OTHER METALS 1097 
$7,400; 99.0% purity, $8,000; 99.9% purity, radiating. Scandium is used because
its 
$9,000; 99.99% purity, $15,000; and 99.999% excitation efficiency in detection
of light 
purity $25 000 Scandium metal prices var elements up to titanium is twice
that of the 
ied considerably depending on purity and commonly used chromium tube."

amount  A sodium scandium phosphate corn 
 pound known as foskan named from the 
          FOREIGN TRADE three Russian words for the elements, is 
 No trade data were available for scan- being studied in the U.S.S.R. The
binary 
dium on an individual basis. Foreign coun- phosphate and its analogs exhibit
several 
tries reportedly producing scandium j~ interesting properties, including
a high fu 
dude China, France, and the U.S.S.R. The sion temperature, ferroelectricity,
and high 
U.S.S.R. has historically been a major ion. conductivity. Research showed
that the 
source of imported high purity scandium high ion conductivity can be applied
in 
oxide sodium sulfur storage batteries where sodi 
 um and sulfur are molten electrodes and 
          TECHNOLOGY the scandium-bearing binary phosphate 
 
 Researchers at NV Philips Corp Eindho- functions as a thin ceramic membrane
elec yen, Netherlands, developed a dual-anode trolyte. Foskan s three-dimensional
open tube using scandium and* molybdenum or structure allows the small sodium
cations to scandium and tungsten for improved detec- travel freely through
the voids formed by tion of elements in X-ray fluorescence interconnected
omnidirectional conductivspectrometry The anode is in the form of a ity channels
At temperatures above 166 C thin layer of the light-element material the
sodium cations flow freely creating a scandium deposited on a heavy-element
super ion exchanger electrolyte for use m base, molybdenum or tungsten. The
new the sodium-sulfur batteries. Battery energy tube allows lower voltage
excitation of X- capacities using this system are reportedly rays from the
scandium surface layer, while an order of magnitude higher than lead higher
energy excitation penetrates to the storage batteries.'~ 
underlying heavy-element material before 
 
SELENIUM37 
 
 One of the four U.S. copper refineries Domestic Data Coverage.—Domestic
dawith capacity for production of byproduct ta for selenium are developed
by the Bureau selenium did not produce any of the metal of Mines from a voluntary
survey of U.S. in 1985, and another discontinued its oper- operations. The
three domestic refiners of ations in the third quarter; therefore, do- selenium
responded to a survey of their mestic production decreased significantly.
stocks, primary refined production, and Coi~isumption also declined and net
imports shipments of selenium to consumers. Data fell slightly, while producers'
stocks in- are withheld to avoid disclosing company creased substantially.
proprietary data. 
 
 
Table 16.—Salient selenium statistics 
(Kilograms of contained selenium unless otherwise specified) 
 
1981 
1982 
1983 
1984 
1985 
United States: 
 
 
 
 
 
Production, primary refined           
Shipments to consumers  
Exports, metal, waste and scrap        
Imports for consumption             
Apparent consumption              
Stocks, 4'earend, producer1            
Dealers price, averap per pound, commercial-grade                
World: Refinery production              
251,949 
207,854 
60,523 
311,566 
458,898 
292,558 
 
$4.38 
r1,235,238 
242,996 
307,610 
117,267 
347,329 
537,672 
254,210 
 
$3.53 
rl,132,49& 
353,860 
374,030 
93,368 
297,029 
577,691 
152,790 
$3.87 
1,325,031 
"253,598 
224,401 
122,929 
376,946 
478,418 
139,159 
 
$9.02 
"1,35~,702 
W 
W 
154,122 
400,658 
W 
W 
 
$6.00-$10.25 e1,1~,835 
eEstimated. "Preliminary. TRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company
proprietary data. 
 
' Granular selenium, a semirefined form of selenium, is included in stocks.

' Metals Week.