THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST AND BEEKEEPER

Small Fruits in the West
Prof. F. W. Broderick, Winnipeg, Man.
.VITH the bramble and bush fruits, very
good results have been obtained in
western Canada. The wild red rasp-
berry (Rubus strigosus), which has been
found by one of my students growing in the
native wilderness four hundred miles north
of the city of Winnipeg, is indigenous.
Raspberries have been extensively planted
in Manitoba and the west, and have given
very good results. A number of varieties
have been under test, and among those
which have given best results are: Caroline
(yellow), Sunbeam, Ironclad, Herbert, Mil-
ler and Turner. The black and purple cane
varieties have, as a rule, not given as good
results as the red varieties. Blackberries
have never been found sufficiently hardy
for general planting.
Of all the fruits grown in western Can-
ada none have given better results than the
currant. Practically all varieties have come
through our winters with perfect success.
The red varieties have possibly given the
best results from the standpoint of vigor
and hardiness. Among those mentioned as
most prolific at Brandon are Red Cross, Red
Dutch, Ruby Castle and Cumberland Red,
with Victoria Red and Cherry growing the
largest fruit. White varieties giving good
results are Large White Cherry and White
Grape. The Magnus, Climax, Eagle, Kerry
and Eclipse are vigorous and productive
varieties of blacks.
Gooseberries come through satisfactorily,
and give good results from the standpoint
of productiveness. Houghton is probably
the most prolific; Downing produces the
largest sized fruit. The Carey, which is of
Minnesota' origin, has given good results
with us.
Strawberries give fairly good, results, but,
in exposed situations, are more or less sub-
ject to winter killing. Of the June-bearing
varieties Bederwood, Senator Dunlap and
Dakota are among the best. The everbear-
ing varieties are meeting with increasing
popularity and are being more extensively
planted than the June-bearing sorts. Some
of the varieties originated at the Fruit-
Breeding Station at Excelsior, Minnesota,
are giving good results under Manitoba con-
ditions.
Onion Diseases
Because onion diseases cause an enor-
mous loss in Ohio, growers are urged by
specialists in plant pathology at the ,Ohio
Experiment Station to give attention to the
treatment of onion seed used in planting the
spring crop. Smudge, smut, black mold and
neck rot of onions have been controlled in
experimental tests at the Ohio station by
treating the seed with a solution of formal-
dehyde, made at the rate of one ounce of
formalin to two gallons of water. The seed
is soaked in this solution for an hour or
more but dried completely before planting.
Where onions are grown on the same soil
year after year, however, the diseases are
found to exist in the soil; while the treated
seed produces more healthy onions in the
infected soil, specialists recommend crop
rotation to rid infested ground. In some
cases a regular -farm crop is grown in place
of the onions, thus keeping out the disease
because its host plant has been removed.
Experiments show that the white onions
are susceptible to the smudge or anthrac-
nose disease which in causing a discolora-
tion of the set reduces its market value.
The brown and yellow varieties of onions
are much more resistant to smudge.

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572 William Street  MONTREAL
Warehouse, TORONTO .

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PANSY
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(Award of Merit, Guelph Horticultural
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233 ELIZABETH ST., GUELPH, ONT.

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