImBPBEAVER POND
-STRAND ID'WIDEIB.D- ' DAM
SBANK 10 HIGHI X-BATHING BEACH
e FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
WIDE BANK ID0 HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
B_ " OF STONES
B- " MUCK
C- " CLAY
Y_ " SAND
b- " GRAVEL
@)CAMP SITE
5A-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (ENI
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
Y;J-VERY SOFT M.A-MEDIUM HARD
_&-SOF T Jy-MEDIUM N-HARD
*NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC BOARD.
"WIS. CONSERVATION DEPT. AND THE WIS. CEOL. AND NAT. MIST SURM
-4
I
S
;
DS
its
c.
D2 9
M I ) 2.4
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T' 43 N.R. 14 W.-1933
k- -
. .0
: l ...':'j,"-
-G;" cI- I 'I3 ,o_,
~~~~I .. ..... / ,: ..:.,........
0..1s2 .. ..,,,, . K_" /.1 .....
C,
SI6jI
4.7:6
I. C c
L~1.~ft~~fl 'S
0-., . . . . . .. . .. ... Y
E
S 6-9 ..
"_.' - cl
,,/ Id' .. . 3.
0 3
" - ., .:. ="...
0-3
. .... .... ...
AI
ý,, , .
I M.31A
OA
S " -:
,..A -. ... i . ,
32' '. ,
: .,. .J -.;. . '....
, --3
. '4 , ,
i'" " Al
:' 9 ...*4.
"" . : "0-_6 : .
"9. 1
0-3
".: : .......
16 I.
ICl
( . ,....................... .
\ -.
WI'.N"
, .. ..... ...
Cl 3-19
I . .... .
* ;,0'~. ___
15
. ..,o" .. ..... ... ........W i '
.. .. . .... . ..
..... ..., .. .
>., 0 3 "9 ' " '
"' "- 0-3""/
6
3-9-
C 4.......
C110-3
312
..l. j.
CI :
3 3
I M6
i . ... 5
S. . ........."... "..
" ... _ . :_ . .
C'"jJ W~
'1
2..- C
's3: .
*' .-? '
* .t i..%
"Ds/
. > . 3
-<13,_' _
I~III=
36
."1'
UPLAND-FOREST fLOWANDCOREST-
INUMERALS I- ALL NUMERALS-
SLAND COVER-
POGEND
PP NFERIOR FORES F OPEN SWAMP LAND
CI C T COVER O-DFOS-EIIILL NUMERALS- !- A
IPLANTING RECOMMENi -LAKE MAPPING-
'/COVER BOUNDARY
At-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITH
SOME CONIFERS
W-INFERIOR BI
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
CU-N-WCOMMERCIAIrC
D0-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2-HEMLOCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHITE PINE
C2-RED PINE(NORWAYt
02-JACK PINE
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
B3-WHITE CEDAR
C3- TAMARACK
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK)
WT-BALSAM
A4- TAGALDER,WILLOY.
RED DOGWOOQ ETC
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH
A0 0I. IZ.
Z-SEDGE MARSH
D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG
DS-RECENT BURN
O-OPEN LAND (NO
FOREST GROWTH)
C-CLEARED FARM
CROP LAND
CfA FARM CROPLAND
WITH STUMPS
PP-PERMANENT
PASTURE
SP-STUMP PASTURE
A-IDLE OR ABANDON
ED FARM LAND
DENSITY OF STAND
)IAMETER CLASSES
0-3
3:16 AVEDIAM-C LASS
6-12 FOR AREA
ETC.) (IN INCHES)
6-ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
HARD SURFACED ROADS
- IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
-= PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS
_ IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-==== UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL
U OCCUPIED HOUSE &SCHOOL
0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH
SUMMER HOME I POST OFFICE
NUMBER OF 1 FILLING STATION
-..TELEPHONE LINE 5 SUMMER HOTEL
H-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE
&FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED RR
STORE ---SAWMILL
&LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
[] CEMETERY ECHEESE FACTORI
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
Ell-SEDGES AND REEDS
/L- SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
"- BOG SHORE LIBPBEAVER POND
-- STRAND IO'WIDE IB- DAM
:t BANK 1O' HIGH/ X7BATHING BEACH
". FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 751
WIDE BANK 1I' HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
B- " OF STONES
B- MUCK
C- "_' CLAY
Y- "SAND
I- GRAVEL
*CAMP SITE
5A-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (E0
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
YA-VERY SOFT M.Aj-MEDIUM HARD
_4-SOF T M-MEDIUM Hj-HARD
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC BOARS.
WISCONSIN DOPE. OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE WIS.
CONSERVATION DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURM
N
r tu.
I
pig/IJ.
