MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1985418 
 
ferrochromium production in Japan by 20% almost all of the manganese contained
in to 30%. the crushed ore. Unwanted materials reMizushima Gokintetsu also
in Japan, and main in the depleted ore. A low voltage is 
a subsidiary of Kawasaki Steel, reported then applied across the liquid mixture,
and preparations to start using a coke-fed shaft dissolved mangai~ese is
recovered in elefurnace to produce H-C FeMn by a process mental form as deposits
on carbon elecsimilar to that of the blast furnace. The trodes. The Government
is currently assessshaft furnace, converted from a SAEF at a ing the possibifity
of adapting the process to cost of nearly $12 million, has a capacity of
deep-sea mining of metal-rich nodules about 100,000 tons per year and represents
known to rest on the ocean floor.24 
about one-fourth of Japan's 1984 production 
Physical scientist, Division of Ferrous Metals. 
of H-C FeMn. The shaft furnace is expected 2Guenther, G. L Ferroalloys: Can
the U.S. Industry to lower costs below those of electric smelt- Survive?
The Library of Congress, Congr. Res. Serv., Rep. ing by taking advantage
of the availability N~:~4~ oi1~iternatives for the Conserand relatively low
prices of reducing gases vation of Strategic and Critical Minerals—Cobalt,
Chromium, Manganese, and Platmurn-Group Metals: A Review. 
 
and other gases produced withm the steel- BuMines IC 9054,1985,53 pp. 
making complex where the shaft furnace is 4Rabchevsky G A Chromium Deposits
of Albania Chromium Rev. (Republic of South Airica), No. 3, Mar. 
 
located. The shift from electric to shaft 1985, pp. 14-17. 
furnace smelting in Japan contrasts with 5Metal Bulletin (London). No. 6960,
Feb. 8, 1985, p. 17. 
American Metal Market. V. 93, No. 147, Aug. 1, 1985, 
the discontmuance of blast furnace smelt- p.5. 
ing of ferromanganese in the United States Metal Bulletin (London). No. 7056,
Jan. 28, 1986, pp.14- 
nearly 10 years ago. 7Metals Week. V. 56, No. 26, July 1, 1985, p.6 
 Another technological innovation in Ja- ~ No. 7037, Nov. 15, 1985, p.13.

pan reportedly is making it possible for ' °Metal Bulletm Monthly
(London)
No 175 July 1985 
steel mills to use manganese ore directly in j)~). 51,53. 
  Metals Week. V. 56, No. 22, June 3, 1985, p.9. 
the converter mstead of ferromanganese. ~Metal Bulletin (London). No. 6983,
May 3,1985, p. 15. 
 
 
Information on the percentage breakdown ~American Metal Market. V. 93, No.
148, Aug. 2, 1985, of manganese ore and ferromanganese used P~ i4Me~ Week.
V. 56, No. 31, Aug. 5, 1985, p.8. 
in steelmaking in Japan is not known but i5._* V. 56, No. 45, Nov. 11, 1985,
p.7. 
some sources estimate that the share of ore ~ p.9. will increase to 30% in
the future. 18Pages 15.19 of work cited in footnote 10. 
 Researchers at the U.S. Department of ala ~2~ul~ ~ p 15 Energy's Argonne
National Laboratory in 20___* No. 7027, Oct. 11,1985, p. 19. 
Argonne, IL, have developed a two-step 21Work cited in footnote 8. 
 22Metal Bulletm Monthly (London). Plasma Production 
process to extract manganese and other at Paris-Outreau. No. 179, Nov. 1985,
pp. 13-19. 
metals from low-grade ores. The key ele- . 23MacRee, D. R. Plasma Energy
in Ferroalloy Production. Plasma 2000, symp. sponsored by the Advanced 
 
ment in the process is a mixture of chloride Technology Committee, Iron and
Steel Soc. AIME, Re- 
 
 
salts of magnesium, potassium, and sodium le~h, NC, Oct. 24-25, 1985. 
Marom, V. A. Argonne s Metal-Ore Two Step. Midwest 
that melts at about 400 C and dissolves Eng., Nov. 1985, pp. 3-4.