808 MINERALS YEARB0OK~ 1941

goes into titanium ferro-alloys, hard-cutting alloys, other nonferrous alloys,
and metallic titanium. Domestic production of titanium pigment~ has more
than doubled since 1938 and, according to Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering,
approached 165,000 short tons in 1939. Titanium white paints are noted for
a high degree of opacity, reflectance, and durability. Titanium dioxide makes
it possible to manijfacture workable porcelain enamels with a higher degree
of acid resistance than can be obtained by any other means; at the same time,
a remarkable degree of opacity in developed and gloss is improved.34 Ilmenite
is the source of all titanium pigments and also enters into the production
of alioys and welding rods. By far the largest use of rutile is as a flux
in welding-rod coatings, where its function is to shield the arc from oxidation
during welding and to produce a brittle slag, which protects the cooling
weld deposit.38 The second most important use of rutile is in steel manufacture;
where ferrotitanium and ferrocarbontitanium .act as strong deoxidizers (to
some extent replacing aluminum) and as addition agents to inhibit intergranular
corrosion of stainless steels and air-hardening of 5percent chromium steels.36
A new type of permanent magnet contains 6 to 12 percent titanium.37 Rutile
is also used in ceramics and a number of nonferrous alloys, particularly
titanium-aluminum, which improves the grain of aluminum castings. Titanium
carbide is a constituent of hard alloys used in machine tools. A comprehensive
Russian technical article on this application has recently been translated.38
The use of metallic titanium has been limited principally to radio tubes.
Titanium deserves study as a structural material, although it is difficult
to produce metal free from objectionable oxygen and nitrogen.39 Traces of
metallic titanium in mercury boilers inhibit corrosion and facilitate heat
transfer. Titanium tetrachloride is utilized in smoke screens and in purifying
aluminum alloys.
WORLD PRODUCTION
 Australia.—Zircon Rutile, Ltd., Byron Bay, New South Wales, increased
its production of zircon-rutile concentrates in 1941 *40 The International
Titanium Corporation, controlled by the American Rutile Corporation and Ventures,
Ltd., of Canada, began producing concentrates of rutile and zircon in New
South Wales in June 1941 and shipping the material to Carteret, N. J., for
further separation.4' Titanium minerals and zircon are also being recovered
from black sands at Lower Piper River near Low Head, on the northern coast
of Tasmania.42
 Brazil.—During the first 9 mOnths of 1941, Brazil exported 2,621 metric
tons of ilmenite and 1,462 metric tons of rutile. All the ilmenite and 57
percent of the rutile were shipped to the United States.
~4 Tinsley, 5. 0., Titanium Oxide as an Ingredient of Porcelain Enamel Frits:
Ceram. md., vol. 38, No. 3, March 1942, pp. 36—39.
"Johnston, J. Murray, Rutile and Zircon: Am. Inst. Mm. and Met. Eng., Ann.
Meeting, New York,. N. Y., February 11; 1942,3 pp.
3' Steel, Modern Contributions of Titanium to Steel Production: Vol. 109,
No. 18, November 3, 1941, pp. 96, 110—ill.
" Howe, Goodwin H. (to General Electric Co.), Alloys for Permanent Magnets:
U. S. Patent 2,264,038, November 2,5, 1941; Chem. Abs., vol.36, No.6, March
20, 1942, p. 1585.
"Meerson, 0. A., and Lipkes, Ya. M. (Hard Metal Alloys, Tungsten Carbide—Titanium
Carbide— Cobalt Mixtures): Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, No. 12, 1939,
p. 1759 ft. Trans. by W. I). Jones, Metal md., vol. 59, No. 19, November
7, 1941, pp. 290-293; No. 20, November 14, 1941, pp. 306-308.
3' Dean, R. S., Progress Reports—Metallurgical Division. 50. Annual
Report of the Metallurgical Division, Fiscal Year 1941: Bureau of Mines Rept.
of investigations 3~00, 1941, pp. 52-53.
40 industrial Australian and Mining Standard, vol. 96, No. 2478, September
15, 1941, p. 211; vol. 96, No.
2479, October 1, 1941, p. 225.
4' Northern Miner, vol. 27, No. 45, Jan. 29, 1942, p.9.
° Mining Journal (London), vol. 214, No. 5535, September 20, 1941, p.
428.