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T. 43 N.R. 15 W.-1933
LEGEND
rUPLAND-FOREST LWADFRETFRS OPEN SWAMP rFARM
LANO 7 J
NUMERALS 1-2 A M -CVER -D-0-E ALL NUMERALS- I
C-CA-PP-SP-A
- LAND COVER -- MILE I
--LAKE MAPPING-
0:: MILE I
-'-,COVER BOUNDARY C4AGRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- SHORELINE
L. LAKE P-POND
Al-HARDWOOD a-SEDGE MARSH HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG
SHORE LINElB.PBEAVER POND
84-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
10WIDEELEDX . DAM
SOME CONIFERS D5-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADSA- BANK
ID HIGH I XBATHING BEACH
W-INFERIOR BI 0-OPEN LAND INC IMPROVED DIRT ROADS FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75-
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) === UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE
BANK 1-' HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE - ---TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
C-IION-COMMERCIA-Cl CROP LAND U OCCUPIED HOUSE iSCHOOL B-
OF STONES
0I-SCRUB OAK AND CAI FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " j CHURCH
B- B" MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS y SUMMER HOME 5 POST OFFICE C-.
CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT A NUMBER OF 13U FILLING STATION Y- "
" " SAND
A2-I-Ek&OCK WITH PASTURE ~-~TELEPHONE LINE 11 SUMMER HOTEL
b- GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE *+-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE *CAMP
SITE
82-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON f FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED RA 5A-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED 7ARM LAND 2 STORE ---SAWMILL CEPT
LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
02-JACK PINE h LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND 9 CEMETERY I CHEESE FACTORY HARDNESS
OF WATER
AND MAPLE GOODS R
83-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION Y_&-VERY
SOFT M.H-MEDIUM HARD
C3-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING _-SOFT
W-MEDIUM H-HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) DIAMETER AS FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"I-BALSAM 0- 3 P-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDER.WIL0WW 3-6 AVE-OIAI-CLAS, P-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
RED DOGWOOQ, ETC 6-12 FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
BOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.) (IN INCHES) SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN DEPT Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THIE WI&.
CONIIIERVATION DEPT, AND THE WI&. GKOL. AND HAT. HIST. 3URW
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N
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SLFORE AD FOREST
NUMERALS 1-2J ALLNUERALS-
--LAND COVER--
POPPLE NAERIOR FORES OPEN SWAMP FARM LAND N
ci T COVER O-01-OS-El! p.LUEALS-4 -C-P--A UM At'3
IPLANTING RECOMMENCDI --LAKE MAPPING-
"'-COVER BOUNDAM
AI-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITH
SOME CONIFERS
*K-INFERIOR BI
CF F(PR WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
U-NOWO*MMERCIAAC
Dt-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2-HEMI.OCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHITE PINE
C2-RED PINECNORWA)
02-JACK PINE
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
B3-WHITE CEDAR
C.- TAMARAC K
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK)
"f--BALSAM
A4-TAGALDER,WILL(W
RED DOOGWO0Q0 ETC
84- CAT-TAIL MARSH
-4-SEDGE MARSH
D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG
D5-RECENT BURN
O-OPEN LAND (NO
FOREST GROWTH)
C-CLEARED FARM
CROP LAND
CA FARM CROPLAND
WITH STUMPS
PP-PERMANENT
PASTURE
SP-STUMP PASTURE
A-IDLE OR ABANDON
ED ;ARM LAND
DENSITY OF STAND
DIA ETER CLASSEr
0-31
3-6 ~AVE.-OIAl-CLASS
6-12 FOR AREA
ETC.J (IN INCHES)
- ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
- HARD SURFACED ROADS
- IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
- PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROAD!
SIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE
* OCCUPIED HOUSE
* UNOCCUPIED "
SSUMMER HOME
SNUMBER OF 1
TELEPHONE LINE
1+HRAILROAD
FIR TOWER
ISTORE
& LOGGING CAMP
[] CEMETERY
S....-TRAIL
ASCHOOL
C HURCH
POST OFFICE
FILLING STATION
1 SUMMER HOTEL
-POWER LINE
-ABANDONED RR
-SAWMILL
B CREAMERY
CHEESE, FACTOR
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WECD AND LIKE PLANTS
SP-SUBMERGED PONOWEEDS
EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WI'H FLOAT
ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
,MSEDGES AND REEDS
/"-I SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
SBOG SHORE LIB.PBEAVER POND
SSTRAND 10WIDE1B.E.0. DAM
BANK 10 HIGH I X-BATHING BEACH
FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION ?5'
WIDE BANK 10' HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
B. " OF STONES
B- MUCK
C- CLAY
Y- SAND
b- GRAVEL
*CAMP SITE
SA-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES cEX
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
YS-VERY SOFT MAh-MEDIUM HARD
_&-SOF T A-MEDIUM A-HARD
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC BOARD.
WISCONSIN D§PT OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPINATION WfITH TNH WIN.
CONSIBVATtON DEPT AND THl WI&, GEOL. AND NAT. HIRT. SUM
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 44 N. R. 11W.- 1933
"S MET5OER L.
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........... ....... [ @......
