0The Atlantic Seaboard


at the time of his retirement. He was a typical absent-minded professor,
but enjoyed laughing at his own weaknesses. His presidential address
before the Society of American Bacteriologists in 1917 gives a good
picture of the inner man as he stresses the necessity of using more
quantitative methods with synthetic media of known constitution as a
basis for metabolic studies on bacteria. He joins Sedgwick and other
early bacteriologists in emphasizing that bacteriology should have a
place as an independent branch of biology and not merely as a servant
of medicine and agriculture.
  In the Yale Medical School bacteriology had its beginnings about
189o as an elective lecture course given by C. J. Foote. In 1905-6 an
optional laboratory course, which soon became a requirement, was
offered by C. J. Bartlett. His interest in tuberculosis led to studies on
the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in market milk, which in turn hastened
the requirement of pasteurization of the city milk supplies. Bacterial
variation was also studied in the medical school laboratories with
Stephen J. Maker and Harold S. Arnold as collaborators.
  About 1 915 a reorganization of the Medical School was in progress,
and in 1917 Winternitz, another pupil of William Welch, was ap-
pointed professor of pathology and bacteriology with George H.
Smith responsible for the bacteriology. A closer affiliation between the
New Haven hospitals and the Medical School was arranged, so that the
professional appointees in the latter assumed responsibilities in the hos-
pitals. The many organizational changes, with the numerous bacterial
sproutings in several of the clinical departments, immediately impor-
tant locally, gradually became important nationally through the excel-
lence of the experimental work produced. But these studies are largely
beyond the time of our story.

CHARLES-EDWARD AMORY WINSLOW
   Another bacteriologist at Yale was Charles-Edward Amory Wins-
low, 1877-1957. His remarkably productive life might be considered
under any one of the three major areas of his professional career, Boston,
New York, or New Haven, but since the longest period was spent as
Lauder Professor of Public Health at Yale, 1915-45, I elect to present
his story here, although most of the New Haven period extends beyond
the terminal date of this chronicle. Winslow received his early inspira-
tion and professional instruction from his much admired teacher, W. T.
Sedgwick, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and there,


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