THE MINERAL iNDUSTRY OF NEW YORK 583 
 
 The principal raw materials for manufacturing portland cement were cement
rock and limestone, of which a total of 7.3 million tons was used. Other
raw materials included clay and shale (326,000 tons), gypsum (190,000 tons),
sand (34,000 tons), and iron bearing materials (24,000 tons). Air-entraining
compounds, grinding aids, bauxite and other materials were also used. Cement
plants consumed 665 million kilowatt-hours of electrical energy of which
99 percent was purchased and 1 percent was generated by the cement companies.
Atlantic Cement Co. Inc., Albany County, started using a new shale deposit
in lieu of slag and clay as they had previously. 
 Of the combined portland and masonry 
cement shipped, 45 percent was consumed 
within the State. New England received 
33 percent of the shipments. More than 
9,000 barrels of New York cement was 
exported. 
 Ready-mixed concrete companies were the leading customers, purchasing 60
percent of the portland cement shipped. Other large customers included concrete
product manufacturers, building material dealers, and highway and other contractors.
Cement was shipped by truck (70 percent), by railroad (19 percent), and by
boat (11 percent). Bulk shipments composed 94 percent of the total; the balance
was shipped in packaged containers. 
 Most of the portland cement produced was the non-air-entrained, general-use
type. Nearly 2 million barrels of air-entrained general-use type and 1 million
barrels of high-early strength portland cement were produced. Wet process
plants accounted for about three-fourths of the output. Yearend stocks of
portland cement were 4 percent less than those of 1966. 
 The following quarry operations by cement producers received citations from
the 
National Safety Competition for having 
had no disabling injuries during 1967: 
Catskill Quarry, Alpha Portland Cement 
Co., Cementon, Greene County; Alsen 
Quarry, Lehigh Portland Cement Co., 
Cementon, Greene County; Catskill 
Quarry, Marquette Cement Manufacturing 
Co., Catskill, Greene County; and Howes 
Cave 6H Quarry, Penn-Dixie Cement 
Corp., Howes Cave, Schoharie County. 
 
 Clays.—Overall clay production increased 3 percent more than 1966
quantides mainly because of the increased out- 
put from Ulster County, where the lightweight aggregate industry is centered.
For other miscellaneous clay and shale producers, portland and mortar cement
manufacturers enjoyed an increase of over 20 percent, but building brick
usage declined by 8 percent. Special clays produced for pottery and abrasive
bonding amounted to about the same as 1966 output, and altogether accounted
for less than 0.5 percent of the total clays produced. The leading counties,
in decreasing order of tonnage of clay and shale produced, were Ulster and
Albany in the East and Erie in the West. 
 
 Emery.—Three open pit mines in Westchester County were the producers
for the entire United States. Total output and value decreased compared with
1966. levels. The quantity used for general abrasive purposes increased 3
percent, but the quantity used as aggregate for heavy duty nonslip floors
and pavements decreased 22 percent. 
 
 Garnet.—Output of garnet decreased by a small percentage in quantity
and value compared with that of 1966. Precisely sized garnet from an open
pit mine in Warren County was sold for use in coated abrasives, glass grinding
and polishing, and metal lapping. Garnet recovered as a byproduct of wollastonite
mining in Essex County was sold for use in sandblasting, coated abrasives,
wire sawing, skidproof paints, and as an abrasive medium for tumbling semiprecious
stones. 
 
 Gem Stones.—Except for garnet produced commercially, gem stones and
mineral specimens were recovered principally by amateur mineral collectors.

 
 Graphite (Manufactured) .—Manufactured graphite was produced at Niagara
Falls in Nigara County by four processors, all divisions of major corporations.

 
 Gypsum.—The quantity of crude gypsum produced was 2 percent greater
than in 1966, but the total value was 4 percent greater. The average price
per ton increased $0.10 to $5.47. Output came from five underground mines,
three in Erie County and one each in Genesee and Monroe Counties. Most of
the crude gypsum was calcined at company-owned plants for use in manufacturing
building material. Some crude gypsum was used as a retarder