01-. I ,
UPLAND-FOREST [ ND-RET POPPLE I INFERIOR FOREST SAOPEN
S FARM LAND WA ptA1N
INUMERALS2 ERALS-3 CI r COVER O-Dt-05-El ALL NUMERALS-I
C-CA-PP-SP-A 3-
- LAND COVER PLANTING RECOMME
- LAKE MAPPING-
0 MILE I
,Y.COVER BOUNDARY CA-GRASS MARSH - ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- /
SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
Al-HARDWOOD C4-SEDGE MARSH - HARD SURFACED ROADS
BOG SHORE LINE BPBEAVER POND
81-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
STRAND GO'WIDEIB D. " DAM
SOME CONIFERS DS-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS "
BANK I0' HIGH X 75BATHING BEACH
W-INFERIOR BI O-OPEN LAND (NO IMPROVED DIRT ROADS 4-6
FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75ý
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
WIDE BANK 10' HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
CI-NON-COMMERCIAL-C CROP LAND N OCCUPIED HOUSE IiSCHOOL B-
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND CA FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " I CHURCH
B- MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS 1 SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE C-
CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT I NUMBER OF 1 FILLING STATION
Y- " " SAND
A2-HEMLOCK WITH PASTURE -TELEPHONE LINE 5 SUMMER HOTEL b-
' GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE H-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE *CAMP
SITE
B2-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON * FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED R.R. 5A-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED FARM LAND 2 STORE -SAWMILL
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE *LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND 1B CEMETERY J CHEESE FACTORY
HARDNESS OF WATER
AND MAPLE GOME POOR
B3-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION Y -VERY
SOFT M-R-MEDIUM HARD
CS-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING _-SOFT
M:-MEDIUM h--HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) DIAMETER CLASSES FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"U-BALSAM 0-3 SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDER.WILLOW 3-BAVE-DIAI-CLASSEP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED By THE STATE
RED DOGWOOCIETC 6-12 FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
GEOGRAPHIC ROARD,
B4-CAT-TAILMARSH ETC.1 (IN INCHES) E-SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN DEPT. Or AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WI&.
CONSERVATION DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST SURVY
N
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LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 44 N. R.1 2W.- 1933
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UIPLAND-FORESTJ LOWL'ANDFOREýS
NUMERALS -2 ALL NUMERAL&3
- LAND COVER-
POPPLE INFERIOR FOREST OPEN SWAMP/ FARM LAND ME ALS__'
Cl T COVER O-D-O-EI LL NUMERALS- I C-CA-PP-SP-A
IPLANTING RECOMMENDED] -LAKE MAPPING-
U MILL I
.."'..COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH - ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
/L% SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
Al-HARDWOOD C-4SEDGE MARSH i HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG SHORE
LI6NPBEAVER POND
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" DAM
SOME CONIFERS D5-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS-- BANK I0
HIGHI X-BATHING BEACH
W-INFERIOR BI O-OPEN LAND INC ý IMPROVED DIRT ROADS ' FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) UNMPRVED D('i ROADS WIDE BANK
10'HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM --X- FIRE LANE - -TRAIL ST-SHOAL BOTTOM
WITH DEBRIS
TT-NON-COMMERCIAL-CI CROP LAND U OCCUPIED HOUSE ASCHOOL B-
OF STONES
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MUCK
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CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT NUMBER OF (A FILLING STATION Y-
SAND
A2-HEMLOCK WITH PASTURE -TELEPHONE LINE I SUMMER HOTEL b-
GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE H-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE @)CAMP SITE
B2-WHTE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED R.R 5A-AREA OF
ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED FARM LAND I STORE -.-SAWMILL CEPT LAKES
ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE * LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM DENSITY OF STAND [1 CEMETERY V CHEESE FACTORY
HARDNESS OF WATER
AND MAPLE GOOD MEDIUM POOR
B3-WHITE CEDAR A RAQUATIC VEGETATION .-VERY SOFT
MH.-MEDIUM HARD
CS-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING S-SOFT
M-MEDIUM 14-HARD
03-SPRUCE (BLACK) DIAMETER CLASSES FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"IW-BALSAM 0- 3 P-SUBMERGED PONOWEEDS
A4-TAGALDERWILLOW 3-6 AVE-OIAIMCLASsEP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT] *NAME
NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
RED DOGWOOQ, ETC 6-12l FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
BOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC(J lIN INCHES) SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN DEPT OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE
WIS. CONSERVATION DEPT AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURD
N
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LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 44 N.R. 13 W.-1933
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FUPLAND-FOREST FOREST
NUMERALS I-2 ANRAL3
- LAND COVER
LEGEND
I POPPLE 1 FINFERIOR FORESTI I OPEN SWAMP/ I FARM LAND
I T COVER O-D0-05-E LL NUMERALS-1 C-C-PP-P- A UMEALS3
IPLANTING RECOMME -- LAKE MAPPING-
0 MILE I
..'%.'.COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- /'l SHOREUNE
L. LAKE P-POND
Al-HARDWOOD ZW-SEDGE MARSH HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG SHORE
LII PBEAVER POND
BI-HAROWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
IOWIDEIBD " DAM
SOME CONIFERS D5-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS J BANK 10'
