8The Atlantic Seaboard


have frequently neglected these organisms because of technical difficul-
ties. He made no effort to study the fungi, protozoa, or helminths, and
this was before the day of vitamins and sulfa drugs. Herter's investiga-
tions gave us a favorable start, but the greater understanding of this
entire field is still a major problem that must be attacked by a group of
persons of widely varied training.'7 Herter will be remembered espe-
cially as the founder of the Journal of Biological Chemistry and as an
important early member of the first Board of Scientific Directors of the
Rockefeller Institute.

Brooklyn
  New York's sister city, Brooklyn, became an integral part of
Greater New York in i1898, but even before that date many of the
activities of the two cities, including bacteriology, were closely linked.
The Hoagland Laboratory that has aided in the development of the
basic sciences of medicine in Brooklyn should have special comment.'8
In 1884, of the 385 recorded deaths from diphtheria in Brooklyn, one
was that of an eight-year-old boy, Freddie Tangeman. His devoted
grandfather Cornelius N. Hoagland, a retired physician, who had be-
come wealthy as part owner of the Royal Baking Powder Company,
was so deeply affected that he resolved to build a laboratory devoted
primarily to research and instruction in bacteriology. The building was
completed in i888 and Dr. George M. Sternberg, although remaining
in the army, was induced to be the part-time director. The building at
different times served several departments of the Brooklyn Medical
School and before the union of the two cities housed the laboratories of
the Board of Health. Ezra Wilson was chief, and urged on by the inter-
est of the founder in diphtheria, he produced the specific antitoxin in
horses as early as 1 895. Bacteriologists are more interested, however,
in the opportunities this laboratory gave to two men, Benjamin White
and Oswald T. Avery, who later added greatly to our knowledge of
pneumococci.

The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
             SIMON FLEXNER, HIDEYO NOGUCHI,
             PEYTON ROUS, OSWALD T. AVERY
   As the faculties of our universities and colleges, with conspicuous
 exceptions, paid little attention to the advancement of knowledge until


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