-3. 
C        in the Landscae, lS13-1939 
I have attempted to trace .the major alterations in the landscape from 
the days when the first settlers arrived to the present. Most pronounced
is. 
the change from no cultivation in 1S38 to almost complete cultivation in
1938. 
Agricul ture has maodifi ed every feature of the landscape, as is shown in
Table I. 
o  -F         1:  res21 show the parts ofFaville Grove in which these revisions
took 
plac kehe most important of x      are discussed in detail under the following

captions. 
Forests vs. OakOpenines 
Reference is made, in the following discussion, to "forests" and
to opn 
Both areas were more or less tree-covered. Forests, asAhere used, means a

rather dense stand made up of numerous tree and shrub species. T~he closed
cnp 
cast a shade too dense for sod; hence the ground cover was composed of nueros,'

herbaceous spec ies. The trees, being crowded., produc4straight and clean
boles. 
Openings were characterized by scattered trees and little or no us 
A heavy grass sod covered the ground. The trees had little competition from

their neighbors; hence spread outward rather than upward. Many gnarledbace

covered the massive boles. Old timers say that in the openings deer could
be 
easily chased on horseback, but the forest was too dese to see deer at an
  d 
much less cha s them on horseback. 
The forests near Javille Grove contained elm, ash, basswood, hcory    bl

cherry, oaks, soft and hard maple, ironwood., black walnut and aspen, but
the 
openings had. mainly bur, white and black oaks, a few hickori, and clump
 of 
red cedars on the gravelly knolls. 
A~ c entury ago *..- east &WA-.of the Crawf  a Riv er was a f ores t;
teWs 
an            .... , Since t e mzrimm width of the Crawfish River is 
- ads with similr terrain on both sides, the question arises:           
            e 
:+:+ +i,,