HIGH X-BATHING BEACH
W-INFERIOR BI O-OPEN LAND (NO IMPROVED DIRT ROADS "L FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) ====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE BANK
I0' HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -XiX- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
ET-NOINCOMMERCIAIC CROP LAND E OCCUPIED HOUSE lSCHOOL B- "
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND CA FARM CROPLAND O3 UNOCCUPIED " j CHURCH Ba
-. MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS 1 SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE C-
' CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT 1 NUMBER OF a FILLING STATION Y-
' " SAND
A2-HCMLOCK WITH PASTURE -'TELEPHONE LINE 11 SUMMER HOTEL b-
" " GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE H-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE @)CAMP SITE
B2-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDO I FIRE TOWER -'ABANDONED R.R. 5A-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES tEX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED FARM LAND ISTORE I-SAWMILL CEPT LAKES
ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
02-JACK PINE &LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND OI CEMETERY CHEESE FACTRY HARDNESS
O WATER
AND MAPLE MSd
83-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION M3-VERY SOFT
IL-MEDIUM HARD
C3-TAMARACK - P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING --SOF T
W-MEDIUM K-HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) )IAAETER CLASS FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"W'-BALSAM 0-3 1 SP-SUBMERGED PONOWEEDS
A4-TAGALDER,WILLOW, 3- 6 AVEý DAM-CLASS P-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WIYH
FLOAT * NAME NOT YET APPROVED SY THE STATE
RED DOGWOO{%ETC 6-12 FOR AREA NG OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
GOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.J (IN INCHES) SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCON31H DOPT Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN CO.OPERATION WITH THU WIS. CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WI&. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SUM1
N
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LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T. 44 N.R. 14 W.-1933
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UPLAND-~rEST OctNDFRET r OPE FRO OET pE WMI1FR LN
NUEAL , NMRA C, IF EROO I L NMRAF7!C'P-S-
IPLANING ECOMMNDED
-- LAD COER -- -LAK
MAPING -
""'..-'COVER BOUNDARY
AI-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITH
SOME CONIFERS
"WF-INFERIOR BI
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
CI-NON-COMMERCIAL-C
01-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2-IHEMLOCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHITE PINE
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY
D2-JACK PINE
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
B3-WHITE CEDAR
C3- TAMARAC K
D3- SPRUCE (BLACK)
1W-BALSAM
A4- TAGALDERWILLOW
RED DOGWOODI ETC
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH
C4,-GRASS MARSH
TX-SEDGE MARSH
D4,-LEATHERLEAF-BOG
D5-RECENT BURN
0-OPEN LAND (NW
FOREST GROWTH
C-CLEARED FARM
CROP LAND
CA FARM CROPLAND
WITH STUMPS
PP-PERMANENT
PASTURE
SP-STUMP PASTURE
A-IDLE OR ABANDOO'
ED FARM LAND
DENSITY OF STAND
GOOD MEDIUM
DIAMETER CLASSES
0- 3
3-: iAVE->IAC LAS4
6-12 FOR AREA
ETC.) (IN INCHES)
- ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
- HARD SURFACED ROADS
= IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
= PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS
- IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
==== UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE
* OCCUPIED HOUSE
0 UNOCCUPIED "
SUMMER HOME
NUMBER OF 2
.TELEPHONE LINE
H-HRAIL ROAD
FFIRE TOWER
* STORE
* LOGGING CAMP
09 CEMETERY
- ....-TRAIL
ili SCHOOL
CHURCH
IIPOST OFFICE
FILLING STATION
SSUMMER HOTEL
-POWER LINE
-ABANDONED RR
-SAWMILL
SCREAMERY
J CHEESE FACTORt
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
ýP-SEDGES AND REEDS
/SHOREUNE L. LAKE P-POND
"I. BOG SHORE LINE1BPBEAVER POND
- STRAND IOIWIDEIBD.- " DAM
"-S- BANK I0' HIGH I X.BATHING BEACH
4. FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
WIDE BANK 10' HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH
B. " OF
B-
C-
*CAMP SITE
5A-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE I
CEPT LAKES ON COUNT"
DEBRIS
STONES
MUCK
CLAY
SAND
GRAVEL
N ACRES (EX
I' BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
S.J-VERY SOFT IM.i-MEDIUM HARD
_ SOF T a-MEDIUM b.-HARD
*NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC SOARD.
WISCONSIN DPOP Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE WIS,
CONSERVATION DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURI
N
I
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LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 44 N.R. 15 W.-1933
OS A. . 14 a
1 4
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UPLANI-FOREST FLOWLAN-FOREST
NUMERALS 1-2 ALL NUMERALS-3
- LAND COVER -
LEGEND
IOR OPEN SWAMP FARM LAND !.VP LAN
C, u COVER OD-05--Ell ýALL NUMERALS- A CC-PP-SP- 3'
PLANTING RECOMMEN-LAKE MAPPING-
.."COVER BOUNDARY
Al-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITH
SOME CONIFERS
"TI-INFERIOR BI
CI- POPPLE WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
Cl-NON-COMMERCIAL- C
DI-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2-HESMLOCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHITE PINE
C2-RED PINEINORWAY
D2-JACK PINE
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
B3-WHITE CEDAR
C3- TAMARAC K
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK)
ýf- BAL SAM
A4- TAGALDER WI LLDW
RED DOGWOOD, ETC
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH
C4-GRASS M
C?-4-SEDGE M
04-LEATHERL
05-RECENT I
O-OPEN LA
FOREST
LARSH
ARSH
EAF-BOG
BURN
IND (NC
GROWTH
C-CLEARED FARM
CROP LAND
CA FARM CROPLAND
SWITH STUMPS
PP-PERMANENT
PASTURE
SP-STUMP PASTURE
A-IDLE OR ABANDOI,
ED FARM LAND
DENSITY OF STAND
GOOD MEDIUM =F
DIAMETER CLASSE!
