CHAPTER XI


Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware



            I love fools' experiments. I am always making them.
                                                  CHARLES DARWIN



             A naturalist's life would be a happy one
             if he had only to observe and never to write.
                                                  CHARLES DARWIN




 Pennsylvania
             JOSEPH LEIDY,
             JOSEPH MC FARLAND, ALEXANDER C. ABBOTT,
             DAVID H. BERGEY, AND A. PARKER HITCHENS
 Our ideas of early Pennsylvania and Philadelphia derive largely from
 William Penn and the Quakers and their endeavors to deal with the
 original owners of the land in a spirit of fairness not found in the other
 colonies. Here also we find the colony with greater appreciation of
 those who differed in religious faiths, the seat of our harassed Conti-
 nental Congresses, the home of the great internationalist and early ex-
 perimental scientist, Benjamin Franklin, the man who founded our first
 scientific society with a continuing history, and who aided in founding
 both the first medical school in the area to become the United States of
 America and the first general hospital. Yet here on the other hand we
 find strong obstructionist points of view both during the period of the
 yellow fever outbreaks and later when Hodge and Meigs ridiculed the
 idea of contagion in puerperal sepsis, called Oliver Wendell Holmes
 "a sophomore orator" and as late as 1854 maintained that this
disease
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