KWABENA O. AKURANG-PARRY

26. Worden, "Between Slavery and Freedom," 118.
27. See Akurang-Parry, "Transformation in the Feminization of Unfree Domestic Labor."
28. The Aborigines Protection Society (APS) to Colonial Office, March 20, 1891, No. 8, in
Correspondence Respecting the Administration of the Laws Against Slavery in the Gold Coast
Colony, Parliamentary Papers, 1891, C. 6354 (Hereafter C. 6354)
29. See, for example, Hodgson to Knutsford, February 17, 1890, Encl. I in No. 59 in Correspondence
Respecting the Slave Trade, Parliamentary Papers, 1890, C. 6053 (hereafter C. 6053); C. 6053,
Return of Number of Slave-dealing Cases disposed of in the District Commissioner's Court,
during the months of August and September, 1889, Encl. 9 in No. 59; and C. 6053, Thompson to
Hughes, August 6, 1889, Encl. 12 in No. 59.
30. See, for example, C. 6354, APS to Colonial Office, March 20, 1891, No. 8; C. 6354, Griffith to
Knutsford, January 26, 1891, No. 7; and C. 6354, Peregrine to the Colonial Secretary, October 7,
1890, Encl. 1 in No. 7.
31. Ibid. See also Hodgson to Knutsford, February 17, 1890, Encl. 1 in No. 59, in Correspondence
Respecting the Slave Trade, Parliamentary Papers, 1890, C. 6053 (hereafter C. 6053); C. 6053,
Return of Number of Slave-dealing Cases disposed of in the District Commissioner's Court,
during the months of August and September, 1889, Encl. 9 in No. 59; and C. 6053, Thompson to
Hughes, August 6, 1889, Encl. 12 in No. 59.
32. See, for example, Worden, "Between Slavery & Freedom," 118-32; and Thomas C. Holt, The
Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1992), 42-45.
33. Worden, 122.
34. See, for example, Report of the Committee of Experts on Slavery Appointed by the Council of the
League of Nations, April 4, 1933, NAGA, CSO 41/33, (hereafter RCES). I thank Thelma Ewusie,
Archivist, NAGA, for bringing this file to my attention. See also League of Nations, Slavery: Report
of the Advisory Committee of Experts, Slavery 1936. VI.B. 1. 20. As this is a bulky file, numbers
and dates of particular documents therein will be cited.
35. C. N. Ubah, "The Colonial Administration in Northern Nigeria and the Problem of Freed Slave
Children," Slavery and Abolition, 14, 3 (1993), 220-21.
36. See Slave Children, NAGCC.
37. Alain Morice, "Underpaid Child Labor and Social Reproduction: Apprenticeship in Kaolack,
Senegal," Development and Change, 13, 4 (1982), 518. This study was carried out among small-
scale metal workers in Kaolack, Senegal's largest town in 1981-1982; its theoretical underpinnings
are relevant to this study.
38. See, for example, A.B. Josiah, dd. November 22, 1906 in Slave Children, NAGCC, ADM
23/1/126; and No. M.7/07, December 6, 1907 in Slave Children, NAGCC, ADM 23/1/126.
39. Most of the freed slave children were females. For the Gold Coast, see for example, Robertson,
"Post-Proclamation Slavery." This corresponds to the comparative literature on gender and slavery
and pawnship in the colonial period. For Northern Nigeria, see for example, Paul Lovejoy and Jan
Hogendorn, Slow Death for Slavery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 37-38 and
263-64. And see, for example, the Encl. in No.M.7/06, December 3, 1908 in Slave Children,
NAGCC, ADM 23/1/126.
40. Ibid.
41. Vicariate Apostolic of the Gold Coast, 10.IV.09 in Slave Children, NAGCC, ADM 23/1/126.
42. See, for example, Ibid.
43. Copy of Minutes by the Attorney General, dd. October 10,1906, in Slave Children, NAGCC, ADM
23/1/126. In Northern Nigeria, the age limit was 12 years old, and if the freed slave was with a
guardian, he/she might be granted a "freedom ticket." See Ubah, "The Colonial Administration,"
222.
44. No. Case 864/08, December 28, 1908, in Slave Children, NAGCC, ADM 23/1/126.
45. Akurang-Parry, "Rethinking the 'Slaves of Salaga.'"

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