0- 3
3 B )AVE-DIAM-CLAS!
6-12 FOR AREA
ETC,. (IN INCHES)
- ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
- HARD SURFACED ROADS
SIMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
- PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS
- IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
==== UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE
* OCCUPIED HOUSE
U UNOCCUPIED "
S UMMER HOME
NUMBER OF Gi
-TELEPHONE LINE
H-HRAIL ROA D
SFIRE TOWER
STORE
ALOGGING CAMP
M] CEMETERY
----TRAIL
IISCHOOL
L CHURCH
POST OFFICE
FILLING STATION
G SUMMER HOTEL
=-POWER LI NE
-IABANDONED R.R.
---SAWMILL
I CREAMERY
CHEESE FACTOcY
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
OP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
-P-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT-
ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
.P-SEDGES AND REEDS
/.SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
BOG SHORE LIEIBPBEAVER POND
SSTRAND IO'WIDE B.D. " DAM
SBANK 10' HIGH X-BATHING BEACH
''& FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
WIDE BANK IO' HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
B- OF STONES
B- MUCK
C " ' CLAY
Y- "SAND
I '_ GRAVEL
*CAMP SITE
5A-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES tEX
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
VMi-VERY SOFT MQJ-MEDIUM HARD
k-SOF T M-MEDIUM H-HARD
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC 6OARD.
WI3CONSIN DEPT OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE WIS. CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURM
0
z
z
w.
N
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A
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LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 45 N.RI 13 W.-1933
-4
. ... .
. ............. . ............
....
0
CI9 03
.4 .....................
.
Il.i.. . :. :.I 03..
; .
-~ Cl 3-4
CI 0-
.. i '< .. ......... , .....
.I ... .. .. ..
7
IA:2
A.-,63 0-3"
' *J.i .. ,
73.<. .....- "
.. ..'.,; . ....... 32, C
-. ...... AM S .__.._- _
a... " J. UL.
,...........% } .
4'U .... , il..
19 1 22 C: ., o.. '' ,.
... _.. .t ', .. : " ........ - Al 3- '
'.A'p--
cl . , .'
S.... . ... , , - .... . .. . ........
2 27. 2
- -..-H ,
~~~~r ... ,. , , . .. ..._
. .... ...
......,....... :
... ..........
...' . ,. ¢ ,.. o<:I
C) 0 , I " + -3 , . ,'...............
3-61.. 2..:..
.......
LEGEND
I UPL AN-D-.FORES_jrLWAD-OE
NUMERALS 1-2 ANRALS
- LAND COVER-
POPPLE rE OPEN SWAMP [FARM I WA LNLAND
c, _ _ co _Ro _,_I 9L MERALS- L A KEMPS P IN
IPLA N T IN O R ECO M M EN I NRI- L K A P I G
"*..COVER BOUNDARY
Al-HARDWOOD
BI-HARDWOOD WITH
SOME CONIFERS
"W-INFERIOR BI
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME
WHITE BIRCH
CT-NON-COMMERCIAL-Cl
DI-SCRUB OAK AND
SOME RED MAPLE
El-PIN-CHERRY
A2-HEMLOCK WITH
HARDWOODS
B2-WHITE PINE
C2-RED PINEINORWAY
D2-JACK PINE
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM,
AND MAPLE
B3-WHITE CEDAR
C3- TAMARACK
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK)
5T- BALSAM
A4- TAGALDER WI LLOW
RED DOGWOOD, ETC
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH
C4,-GRASS $
Z-,-SEDGE M
D4-LEATHERI
D5-RECENT
0-OPEN LA
FOREST
C-CLEARED
CROP LA
CI FARM CR
WITH ST
PP-PER MANEI
PA.
SP-STUMP P
A-IDLE OR
ED FARM
DENSITY OF
AARSH
IARSH
LEAF-BOG
BURN
AND (NC
GROWTH:
FARM
ND
ROPLAND
UVmPS
NT
STURE
ASTURE
ABANDON
LAND
'STAND
DIAMETER CLASSE!
0-3
3:-6 lAVE-,IAWCLAS4
6-12f FOR AREA
ETC.. (IN INCHES)
-ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
/ HARD SURFACED ROADS
- IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS
SPARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROAD!
- IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS
-X-X- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL
U OCCUPIED HOUSE Ii SCHOOL
0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH
SUMMER HOME I POST OFFICE
NUMBER OF la I FILLING STATION
-TELEPHONE LINE I% SUMMER HOTEL
H-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE
# FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED RR
I STORE TOW -_SAWMILL
ALOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
FR CEMETERY i CHEESE FACTOR
AQUATIC VEGETATION
P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING
FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAM
INO OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS
P-SEDGES AND REEDS
-' SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
SBOG SHORE LIBPBEAVER POND
- STRAND IOWIDE IBD DAM
VBANK 10' HIGH XrBATHING BEACH
""FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
WIDE BANK 10' HIGH
ST-SHOAL BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
B- OF STONES
B- " MUCK
C- CLAY
Y- " SAND
I" iGRAVEL
@)CAMP SITE
SA-AREA OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
CEPT LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
HARDNESS OF WATER
Y-S-VERY SOFT MI-L-MEDIUM HARD
J,-SOF T M.-MEDIUM H-HARD
*NAME NOT YET APPROVED by THE STATE
GEOGRAPHIC bOARD.
