CADMIUM 
207 
 
 Table 9.—Cadmium: World production,' by country (Metric tons)

Country 
1981 
1982 
1983 
1984" 
1985e 
Algeriae - 
Argentina - 
65 
.65 21 
50 e19 
50 e20 
50 
20 
Australia(refined) -Austria - 
1,031 
55 
1,010 
48 
1,104 
46 
1,049 
49 
1,000 
50 
Belgium -Brazil - 
1,176 
45 
996 
13 
1,260 
189 
1,476 
225 
1,200 
225 
Bulgariac -Canada(refined)                           Cbinae             
                     
210 
1,298 
270 
200 
p854 
 
300 
200 
1,456 
300 
200 
1,602 
300 
200 
1,400 
300 
Finland - 
621 
566 
616 
614 
610 
France                                   
663 
2793 
513 
563 
510 
German Democratic Republice                  
Germany, Federal Republic of                   
India —_~-~ 
16 
1,192 
113 
16 
1,030 
131 
riS 
1,094 
131 
r15 
1,111 
148 
15 
1,075 ~194 
Italy                                     
2489 
2475 
450 
520 
450 
Japan                                    
Korea,Northe                              
Korea,Republicof                           
Mexico(refined)                             
1,977 
140 
300 
590 
2,034 
100 
320 
607 
2,214 
100 
320 
642 
2,423 
100 
320 
571 
2,640 
100 
300 
600 
Namibia                                  
 
110 
51 
40 
30 
Netherlands                               
518 
497 
513 
636 
600 
Norway                                  Peru                            
        
117 
307 
104 
421 
117 
451 
150 
390 
150 
420 
Poland                                   
580 
570 
e570 
e570 
600 
Romaniae                                 
85 
80 
80 
r75 
75 
Spain                                    
IJ.S.S.R.5                                  
UnitedKingdom                            
UnitedStates2                              
Yugoslavia                                
Zaire                                     
303 
2,900 
278 
1,603 
208 
2230 
286 
2,900 
354 
1,007 
174 
r280 
278 
3,000 
340 
1,052 
48 
308 
290 
3,000 
390 
1,686 
270 
318 
300 
3,000 
375 
~1,603 250 
320 
Zambia                                   
 
Total                                  
(4) 
 
 
 
 
 
r17380 
r16422 
17,527 
19,171 
18,662 
 eRetima~ "Preliminary. rRe~d. 
 1Tl,j~ table gives unwrought production from ores, concentrates, flue dusts,
and other materials of both domestic and imported origin. Sources generally
do not indicate if secondary metal (recovered from scrap) is included or
not; where known, this has been indicated by footnote. Data derived in part
from World Metal Statistics (published by World Bureau of Metal Statistics,
London) and from Metal Statistics (published by Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft,
Frankfurt am Main). Cadmium is found in ores, concentrates, and/or flue dusts
in several other countries, but these materials are exported for treatment
elsewhere to recover cadmium metal; therefore, such output is not reported
in this table to avoid double counting. Table includes data available through
Apr. 8, 1986. 
 2lncludes secondary. 
 3Reported figure. 
 4Revised to zero. 
 
TECHNOLOGY 
 
 Researchers at the Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY, reported the discovery
of a new cadmium-bearing fluoride glass system that was 10 times more resistant
to water corrosion than zirconium-based fluoride glasses~ The new glass,
a mixture of cadmium, lithium, aluminum, and lead fluorides, was developed
under an Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract aimed at seeking
improved glass systems. The main practical advantage of the new glass was
its higher resistance to water corrosion, which could lead to applications
in infrared optics and optical windows.'° 
 Boeing Aerospace Co. reported the development of thin film polycrystalline
solar cells with energy conversion levels of nearly 
12%, eclipsing a previous efficiency level of 
9%. The cells were made of copper-indium diselenide/zinc-cadmium sulfide
and were part of an effort to produce solar cells for large-scale terrestrial
solar power applications and for potential uses in space." 
 Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico reported the
discovery of a peptide that protected plants from being poisoned by toxic
metals. The unnamed compound, a chain of seven amino acids, reportedly bound
cadmium and allowed plant cells to tolerate otherwise toxic concentrations
of the metal. This discovery could lead to new methods of growing more nutritious
crops and to the development of biochemical filters that remove toxic met-