476 A HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES I 
 
wrote in 1101 a letter to Castile, saying, "Do not abandon the war against
the Moors to go to the east; go back home, and in combat there you will accomplish
your penance." Thus Spain became the first country in Europe to keep knights
at home to combat the Moslem instead of joining the great crusades to the
east. 
 In 1146—1147 the Spaniards were not the only ones involved in this
new development of the Second Crusade. The pope permitted the Genoese to
join the campaign in Spain, and forces from the sea-faring towns of southern
France were also to make up part of the expedition. During the early part
of 1147 the pope worked to establish peace in Tuscany, so that the crusaders
could rely on the support of the Pisan fleet. By no means all his efforts,
however, were directed towards the Spanish phase of the crusade. Most out
standing of those whom Eugenius enrolled in the Palestinian crusade at this
time was count Amadeo III of Savoy and Mauri enne, who was to be the leader
of the Lombard pilgrims.12 
 At last the pope wrote to Conrad reproaching him for under taking such a
great project as the crusade without papal advice and warned and exhorted
him to make careful plans for the regulation of his realm during the crusade.
He must have pointed out Conrad's unstable position in Germany and Italy
and ex pressed the fear that a long absence during his son's minority would
weaken that position still further; but Cosack's theory that 
 
 12 For convenience in this section the armies are called "German," "French,"
and "Spanish," although they were composed of forces from various countries.
Information about the Spanish phase of the crusade is particularly scanty.
Eugenius's bull against the Wends and his letter to Alfonso of Castile in
April 1 148 mention it (Jaffe-Wattenbach, Re gesta, flOS. 9017, 1255). A
letter from St. Bernard to the Spanish on the subject of the crusade, Ad
peregrinantes Jerusalem, is said to exist in the Archives of the Crown of
Aragon in Bar celona and should be informative when made available. Other
sources are Caffaro, Annales Januenses, Historia captionis Almarie et Turtuose,
Liber iurium, I, and Cronica Adephonsi imperatoris. G. Constable, "The Second
Crusade," pp. 227 if., has treated the topic more thoroughly than has been
done before and has collected a bibliography. See also Villey, La Croisade,
pp. 196—198; M. Defourneaux, Les Français en Espagne aux XI'
et Xli' siicles (Paris, 1949); H. Krueger, "Post-war Collapse and Rehabilitation
in Genoa (1149—1152)," Studi in Honore di Gino Luzzatto, vol. I (Milan,
2949), 117—128; 0. Langer, Polisische Ge schichte Genuas und Pisas
im XII. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 2882). 
 It seems unlikely that a grant of indulgence was extended to Portugal. As
C. Erdmann points out, "Der Kreuzzugsgedanke in Portugal," Hist. Zeitschr.,
CXLI (2930), pp. 23—53, the known crusading action of the popes in
the first third of the twelfth century concerned only the eastern part of
the Iberian peninsula, and the Portuguese, unlike the Spanish, do not seem
to have thought in terms of an official crusade. There is only one unconfirmed
mention of Eugenius's giving indulgences to Portugal. On the contrary, the
bishop of Oporto in speaking to the Lisbon crusaders did not offer such an
inducement, but spoke of the im portance of living rightly on the way to
Jerusalem as a motive for besieging the Moors at Lisbon. 
 On the Savoy pilgrims, see C. W. Previté-Orton, The House of Savoy
(Cambridge, 1912), p. 309. Carutti, Regesta comitum Sabaudiae (Bibliotheca
Storica Italiana, V, Turin, 2889), p. 207, gives a list of knights thought
to have accompanied Amadeo on the crusade although its accuracy has sometimes
been questioned. See also Constable, op. cit., p. 226.