WISCONSIN DIPT. Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WIS. CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. MIST, SURM
N
0
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T. 45 N.R. 12 W.- 1933
~b~$~ C c I __1 -4f~ 6<".
. ~ ........ . . . .
~ ~ CI r- .*
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43..- 1 . .
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... .....
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L-A
'AD3
20
I ........ -
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F-I Z-
%3
~Z4IOU,
Cli
A4
A3
44
.- .
S.... ,
.;.... . .... :.... ..
r
S......
i --i -4-- :Y -
. -
* A.. "..
. ..... ...... - 7.
. ..... ....... . '...... 4
Sv -66 c
,,,
' ... v ii,,
" . . .... ' ........ ..
.........
Al : I
.' i~g-,3A PA, 2I
CI ~ ~ kE
%1 3
4~I~3)~ P 3
C .... . .........
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3'
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- D- -. ..
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-............
CO
It~
DS
00
CI
tA,.
02 'P.-t
RING~
II
UpLANFORE FOREST
NUMERALS -2A ER
i LAND COVER-
LEGEND
CI l U ICOVER 0-o0-O-EII ALLNUMERALS- C-C-PP-SP- A3-
IPLANTING RECOMME-LAKE MAPPING-
.,'%..COVER BOUNDARY CA-GRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- SHORELINE
L. LAKE P-POND
Al-HARDWOOD a-SEDGE MARSH HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG SHORE
LIIBPBEAVER
A%-'ARAWOODPOND
BI-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS 7STRAND
I0WlDE B.- DAM
SOME CONIFERS D5-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS S BANK ID
HIGH X-BATHING BEACH
It-INFERIOR BI O-OPEN LAND (N IMPROVED DIRT ROADS - FLAT DUE TO
WATER RECESSION 75
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE BANK
10' HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X-- FIRE LANE --- TRAIL ST-SHOAL BOTTOM
WITH DEBRIS
T-NIDN-COMMERCIAILCI CROP LAND N OCCUPIED HOUSE Ii SCHOOL B- '
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND CA FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH B-
MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS 1 SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE C- "
" CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT i NUMBER OF G I FILLING STATION Y- "
SAND
A2-HEMLOCK WITH PASTURE ~-.-TELEPHONE LINE 15 SUMMER HOTEL b,-
" 'GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE .-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE SCAMP SITE
02-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON f FIRE TOWER I-ABANDONED RR. SA-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES tEX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY -ED FARM LAND 8 STORE ---SAWMILL CEPT LAKES
ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE LOGGING CAMP j CREAMERY
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND [ CEMETERY U CHEESE FACTORY
HARDNESS OF WATER
AND MAPLE MED IUMC E T I
83-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION LS-VERY SOFT
MJH-MEDIUM HARD
CS-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING .j-SOFT M-MEDIUM
&-HARD
OS-SPRUCE (BLACK) DIAMETER LASSE FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"Z-BALSAM 0- 3 SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDERWILLOW 3-6IAVE-OIAIR-CLASSE'P-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT
*NAME NOT YET APPROVED SY THE STATE
RED DOGWOOQ ETC 6-12| FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
SOARD.
84-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.J (IN INCHES) SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN D*PT Of AGRICULTUREI AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WIS. CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. IiST. SURf
N
S
r
Eli ~'
Laa
I
A
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 45 N.R. II W.-1933
323
-,.K o
-6 , '// ... C
4DI
.6 " !
0 //-
ell
Ni
j7.* eI6-
.... .... ...
1/ N
RIOp,,gR
Sl I = ,, 16 -
I I N.OI I
( 241
S.. ... ..... . : '"' .... . . . ... . ..... ...
.
(4e I 20 0 DU~IM
........ . . I.
:0
" <% ,. ..... o: % ..." i I:,. .... -,< ..
; /# 0 i. -, ,., L, ......
U!D
0+01 . ... .... . (". ...I.....
C00 -CI~ I
RUI~~~~~~~o ...J SLDI.' I0
C/ 0+- - 0 a
0lI1
0353
m i .l ...... * .... . ,
. I;:'
AV
"'."'D.LL
A
j. . i. ......... ...;
02~
IS
op. I'". ,,.a 6ý
,27
,.... .. .........\, ..
LONG'"'.,\ RAS DI O \\ W j *
LEGEND
FIN3FOREOR FORES OPEN Sý
NUMERALS 1-2 A ULS-3 COVER 0 T-DOS-El [I IE
IPLANTiNG RLCOMME
-- LAND COVER ..... 1
I-, D. A.
Dim
Dr . :
- ." tI 114/
iZ '/ "-1
It \ 1 I D' .
....... 4Z.k < !';,
040
24
../ ..... ..
4...........
""-
23/
0 II
" "V....
"'r': .......,
" ®r C i DIU ) l io" .01
// el
AAA
E"...... . . / N,
7...¢ ...............1
i* i
. ..... ....... "
........II
1. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . II
i I)
D... ...... .. . .. .II
S......... ;7;.......... + 'II
U ( ,,":. II
__ v,1i"-"Il
56 "!
Cf
3e' ... 1=,
S
FFARMLA - ALS37
WAP "I L-AKE A I NG '
--LAKE MAPPING--
0 MILL I
'..COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH - ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- SHORELINE
L. LAKE P-POND
AI-HARDWOOD "Z-SEDGE MARSH HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG
SHORE LI1E.LPBEAVER POND
BI-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
I0WIDE1B., " DAM
SOME CONIFERS DS-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS-? BANK 10'
HIGH IX-BATHING BEACH
"I-INFERIOR BI O-OPEN LAND (NO IMPROVED DIRT ROADS 4-6 FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) ====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE
BANK 1O' HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE - ------TRAIL ST-SHOAL BOTTOM
WITH DEBRIS
eT-NON-COMMERCIAILC CROP LAND U OCCUPIED HOUSE iSCHOOL B-
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND CA FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH B-
MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS q SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE C-
II CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT Q NUMBER OF Q FILLING STATION Y- "
" SAND
A2-HEMLOCK WITH PASTURE -TITELEPHONE LINE I% SUMMER HOTEL b-
GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE --HRAILROAD -POWER LINE SCAMP SITE
B2 -WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON I FIRE TOWER I,-'ABANDONED R.R SA-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES tEX
C2-RED PINEINORWAY ED FARM LAND * STORE -SAWMILL CEPT LAKES
ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE * LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
AS-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND M CEMETERY JCHEESE FACTORY
HARDNESS OF WATER
AND MAPLE GOOD PgQp4 P R
BS-WHITE CEDAR AQUATIC VEGETATION ,S-VERY SOFT
MH.-MEDIUM HARD
CS-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING &-SOFT
Mh-MEDIUM H-HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) IAMETER CLASSES FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
"n-BALSAM 0- 3 "P-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDER,WILLOW, 3-6 AVE-OIAXA-CLASS EP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT,
*NAME NOT YET APPROVED bV THE STATE
RED DOGWOOD, ETC 6-12A FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
BOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETCJ (IN INCHES) SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN DePT Of AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WIS, CONSERVATION
DEPT. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SUAV
I
-4
I
.04.... ... <, ,-'. o ( C 000-<
II AAI ~
,,t 'o x >;' ...... .......,.. .-....
0+i31 I33
","0 0.3..... II ,
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T. 45 N.R. 10 W.-1933
'I. .. : -
II :/ ..' '
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II . .. . . 1 ..
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"1.102 i'' "
411
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B 02933
A 0LQ5
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02 Oý ih17
020... '"...": 02 I
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D.... 2: .: i'.; }oz , r, I
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.... .... i2<ý
020-0
D4 0-, .r
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S..... "0 """: ....
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7
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*. ,.>::::7
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- i'-.
=.;;:) < .
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4. £ is
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GO.P -.
FUPLAND-FOREST OWLAND-FOREST
NUMERALS 1-2 ALL NUMERALS-
- LAND COVER-
LEGEND
oi U !COVER o -oo-0 ,I-5-El L NUME
IPLANTING RECOMMENDD
WAMP r FARM LAND J WA L
-LAKE MAPPING-
'.-COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS- SHOREUNE
L. LAKE P-POND
AI-HARDWOOD Z'--SEDGE MARSH HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG SHORE
LINEIB.PBEAVER POND
8I-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
IO'WIDEIB.D. " DAM
SOME CONIFERS DS-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADS- BANK I
HIGH I X-BATHING BEACH
El-INFERIOR EI O-OPEN LAND (NO IMPROVED DIRT ROADS .L FLAT
DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) ====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE
BANK 10 lHIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
T-MNO+CMMERCIAL-C CROP LAND U OCCUPIED HOUSE &SCHOOL B-
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND CR FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " I CHURCH B-
MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS I SUMMER HOME POST OFFICE C- _
CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT 1 NUMBER OF 31 FILLING STATION Y-
' SAND
A2-lEMILOCK WITH PASTURE -TELEPHONE LINE SUMMER HOTEL b-
GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE +I-HRAILROAD -POWER LINE *CAMP SITE
B2-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON f FIRE TOWER -ABANDONED R.R. 5A-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINE(NORWAY ED FARM LAND 11 STORE ---SAWMILL CEPT
LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE ALOGGING CAMP h CREAMERY
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND [B CEMETERY 'CHEESE FACTORY HARDNESS
OF WATER
AND MAPLE MEDIU
B3-WHITE CEDAR D i AQUATIC VEGETATION Y,&-VERY
SOFT M.A-MEDIUM HARD
C3-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING .-SOFT
I-MEDIUM H-HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) DIAMETER CLASSE FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS L
"W-BALSAM 0-3 S;P-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDER.WILLOW 3-6 AVE-DIAM-CLASSEP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WIYH FLOAT *
NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
RED DOGWCODETC. 6-12 FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
bOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.J (IN INCHES) "SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN DIIPT OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WIS. CONSERVATION
DEPi. AND THE WIS. GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. 3U00
S
1
I
I
I
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m
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02
DZ
01
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II
I
LAND ECONOMIC INVENTORY-DOUGLAS COUNTY WISCONSIN
FOREST AND GENERAL COVER MAP-T 46 N. R. I I W.- 1933
6
CI cl C0-3
3-9 C
,E " :" . .. ........ "
. ..........
;AS -
031
J) ' .
. ............
D3J§ i~
5
P.
_ _ . . -........... ............
81m6-12
C ?0.. 3S3-6 e
C
21JA /4
1H
. .... .... .::' 5
C, W
... . .. .. ......
34
C/
p t 9 m
DS O43
a rsfr
4AKSf
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inc - fi ".. NP ................. ;
4U
570A 02-.i I
GII
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i Io- G- ..C'; J I
A -' 4_92_
AIIk7
l A ,
............
0
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P I
2/
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. ;.. ..-._.... , _ _
.. ..... ,. ..... .
asp 1. 03-6 fa
:% , I . . . . ... .1"
#.. O A "."" _.::'
I s.,-, - " \ " ..
F UPLAND-FOREST LOWLAND-FOREST POPPLE INFERIOR FORES OPEN SWAMP
FARM LANDA
NUMERALS -2 ERA C T COVER 0-DI-D-EI ALL NUMERALS-C
[ c-c-PP-SP-A IUE
IPLANTING RECOMME.EDI
- LAND COVER-- ........G
-ECOE - LAKE MAPPING-
0 MILE I
.""..'COVER BOUNDARY C4-GRASS MARSH -ROADS AND IMPROVEMENTS-
SHORELINE L. LAKE P-POND
Al-HARDWOOD n-SEDGE MARSH - HARD SURFACED ROADS BOG
SHORE LINEýBPBEAVER POND
BI-HARDWOOD WITH D4-LEATHERLEAF-BOG - IMPROVED GRAVEL ROADS STRAND
IO'WIDEIB.D. - DAM
SOME CONIFERS D5-RECENT BURN - PARTIALLY GRAVELLED ROADOS-9 BANK
10' HIGH I *BATHING BEACH
"sp-INFERIOR BI O-OPEN LAND INO IMPROVED DIRT ROADS
4- FLAT DUE TO WATER RECESSION 75'
CI-POPPLE WITH SOME FOREST GROWTH) ====UNIMPROVED DIRT ROADS WIDE
BANK 10' HIGH
WHITE BIRCH C-CLEARED FARM -X-X- FIRE LANE ----TRAIL ST-SHOAL
BOTTOM WITH DEBRIS
CT-NON-COMMERCIALIC CROP LAND U OCCUPIED HOUSE If SCHOOL B-
OF STONES
DI-SCRUB OAK AND C01 FARM CROPLAND 0 UNOCCUPIED " CHURCH
B- " ' MUCK
SOME RED MAPLE WITH STUMPS SUMMER HOME 9 POST OFFICE C- _"
CLAY
El-PIN-CHERRY PP-PERMANENT 3 NUMBER OF 3 B FILLING STATION Y-
" SAND
A2-HEML-OCK WITH PASTURE .-.TELEPHONE LINE SUMMER HOTEL b-
' GRAVEL
HARDWOODS SP-STUMP PASTURE I+HRAILROAD -POWER LINE *CAMP
SITE
B2-WHITE PINE A-IDLE OR ABANDON FIRE TOWER '-'ABANDONED RR 5A-AREA
OF ENTIRE LAKE IN ACRES (EX
C2-RED PINEINORWAY ED FARM LAND STORE ---SAWMILL CEPT
LAKES ON COUNTY BOUNDARY)
D2-JACK PINE * LOGGING CAMP CREAMERY
A3-BLACK ASH, ELM, DENSITY OF STAND CEMETERY if CHEESE FACTORY
HARDNESS OF WATER
AND MAPLE GOOD MlIU PR
B3-WHITE CEDAR "iLCTTR AQUATIC VEGETATION
Y.1-VERY SOFT NH,-MEDIUM HARD
C3-TAMARACK P-PLANKTON LAKE BLOOMING _-SOF
T M-MEDIUM _-HARD
D3-SPRUCE (BLACK) IAMETER CLASSES FP-DUCK WEED AND LIKE PLANTS
DS-BALSAM 0-3 SP-SUBMERGED PONDWEEDS
A4-TAGALDERWILLOW 3- 8 AVE-DIAM-CLASSEP-ROOTED WATER PLANTS WITH FLOAT]
* NAME NOT YET APPROVED BY THE STATE
RED DOGWOOD ETC 6-12 FOR AREA ING OR EMERSED LEAVES AND STEMS GEOGRAPHIC
SOARD.
B4-CAT-TAIL MARSH ETC.J (IN INCHES) E5-SEDGES AND REEDS
WISCONSIN DEPTI OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE WIS.
CONSERVATION DEPT. AND THE WI&. GEO.. AND NAT. HIST. SURN
N
c) . wtý
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ý C 3-t>'A
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